Alisher Navoi (1441-1501)

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Nizamiddin Mir Alisher Navoi, a great figure of the 844th century world spirituality, was born in Herat on the 17th day of Ramadan 1441 AH (February 9, XNUMX). The city of Herat was the second capital of the great kingdom founded by Amir Temur in the first half of the XNUMXth century, one of the most prosperous places under the rule of Shahrukh Mirza, the youngest son of Temur.
Alisher's family was close to the Timurid court and had a certain authority in the country. The father of the future poet, Giyosiddin Muhammad, paid special attention to the upbringing of his son. Alisher's first teachers of poetry were his uncles Mir Sayyid Qabuli and Muhammad Ali Gharibi. Navoi in his work "Majlis un-nafois" about Kabuli: "He had a good temper, he was more in Turkish" About Gharibi: “He was a good communicator and a kind and caring young man. He played more words well. He and his method were good. He was also aware of music science ” he says.
After the death of Shah Rukh in 1447, the crown princes of Timurids began to plunder the country, and Giyosiddin Muhammad's family left the country in large numbers. Fate tests began for young Alisher. When Shah Rukh's grandson Abulqasim Babur ascended the throne of Herat in 1452, Alisher's father was appointed governor of Sabzavor. But not long after, Giyosiddin died in a small world. At that time, Alisher was only 12 years old. Abulqasim Babur adopted Alisher and his schoolmate Hussein, and in 1456 took him to Mashhad. Later, Hussein Boykaro chose the path of sepoyism, and Alisher became a talented man who was praised and admired by the "Malik ul-kalom" of the time, Mawlana Lutfi. "Poetry of the poor was famous in Khorasan" Navoi writes about the years 1455–1458.
Fate brought Alisher Navoi closer to the great and honorable people of his time, acquainted him with his mentors. From 1466 to 1468 Alisher lived mainly in Samarkand. When Sultan Hussein conquered Boykaro Herat, Alisher Navoi, a 28-year-old man of perfect knowledge, became a well-known poet and an experienced statesman.
In 1469, at the request of Sultan Hussein, Alisher Navoi returned to Herat from Samarkand and presented him with the poem "Hilaliya" written in honor of his friend on the occasion of Ramadan.
Hussein Boykaro appoints Alisher as the seal, and from this moment the poet's active zeal in the service of the people begins. Soon after, Navoi handed over the seal to his close friend and thinker, the poet Amir Sheikh Suhaili. "This delicate and intelligent Amir has been a servant of Boykaro for more than 20 years." However, despite the protests of his friend Boykaro, in February 1472 he appointed him minister and gave him the title of "Amir Kabir" ("Great Amir"). In this position, Navoi uses the interests of the nation, the beautification of the city and the country, the development of culture, the triumph of justice, all of which ultimately ensure the stability and prestige of the state of Sultan Hussein.
During this period, Herat became very beautiful, the life of the people improved, and poetry and fine arts flourished. “Ikhlosiya” madrasah was built for students, “Khalosiya” khanaqah for dervishes, “Shifoiya” hospital for patients, and Qorikhona (“Dor ul-huffoz”) were built near the mosque. In the library of the great emir, more than 70 calligraphers and artists were busy copying and decorating the manuscripts. Nizamiya was built in Herat, Khusraviya and other madrasas in Marv.
Navoi madrassas are not only able to build hospitals, but also to equip them properly, to allocate foundations for self-sufficiency, to provide teachers, doctors and other staff, to provide them with salaries, food, clothing, student allowances and books - everything. He managed and organized everything perfectly, and he never forgot to keep in touch. He was directly involved in the history of building construction and was familiar with the work of masters and students. The poet often invited people of poetry, science and art, held enlightening talks, nurtured young talents and created conditions for them. Among them are Khandamir, Behzod, Wasifi, and dozens of other talented people who have achieved this upbringing.
During this period, Alisher Navoi created the first divan "Badoyi ul-bidoya" ("The beginning of art"). This collection contains more than 800 poems written by him in his youth and adolescence, reflecting the first stages of the poet's creative development.
Historical and scientific works dedicated to Alisher Navoi describe in detail that 1469–1481 were the years of Alisher Navoi's most active contribution to social life and prosperity. In 1481, the poet wrote "Vaqfiya", in which he summed up his architectural and charitable work and gave an account of himself.
Navoi started farming and achieved very good results. According to historians, Navoi's daily income was 18 royalties. The Great Amir spent most of this income on good deeds. Historian Khandamir Navoi remembers 52 rabots, 20 pools, 16 bridges, several dams, canals, baths, mosques and madrasas. Navoi sponsored scholars and authored dozens of pamphlets.
In 1483, Alisher Navoi began writing his great work, Khamsa, which he completed in three years. This encyclopedic encyclopedia of five epics is more than 50 lines long and accounts for almost half of Navoi's entire poetic heritage. "Khamsa" is the heart of Alisher Navoi's work.
The first "Khamsa" in Persian was created by the great poet Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209). Nowhere does the poet mention that he wrote Hamsa. One hundred years after Nizami's death, Khusrav Dehlavi, a Persian-speaking Turkish boy born and raised in India, was the first to write a taboo on Nizami's Hamsa and began the tradition of Hamsa. Dehlavi's Hamsa spread the fame of both himself and his predecessor as a brilliant commentary on Nizami and a new interpretation of its content. In the following fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the spirituality of the region developed under the influence of the Hamsa tradition, and the poet's potential and talent were measured by his ability to write a worthy response to at least one Hamsa epic. This is a unique event in the history of world spirituality. In Turkish literature, the tradition of "hamsachilik" initiated by Qutb and Haydar Khorezmi found its culmination in the work of Alisher Navoi.
According to Islamic teachings, the five daily prayers are called al-Khamsatu, and the five pillars of our religion - tawhid (faith), prayer, fasting, zakat, and hajj - form a kind of "Khamsa" (five). . Thus, the interpretation of Nizami's epics as a series of "Khamsa", to which Amir Khusrav and Navoi's answers are not in vain. Alisher Navoi focuses on this issue in the introduction to the epic Saddi Iskandariy, comparing the writing of each epic of the Hamsa with the morning, noon, afternoon, evening and night prayers performed at certain times of the day, and comparing the Hamsa with the five climbs. It resembles five rest palaces built to stop breathing.
Navoi began writing his Hamsa in 1483, and completed his first epic, Hayrat ul-abror (The Amazement of Good People), in the same year. In 1484 he completed the epics Farhod and Shirin, Layli and Majnun, Sab'ai Sayyar (Seven Planets), and in 1485 Saddi Iskandariy (Alexander's Wall). In the epics included in his "Khamsa", the poet posed problems that were important for that period, as a thinker, advanced ideas, demonstrated to the world the power of the Uzbek language.
The creation of Navoi's Turkish "Khamsa" in the XV century was considered as an extraordinary joy and happiness for the people of Khorasan. The astonishment and high recognition of the two poles of the time, the spiritual priest Jami and the great sultan Hussein Bayqara, are proof of this fact.
During these years, Navoi began to create a second divan - "Navodir un-nihoya" ("Infinite Rarities"). The writer considered it necessary to express his attitude to the historical truth in a certain sequence and ended his work "Zubdat ut-tavorix" ("Cream of History").
In the winter of 1487, Navoi was appointed governor of Astrobod. This career, which was considered honorable for other beys and amirs, was to some extent annoying to Amir Alisher's delicate nature. However, the king's decree was binding, and Amir Kabir left with the intention of protecting and developing a sensitive part of the country. For almost two years, Navoi's rule in Astrobod was a blessing for the people of the city and a blessing for the kingdom of Boykaro.
One by one, Navoi's closest teachers and interlocutors died. Sayyid Hasan Ardasher died in 1488, Abdurahman Jami in 1492, and Pahlavon Muhammad in 1493. During these years, Navoi completed the works "Holoti Sayid Hasan Ardasher", "Holoti Pahlavon Muhammad", "Khamsat ul-mutahayyirin" ("Five Wonders") in memory of his teachers. These works provide valuable information about the realities of the time, as well as a number of arguments and comments on the theoretical foundations of the new artistic world created by Navoi. In the same years, Navoi wrote "Majlis un-nafois" and "Nasoim ul-muhabbat" ("Shabboda of Love") on the history of the great figures of Islamic spirituality, in particular, the Turks, Persians and Indians. These works are a very important source and contain valuable information about about a thousand living figures of spirituality of that time. In addition, not only mystical knowledge and literature, but also other important aspects of the spirituality of the Islamic period are included in these works, and their detailed study is a unique source and basis for today's generations to understand our national spirituality.
In 1492, the pamphlet Mezon ul-avzon (Weight of Weights) was written, and the poet redistributed his lyrical work and set about creating a new collection of devons, Khazayn ul-Maoniy (Treasure of Meanings). Known as "Chor Devon", this large collection includes about 45 lines of small and medium-sized poems of various genres, including "Gharoyib us-sig'ar" ("Wonders of Childhood"), "Navodir ush-shabab" ("Rareness of Youth"). ”),“ Badoyeʼ ul-vasat ”(“ Middle Age Discoveries ”), and“ Favoyid ul-kibor ”(“ Useful Reflections in Old Age ”). These four volumes contain more than 16 poems in 3000 genres, including 2600 ghazals, 210 continents, 133 rubais, 86 fards, 52 problems, and more. Khazayn ul-Maoniy included almost all of the poems in the previous two separate divans, and added about 1400 new works.
In addition to his works, epics and poems written in Turkish, Navoi wrote more than 12 lines of poetry in Persian, a treatise on the genre of problems "Mufradot", a series of short stories "Sittayi zaruriya", "Fusuli arbaa" and a separate collection under the pseudonym "Foniy". These works were born in a creative debate with the classics of Persian literature, such as Haqqani, Amir Khusraw, Sa'di, Hafiz, Kamal Khojandi, and Jami, and are as powerful as their predecessors in both artistic expression and semantic depth.
In 1498, Navoi wrote Lison ut-tayr, in 1499 Muhokamat ul-lug'atayn, and in 1500 Mahbub ul-qulub. These three works were the culmination of the work of the great poet and thinker. In Muhokamat ul-lug'atayn, the author summarizes his entire career and emphasizes the power of poetry in Turkish. It reads, in part: "I composed a hymn inspired by Chun Lison ut-tayr, and figuratively revealed the mystery of truth with the help of a bird's tongue." We know that Alisher Navoi loved the work "Mantiq ut-tayr" by Farididdin Attor, a master of mystical poetry since childhood. Towards the end of his life, he wrote a tatabbu-response to this work, concluding philosophically with all the works he had written so far. Attar's work was about the unique essence of Being, the mystery of Truth and the degree to which it is possible for man to comprehend it. The content of "Lyson ut-tayr" is not a contradiction to "Logic ut-tayr" or a repetition of its ideas, but an interpretation of a new historical and spiritual stage.
Attor's epic, written in the language of birds, is full of mystical passion. Navoi, on the other hand, emphasizes the humorous imagery, enhancing the vitality of bird adventures and inner stories. This is not in vain. In the final conclusion, Navoi goes further than his predecessor, feels the essence of the issue more deeply, and creates an artistic image accordingly.
Finally, Navoi himself answered all the questions in his latest work, Mahbub ul-Qulub (The Beloved of the Hearts). This work is full of socio-philosophical and moral ideas, reveals in detail the essence of all social categories that existed in the XV century, and convincingly emphasizes the interdependence and integrity of social and moral phenomena. This work is rich in various aphorisms, proverbs and texts and is very popular among the people.
Alisher Navoi called the style of independent artistic thinking created by himself and his predecessors, Nizami, Dehlavi, Hafiz, Iraqi, and others, the "method of metaphor," and said that the mystery of truth was reflected in the "image of the metaphor." This unique way of perceiving the Being was in accordance with the Naqshbandi rule of "Dil ba yoru dast ba kor", in which example, knowledge, wisdom and practice were united at one point and opened up a new world. This system of worldview, which is the highest stage of understanding the teachings and beliefs of Tawheed, is reflected in the works of Hamsa and Lison ut-tayr, as well as in the poet's lyrics.
By the 1500s, the poet's living conditions had deteriorated and his health had deteriorated, but he had not stopped writing. In early 1501, Navoi died of an illness. The whole people of Herat said goodbye to their great poet and mourned for seven days.
Navoi not only marked the latest development of Uzbek literature with his work, but also had a great influence on the development of the entire spiritual culture of Movarounnahr and Khorasan. His works and poetry were repeatedly copied and distributed among the people, served as a school for poets, and were widely studied in madrassas.
In recent years, a number of well-known researchers have studied the work of Alisher Navoi and his scientific analysis, and today Navoi's legacy inspires many of our scholars. Now schools, alleys and streets are named after our great poet. The State Prize of Uzbekistan was established in his name.

"Stars of Spirituality" (Named after Abdullah Qadiri xalq heritage publishingTashkent, 1999taken from his book.

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