July 31 is the day to remember your favorite books

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The book is a means of storing and disseminating information, ideas, images and knowledge, forming socio-political, scientific and aesthetic views; knowledge dissemination and educational tool; art, scientific work, social literature. In international statistics, according to the recommendation of UNESCO, a non-periodical publication with a volume of not less than 48 pages, conventionally accepted as a book. Book work involves the great process of creating, preparing, distributing, storing, describing, and studying a book. The task of the publishing house is to select works of science, literature and art for reproduction and distribution in the printing house, to approach them from a scientific and artistic point of view, to edit, to decorate, to print and to prepare for publication. Book printing is carried out in the printing industry. The task of the bibliography is to collect and store books, to promote them among students, to create favorable conditions for their use by readers, to inform and promote students about books and publications for a specific purpose. The history of the emergence of cinema is inextricably linked with the process of creation and formation of writing. Breaking features of the record (character system, the order of their placement), the specifics of the recording material and the weapon, etc. To some extent, it also determined the structure of the Book. In ancient Egypt, Rome, Greece and Central Asia, people used stone, palm leaves, pottery and others. They commented on the materials. Each book consists of plates made of dozens of such materials and weighs several kilograms. The use of papyrus as a writing material (mil. av. In the 4th millennium BC) books appeared. The average length of such books is about 10 m, wrapped in thin, round sticks and stored in special leather or wooden cases. Many rare works from the East, Ancient Rome and Greece are inscribed on papyrus. By the second century, the use of parchment (leather) as a book material became widespread. Initially, such a book was kept in a package. According to some sources, an ancient copy of the Avesta, one of the sacred books of Zoroastrianism, which appeared in Central Asia, in particular in Khorezm in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, was also written on the skins of 1 cattle. Before the Arab conquest of Central Asia, there were libraries where many rare books were stored. But many of them were lost as a result of the invasion. From the 2nd century onwards, in ancient Rome, a codex of folded books, folded, sewn and glued together like the pages of modern books, appeared. They were first written on papyrus, then on parchment. Such books were heavy and clumsy. From the 6th century onwards, books in their current form appeared on the basis of the codex. One of the rare books on leather is the Qur'an of Mushafi 'Uthman. This copy of the Qur'an was written in Kufic script in 644-656 by the scribes of Muhammad (pbuh) Zayd ibn Thabit, Amir ibn Alas and Hisham ibn Hakim under the direction of the Caliph 'Uthman. This manuscript was brought to Samarkand by Amir Temur. Total 353 sheets, size 68x53x22 cm. It is kept in the library of the Muslim Board of Uzbekistan. The discovery of paper opened a new era in the history of books. According to some sources, Samarkand had paper books as early as 650. From the 13th century, paper became the main writing material in Europe. Paper has opened up new possibilities for the reproduction and distribution of books. Particular attention was paid to book decoration. Various miniatures and ornaments were made on its pages. Gradually, professions such as calligraphy and bookbinding emerged. Especially in Central Asia, the art of calligraphy developed in the Middle Ages. Many generations of famous calligraphers have improved the method of making books, materials, ink, writing techniques. In the 12th century, the art of bookmaking, which was formed as a specific field in Movarounnahr, reached a new stage of development in the 15th century. From the paper to the cover, from the ink to the paint, each book is made according to a certain amount of substance, plan, and rule, and even a rose or barn is sometimes added to the ink to give it a fragrant scent. The manuscripts are artistically decorated with elegant calligraphy, zerafshan (sprinkling of golden water), watercolors and elegant patterns on the frame. In the 16th century, a number of talented calligraphers, painters, sculptors and sahdafs (Abdurahmon Khorezmi, Sultanali Mashkadi, Sultanali Khandon, Mirali Qilqalam, etc.) arrived. He taught calligraphy in Herat and made a great contribution to the development of book art. One of the calligraphers was Sultanali Mashhadi. He became famous by copying the works of Nizami, Hafiz, Saadi, Navoi, Hussein Boykaro and others. More than 50 books copied by Sultanali have survived. Special palace libraries were established under the offices of Timurid rulers, in particular, in Samarkand and Herat. Such libraries are a kind of medieval handicraft enterprise, which, along with the collection and storage of manuscripts, carried out a number of practical work related to book-making. The heads of such palace libraries were called "librarians" or "librarians." Many calligraphers, painters, sculptors, and bookkeepers under them performed various tasks related to the creation of the book. For example, in the first half of the 15th century in Herat, in the library of Ulugbek's brother Boysunqur, 1 calligraphers and a number of painters were engaged in copying and decorating copies of manuscripts. Each manuscript passed through the hands of several experts. In 1425-1429, Abulqasim Firdavsi's famous work "Shohnoma" was copied by Jafar Boy-sunkuri and decorated with 20 colorful miniatures of different content. As a unique work of art, the book is housed in the Tehran Museum. The palace library of Hussein Boykaro and Alisher Navoi was also famous in its time. Navoi made a great contribution to the development of fiction. With his direct help, dozens of book-makers such as Behzod, Sultanali Mashhadi, Shah Muzaffar were trained. The style and traditions of these masters formed the basis of the art of calligraphy in recent years. In Turkestan, the preparation of books by calligraphy took a long time. Even after the invention of printing, books were originally reproduced by hand. As a result of research on the mass reproduction of books, xylography emerged. The invention of book printing by Johann Gutenberg in Germany in the 15s ushered in a new era in book development. The printing technique gradually improved and spread to other countries. Printing in Turkestan spread after Central Asia was annexed by Russia. In 1868, the printing house of the Turkestan military district headquarters was established in Tashkent. The first printed book in Turkestan was the book "Pictures about the mountainous region at the foot of the Chu and Naryn ridges" (in Russian) by the Russian scientist and traveler NASeversov, published in this printing house. The first printed book in the Uzbek language was "Calendar" by Shohimardon Ibragimov, published in Khiva in 1871. One after another, private lithographs were organized in other cities of Turkestan. Among them are lithographs of Otajon Abdalov (Khiva), Semyon Lakhtin (Tashkent), Gulom Hasan Orifjonov (Tashkent). Literary, philosophical, historical works and textbooks were published in these printing houses. In the post-independence years, there has been a sharp change in the content of books. Special attention was paid to the publication of books on historical and national values. The Uzbek translation of the Holy Quran was published twice (1991, Cholpon Publishing House; 2001, Tashkent Islamic University Publishing House). Dozens of books on the theme of Amir Temur were published in 4 volumes of "Hadiths" of Imam Bukhari (1991-96, the General Editor of the Encyclopedia). Completed works of Alisher Navoi in 20 volumes (1998-2002, Uzbekistan "Fan" publishing house). Works by Farobi, Beruni, Ibn Sino, Najmiddin Kubro, Mahmud az-Zamakhshari, Ulugbek, Yassavi, Abdulla Qodiri, Cholpon, Munavvarqori, Fitrat, Usmon Nasir and others, 33-volume book "Memory" were published in various publishing houses. The Uzbekistan Publishing House has published 10 volumes of works by the First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan IAKarimov (1997-2002). Existing publishing houses publish art, scientific, popular, textbooks based on the needs of the public.