Muhammad Rahimxon II - Feruz (1844-1910)

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Feruz was one of the most influential writers of Uzbek literature of the second half of the 1844th century and the beginning of the XNUMXth century. He was a poet, musicologist, statesman and feudal ruler. Feruz, or Muhammad Rahim, was born in XNUMX in Khiva to the family of Said Muhammad. He received his primary education from a private teacher, studied for some time in a madrasa, and was taught the state and law by the great jurists of his time.

Agahi taught Muhammad Rahim, taught him the secrets of poetry, and taught him history and translation. He first heard from Agahi about such great scholars as Al-Khwarizmi, Beruni, Mahmud Zamakhshari, Najmiddin Kubro, Pahlavon Mahmud. Later, he began to collect their creative heritage and compiled a book of Pahlavon Mahmud's rubai.

After the death of his father Said Muhammad Khan in 1863, Muhammad Rahim succeeded him to the throne of the Khiva khanate. Dedicated to this event, the poets and fuzalas finished history and poems, and created masnavis. The history written by Ogahi and the poem written are of special importance.

Agahi's poem to Feruz expresses the father's advice to his son, the master's disciple, his wishes and desires, his justice and nationalist intentions. Agahi's poem was a work of great instruction and a guide to Feruz in governing the country. Feruz was a young man who had just seen nineteen springs at that time, and ruled independently for ten years. But as a result of the conquest of the Khiva khanate by the Russian Empire, he ruled the state as his vassal for the rest of the period.

Muhammad Rahim has been interested in literature since his youth. He diligently studied the works of poets such as Alisher Navoi, Munis, Ogahi, and Kamil, followed them and wrote poems, calling his poems "Feruz" (victorious, happy, blissful). In particular, he considered the representatives of the Eastern literature that preceded him to be masters.

Agahi and Feruz had a strong student-teacher relationship. Even Ogahi treats his student Feruz like a father and son, which of course affected Feruz's work. Scholars and poets who lived and worked at the same time as Feruz interpret him as one of his civic, just, and merciful kings.

In Feruz's palace he gathered poets, historians, scholars, fuzalos, translators, calligraphers, doctors, musicians and other cultural figures of his time. Feruz attached great importance to the development of science and culture. He gathered poets and musicians around him and organized weekly ghazals and poetry evenings. Bayani wrote: "Hazrat Khan used to talk to the ulama and read two days a week: on Friday and Monday evenings." Feruz himself wrote poetry, sang, and composed music. This is confirmed by his works "Ghazaliyoti Feruz", "Bayozi Feruz", "Devoni Feruz", which are kept in the libraries of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhon Beruni, the Institute of Manuscripts named after H. Suleymanov, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Britain, France and Turkey. .

Feruz's poetry has reached us in its entirety in manuscripts and lithographs. The Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies has about a dozen collections of the poet's ghazals. In addition, his poems are included in various bayoz and complexes compiled in Khorezm at that time.

If we look at Feruz's work, we will see that a large part of his poetry is devoted to the theme of love.

I am the king of love, among the lovers of vale

He did not notice this treasure, netay.

The poet praised man's love for man and regarded him as one of the most important qualities of every human being. Feruz, who has taken man and life, love and devotion as the basis of his work, cannot imagine love without devotion and love without consequences. These are the leading ideological foundations of the poet's lyrics. Many of his poems were sung by musicians and musicians in his time. They still attract the attention of our musicologists today.

Feruz took care of the creators and gave them a salary. He did everything he could to publish their books. Feruz composed various commentaries on the works of poets. These include Haft Shuaro, Bayozi Gaza-liyot, Bayozi Muhammasat, and Bayozi Musaddasat. At Feruz's initiative, the talented poet Ahmadjon Tabibi composed the commentaries Majmuat ush-shuaroyi Feruzshahiy and Muhammasat ush-shuaroyi Feruzshahiy. These collections were created during the reign of Feruz Khan and are a valuable source for studying the literary movement of that period.

During the reign of Feruz khanate, science, culture and literature developed as a result of some centralization of the Khiva state. At Feruz's initiative, a lithograph was set up in Khiva. By Feruz's decree, Alisher Navoi's works such as "Chor Devon" and "Khamsa" were published for the first time. The works of such poets as Munis, Ogahi, Kamil, Bayani, Mirzo, Avaz Otar, Devoni, Niyazi, Chokar were published in large numbers. Translations of works of Khorezm poets from the literature of bayoz, tazkira and other peoples were also published in this printing house. Feruz compiled a list of works to be translated and hired various translators. As a result, in the time of Feruz, the school "Khorezm translation" was established. A number of historical, artistic, scientific and philosophical works translated into Uzbek by translators of this period have become rare masterpieces of our culture.

Feruz also worked as a translator, calligrapher, bookseller, tazkira, complex and bayoz. Numerous manuscripts on history, medicine, literature, and music have been restored, and new works have appeared.

The services of Khorezm calligraphers in conveying and documenting this great heritage to the people are enormous. They polished hundreds of manuscripts in their own style, using simple and clear Arabic script, such as naskh, sulkh, and rayhani. In Khorezm, most of the manuscripts copied during this period were literary, consisting of devons, bayozs, and various collections and commentaries by poets of the past and present. All this was done on the basis of Feruz's decree. During the reign of Muhammad Rahim Sani-Feruz, a number of arts such as architecture, music, calligraphy and painting developed. During this period, the art of photography and cinema emerged. News of harmonies, gramophones, and electricity came into the marriage.

As a musicologist, Feruz encouraged the poet and composer Pahlavon Niyaz Mirzoboshi Kamil to write a note on the tanbur of the Khorezm shashmaqom. Kamil created the "Tanbur line" called "Khorezm tanbur note". After Kamil, at the request of his son Mirzo Feruz, he wrote a note for the Khorezm shashmaqom in seven stanzas. Feruz himself composed music for a number of poems. At Kamil's urging, the poet studied all the melodies of the shashmaqom and created melodies based on the maqoms "Navo", "Segoh" and "Dugoh". These melodies are popular among Khorezmian musicians.

During the reign of Muhammad Rahim, a lot of buildings were built in the khanate, madrassas, mosques and gardens were built.

In 1871 he completed the construction of a madrasah in his name in front of the Old Ark. This madrasah is one of the rarest monuments of 76th century architecture and was built in two storeys. It has a summer and winter mosque for mullahs, classrooms and libraries, and XNUMX living quarters. More than twenty madrasas, mosques, minarets and khanaqas will be built under Feruz's direct leadership and initiative.

Feruz also paid special attention to water supply and gardening. According to his order, a large canal was built on the border of Kungrad district. The people named the canal after him because it was headed by Muhammad Rahim. Excavation and reconstruction of canals such as Kalta Minor, Amirabad, Saribi are also connected with the name Feruz. Feruz also supervised the construction of Angarik, Tozabog, Bogishamol and other canals and gardens.

At the same time, the fact that he ruled in Khorezm for 47 years, eight months and 20 days proves that he was a just ruler, a people's poet, and a great enlightened person.

A statesman, a talented poet, a brilliant musicologist and a musician, a patron of science, Muhammad Rahim Soni-Feruz was paralyzed on his left side at the end of his life.

Bayani attends Muhammad Rahim's funeral and tells of what he saw with his own eyes, that Feruz's coffin was placed in the madrasa he had built, and that the funeral was held there, and that all the ulema, fuzalo, and archons of Isfandiyar's state were present.

In general, Feruz has remained forever in the language and heart of our people with his good and noble deeds, poems, melodies and buildings.