Uzbek children's literature

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It is well known that the rich and colorful examples of folklore are a rich source for the emergence and development of written literature. It should be noted here that the development of fiction is inextricably linked with the general development of society. In this regard, it is worth mentioning Mahmud Kashgari's Devonu lug'otit turk. The great XNUMXth-century linguist gives us a lot of information in this book. Along with the literature of the XNUMXth century, it contains examples of songs and lyrical poems that appeared in earlier times and passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. In particular, detailed information is provided on labor, heroism, ceremonies, and season songs. Also, Yusuf Khos Hajib's "Qutadgu bilig" (Knowledge that leads to happiness), Ahmad Yugnaki's "Hibat ul-haqayiq" (Favorite truths) epics, and the works of Ahmad Yassavi and Suleiman the Magnificent cover issues of language, science, science and ethics. The works of such poets as Haydar Khorezmi, Qutb, Durbek, Sakkoki, Lutfi, condemning injustice and oppression, sympathizing with the plight of ordinary people, and shedding light on their dreams, play an important role in history. Fifteenth-century Uzbek poetry, based on the poems of Atoi, Sakkoki, and Lutfi, has accumulated a great deal of artistic experience in the field of depiction of life events. This experience created the necessary conditions for the growth of such a great artist as Alisher Navoi.
Alisher Navoi devoted all his activity and creativity to the struggle for human happiness, peace of the people, prevention of civil wars, beautification works, was a wise statesman, founder of the Uzbek classical literary language and a great orator of the Uzbek classical literature. He patronized the people of science, art and literature, and made many disciples.
Alisher Navoi, in the 40th chapter of the epic Hayrat ul-abror (The Admiration of Good People), praises the great virtue of honesty: “What does it have to do with the fact that the wheel is turned upside down after everyone has become accustomed to honesty? The more correct the road, the closer it is. The head is always higher than the spear when it is straight. Because the rope is tied to everything, it binds cattle and sheep. Because the cypress is straight, it survives the calamity and is always green… Whoever has a crooked hand is a thief. Whoever is famous for stealing, the people will cut off his hand and do the right thing.
Navoi says that the people of the country prospered because of the motto "Rosti - rusti" (Truth - salvation) or "Power - justice" in Sahibkiran's ring-seal.
Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's work "Boburnoma", which lived in the XI-XVI centuries, along with historical events of that time, provides valuable information about science, customs, language, art and literature of different peoples.
The works of two great poets, Muhammadniyaz Nishoti and Muhammad Sharif Gulkhani, who lived in the late XNUMXth and early XNUMXth centuries, stand out in the history of our classical literature. Nishati's epic poem "Husn-u dil" based on folklore is dedicated to love, intelligence and morality. It is noteworthy that the epic also contains such parables as "Shahboz and Bulbul", "Gul and Daf", "Nay and Shamshod", "Kosayi Chin Nargis", "Purple and Dust", each of which can be an independent work. In all of these parables, the coverage of topics such as the benefit of the people, not boasting, and the harm of excessive arrogance are exemplary for children in all respects.
In Zarbulmasal, Gulkhani also expressed his important social views and attitude to the fate of the nation through interesting parables.
Munis was deeply saddened by the plight of the working people and by the humiliation of the people of science and literature. The poet called people to education, to read books, to stay away from ignorance and evil. Munis made a significant contribution to the education and upbringing of children through his pamphlet Literacy. His enlightenment ideas also had a great influence on the works of his successors, such as Muqimi, Furqat, Zavqi, and Avaz Otar.
Textbooks and manuals written by Abdullah Avloni, Hamza, Fitrat, Elbek, and Munavvarqori, who raised the banner of enlightenment, provide materials on children's lives, reading, and morals.
In the works of Abdullah Avloni ("The First Teacher", "The Second Teacher", "School Gulistan", "Turkish Gulistan or Morality"), Hamza Hakimzoda Niyazi ("Light Literature", "Ethical Stories", "Book of Recitation") began.
In the 20s, Fitrat, Cholpon, Usmon Nasir, Gafur Gulam, Gayrati, Shokir Sulaymon, Oybek, and others wrote for older children, calling for science and hard work.
In his poem "My Garden", Usmon Nasir, an enthusiastic poet of adult literature, described the fact that if a person works and creates a garden, his labor will never disappear, especially if he builds a garden, his tree is eternal, children are forced to work, gardens called for more:
If I break off like a leaf,
Don't forget me.
My job respects,
He builds a statue out of flowers.
My poems resound,
Even after thousands of years
Don't forget me.
One must live life with confidence. In particular, every child should have confidence in people and the nation. It is a nation that makes man human, creates him, and destroys him. Loving the people and following the people have existed since ancient times. The poet Cholpon also speaks about the great power of the people, how children follow the people in behavior, reading, etiquette, lighten the burden of the people, grow up and listen to any work. says:
The people are the sea, the people are the waves, the people are the power,
The people are rebellion, the people are fire, the people are revenge.
… Let's get all the power from the people,
Let's embrace and go into the people!
Children's literature began to take shape from year to year. Especially in these years Z. Diyor, D. Oppokova, M. Fayzi, I. Muslim, A. Rahmat, Sh. The addition of Sa'dulla, S. Jo'ra, M. Akilova, Q. Muhammadi, H. Nazir was a great event. They encourage children to study well, to enjoy the light of science, and to grow up to be the true sons and daughters of the age.
Children's literature has evolved from year to year. By the 30s, he had his own professional poets and writers. Children's artists grew up in the fields of poetry (Zafar Diyor, Adham Rahmat, Ilyas Muslim, Shukur Sadulla, Sultan Jo'ra, Mahmuda Akilova, Quddus Muhammadi), prose (Majid Fayzi, Dorjiya Oppokova, Hakim Nazir), and drama (Zafar Diyor, Dorjiya Oppokova). Sadriddin Ayni, Gafur Gulam, Hamid Olimjon, Oybek, Shokir Sulaymon, Elbek and Gayratiy also contributed to the development of Uzbek children's literature.
During this period, Zafar Diyar's collections of "Songs" (1933), "Ceremony" (1936), "Poems" (1939), "Blessed" (1940), "Poems and Stories" (1940) and the poem "Machinist" (1935), Drama "Happy Youth", stories "Sending", "Unfortunate"; A. Rahmat's books "Dum" (1938), "Happy Youth" (1939), "Pleasant Gods" (1940), "Poems" (1940), "Cunning Fox" (1940); Sultan Jo'ra's Fidokor (1940); Ilyas Muslim's "Growth" (1932), "Poisoners" (1932), "Miqti Keldi" (1934); Shukur Sadulla's "Scream" (1933) was published.
During this period, many works of literature of fraternal peoples were translated into Uzbek. As a result, Uzbek children's literature has become richer in every way. In particular, the launch of such publications as "Young Turkestans", "Children's Comrade", "Children's World", "Changing Youth", "Young Power" led to the comprehensive development of children's literature.
So the scope of children's literature has expanded. The themes of youth, school life, the nature of the motherland, friendship of peoples, love of science, profession and technology are widely covered in children's literature.
There is a saying among our people: "If your homeland is alive, your color will not be straw". During the Second World War, Oybek, Hamid Olimjon, Gafur Gulam, Sabir Abdulla, Uygun, Maqsud Shaykhzoda, Zafar Diyor, Amin Umari, Gayrati, Mirtemir, Ilyas Muslim, Sultan Jo'ra and others were convinced that the Nazi invaders would be wiped out. . Uygun's "Farewell", Zafar Diyor's "Little Warrior", Ilyas Muslim's "We Weave the Yard", Sultan Jo'ra's "Textile Mill Weavers", Rano Uzokova's "Talpin, Yurak" were among the first works in children's literature to condemn war.
The main theme of children's literature of this period was the courageous struggle of national heroes against the Nazi invaders "Khat" (Hamid Olimjon), "You are not an orphan" (Gafur Gulam), "About the homeland", "Yigitlarga" (Oybek), "Why fight? ”,“ Captain Gastello ”(Maqsud Shaykhzoda),“ Song about Vatan ”(Uygun),“ Vatan ”,“ Chavandoz ”(Temir Fattoh),“ Give me a weapon too! ”,“ Our family ”(Zafar Diyor), The Wedding Muhammad ”(Sultan Jora),“ My Mother's Sayings ”(Adham Rahmat), and“ We Will Win ”(Hasan Said).
The heroes created by Zafar Diyor are very vindictive despite their young age. They curse the martyrs of peace, the Nazi invaders, with rage. Z. Diyor "Give me a weapon too!" The poem ends with the following verses from the language of the lyrical hero:
Don't call me small,
Do not underestimate my strength,
I would like to have a massage
People's revenge is my revenge!
The Nazi invaders disrupted the peaceful lives of all young children. He deprived them of fishing, recreation, education, and livelihood along rivers and lakes. That is why the young patriot, united with the whole nation, prepared to take revenge on the enemy with a weapon in his hand:
Give me a gun too,
Give me a gun, too.
Razil per German
I am also very sad, -
he draws attention with his courage. The work of fortifying the front was also a separate topic in children's literature during the war. Zafar Diyor's "School is your fronting", "The train goes to the front", "Blacksmith's pulpit", Shukur Sadulla's "Youth", "What did you do?" In such works, the children's hard work in strengthening the rear of the front is reflected.
In the children's poetry of the post-war period, the works about the Motherland, the beautiful land, our free land are noteworthy. “Yashna, Vatan” (I. Muslim), “Obod ölkam”, “Yurtimizin yuragi” (P. Momin), “Mening Vatanim”, “Bakhtli balalar” (Q. Hikmat), “Olkamizning dawn is dawning” (A. Rahmat ), “The story of a farmer grandfather and twelve children” (A. Aripov), “The word mother” (O. Matjon) and others. It is not enough to list the poems written on this subject.
Abdulla Aripov's poem "The Story of a Farmer's Grandfather and Twelve Children" was one of the most significant achievements of children's literature in recent years. There are many works about Uzbekistan in Uzbek children's poetry. A. Aripov wrote a unique original work without repeating them. The protagonists of the poem are excellent, public students from twelve provinces. They know the history of their place. They answer the questions of the grandfather who accompanied them on the train. Each region of Uzbekistan has its own riches, cities and generous people.
In this poem, which is based on dialogue, the grandfather's final speech is very significant. The four lines of the poem express the beauty, majesty and power of our country, which is becoming more and more prosperous, independent and self-determined:
Every place you name
There will be one garden,
If you add it all up,
It will be Uzbekistan.
The Uzbek people have always been hardworking. Business has been inherited from our ancestors. Q. Muhammadi's "Ethics", "My grandmother's story", H. Yakubov's "Sun of Syrdarya", Shukur Sadulla's "Children of our yard", "Programmer girl", "Gardener girl", Ilyas Muslim's "Ayhan and basil", "Working bees", “Your gift”, Polat Momin's “Looking at the fields”, “The sun came out of the world”, Qudrat Hikmat's “Grandfather and grandson”, “Jojam, don't walk”, Tolib Yuldosh's “Time is precious”, Yusuf Shomansur's “Baraka”, “Tikuvchi” poems directly devoted to the subject of labor.
In their works, our poets win the love of readers with their poems that encourage children to be hardworking, to respect the working people, to respect and cherish what was created by the sweat of their brows.
One of the most important things is to bring up children in the spirit of love for nature from kindergarten age. Children's artists pay special attention to this issue. “A Tale of a Little Gardener”, “A Conversation with Water”, “A Tale of a High Mountain, a Wide Meadow and a Brave Comrade” (Z. Diyor), “Four Seasons” (Sh. Sadulla), “Come to Our Garden” (G. Gulom ), “Boychechak”, “Guncha” (Uygun), “Orik gullaganda” (H. Olimjon), “Yurtimiz tabiati”, “Tillaqongiz” (I. Muslim), “Tabiat alifbosi”, “Kanatli dostlar” (Q. Muhammadi ), “Spring”, “Mountain landscape”, “Water” (Q. Hikmat), “Turtle” (Y. Shomansur), “A pocket of walnuts” (M. Azam), “Rainbow legend” (O. Matjon) and others are included. Shukur Sadulla's "Little Bird" stands out among them. In it, children's love and care for birds are deeply ingrained in the verses.
The children's poet Olim Mahkam is one of the most demanding writers. He reworked each of his works, emphasizing the simplicity and artistic perfection of his language. Consider his poem "Butterfly." How simple is this four-line work. But it is very effective. In the poem, it is clear that not only people, but also insects and insects are in favor of nature's constant flowering:
"Butterfly, come here,"
How many flights do you fly !?
"Don't chase me, Erkinjon."
You step on the flower.
When talking about today's Uzbek children's poetry, it is necessary to pay special attention to the works that reflect the life of the school. Everything depends on study, school. School-themed poems express positive qualities, such as clean rooms, a happy life, and children's desire to enjoy the light of science.
Polat Momin's "Whether in study or at work", "Song of our class", "Teachers"; Ergash Raimov's works, such as "Now I am an adult," reflect the breath of the day.
Usually, children live on the wing of dreams. In the poem “Now I am an adult child” the child's dream is very big - to grow up faster and become a schoolboy:
I was six last year,
I'm not old enough.
Didn't write to school,
They could not study.
As the years go by,
I turned seven this year.
Now that I'm older,
I go to school.
Dozens of poems, fairy tales, and epics have appeared since World War II. Oybek's "Zafar and Zahro", "Bobom", Quds Muhammadi's "What is the strongest in the world?", "Solijon"; Shukur Sadulla's Lakma it, Two Wise Men; Polat Momin's "Deputies", "Oh, it's so sweet", "Hol's ugly bicycle", "Golden flute", "Fairy tale heard by Jalil"; Qudrat Hikmat's "Turtle Attack", "Bobodehqon Hangomasi", "Chovkar", "Chirchik Farzandi", Ramz Bobojon's "Shepherd's Son"; Safar Barnoyev's "We are peasant children", "The legend of the Golden City", "Golden Lovers"; Miraziz Azam's "Smart Children", "Bedana's Grandmother"; Toshpolat Hamid's "Asrorqul's ram", Ergash Raimov's "One leaf"; Azim Usmon's "Strange Dragon"; Epics and fairy tales by Kavsar Turdiyeva, such as "In the land of stonecutters" were created.
Just as poetry developed in modern Uzbek children's literature, so did prose. A new generation of writers has emerged. Storytelling, in particular, has grown. Stories were created that could fully respond to children's age, interests, and worldviews. Hakim Nazir, Yakubjon Shukurov, Shukur Sadulla, Khudoiberdi Tokhtaboyev, Turgunboy Goipov, Rahmat Azizkhojayev, Latif Mahmudov, Farhod Musajon, Sabir Yunusov, Akiljon Husanov, Mahmud Murodov, Nodir Nazarov, Ergash Raimov, Safar Barnoyev, Abusaid Obidjon and Abusaid Obidov. collections of stories were published.
In many stories, the lives of children are reflected. Shodmonbek Otaboyev's story "Itolgi" is dedicated to the love and respect for birds and insects. It is a bird that catches and eats sparrows and doves. Shukurali aka Itolgi presents his nephew Shavkat. Shavkat wanted to use it to protect the grapes. But the bird does not feel comfortable in them. When asked why, Shavkat's father explained that the bird longed for freedom and liberty. Shavkat is a compassionate boy who loves birds. He barely keeps Itolgi in a cage for three days. It is as if he is sitting in a cage, not a bird, and he pushes the dog out of the cage completely. The bird flies away as if to say "thank you" to the child.
Many good works have been created in children's short stories. From Oybek, Ghafur Ghulam, Abdulla Qahhor to the present day, their number has grown tremendously. Examples are Hakim Nazir, Shukur Sadulla, Khudoiberdi Tokhtaboyev, Hojiakbar Shaykhov, Anvar Obidjon, Latif Mahmudov, Farhod Musajon, Habib Pulatov, Muqimjon Niyazov, Rustam Rakhmonov, Ibokhon, Shukur Kholmirzaev, Oqiljon Husanov, Marva Jaloliddinova, Asad Dilmo'd. Ergash Raimov, Mamatkul Hazratkulov and others can be mentioned.
During this period, the scope of children's storytelling has greatly expanded. The hard work of the elders, their courage ("Volcano"), participation in the Second World War ("The Adventures of Rustamjon"), our increasingly prosperous beautiful cities and tolerant, humane people ("Commander's Experience"), the struggle against the oppressors of the past, happy and the quest for a brighter day ("Kachal Polvon"), children's lives and activities in the fields during World War II ("Ghost in the Jungle"), support for herders ("White Horse"), student field brigades ("Zamon"), fun and arbitrariness. Topics such as children and their re-education (Our Novel) are at the forefront of this period's narrative.
During this period, the genres of adventure, science fiction also developed in children's short stories. Khudoiberdi Tokhtaboyev ("Riding the Yellow Giant", "The Golden Head of the Avengers", "In the Land of Sweet Melons"), Hojiakbar Shaykhov ("Demonstration in the Sky", "Sham Belt", "Memory of Ancestors"), Mahkam Mahmudov ("Planet of the Reverse Eyes") ), Anvar Obidjon ("Liar No. 0099", "Terrible Meshpolvon"), Olloyor ("Space Ant"), Oqiljon Husanov ("Child Growing Up in the Mountains") and others are effective in this genre.
Dramatic works also play an important role in children's upbringing. The poems of Hakim Nazir, Adham Rahmat, Polat Momin, Mamarasul Boboyev, Turgunboy Goyipov, Narimon Orifjonov, Latif Mahmudov, Farhod Musajon add to the joy of children with their childishness.
Along with modern Uzbek children's fiction, children's literature and literary criticism also grew and developed. A number of textbooks, manuals, collections, monographs and books have been written. Dozens of candidate and doctoral dissertations were defended. Thus, modern Uzbek children's literature continues to develop. He is getting richer and richer with new writers, new works. In short, this literature serves for the prosperity of our independent Uzbekistan.
Mamasoli JUMABOYEV
 
From the textbook "Children's Literature" (Teacher, Publishing House, Tashkent, 2013)

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