About Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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(ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO) (January 30.01.1882, 12.04.1945, Hyde Park, New York - April XNUMX, XNUMX, Warm Springs, Georgia)

32nd President of the USA. He received elementary education under the supervision of private teachers, and was often in Europe with his parents. After attending a privileged preparatory school in Groton, he moved to New York in 1904 after graduating from Harvard University, where he attended Columbia University Law School. In 1907, he took the bar exam and joined a prominent New York law firm.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of the greatest and most powerful US politicians of the 1940th century. He was a wartime president. The worst economic crisis since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the biggest war in world history, gave him a double chance for historical glory. In his time, his contemporaries had not only unlimited respect for him, but also severe criticism. Considering the length of F. Roosevelt's presidency, there are three reasons why his reputation is increasing: firstly, as historians and politicians unanimously emphasize, FDR is the founder of the modern American presidential institution. Second, the mixed economy, which has been organizing, correcting, planning and managing the interventionist state and the federal state in Washington since his presidency, has become relevant to the daily lives of Americans. Third, with an indomitable will in foreign policy, he sensed the dangers of German National Socialism and Italian Fascism earlier than most Americans and resisted their call. In 1941-XNUMX, when the future of Farb culture was at stake, all the democrats' hopes were dashed. Through an unusual combination of force and talent, nerve and tactical sophistication, he prevented the United States from becoming isolated in the Far Eastern hemisphere. F. Roosevelt was the great winner of the Second World War, and when he died, the USA became the new great country of the world. Even before his presidency, F. Roosevelt, brilliant, sharp-witted and charming, used them for his political glory and did not reveal his sacred feelings to anyone, not even to his wife. .

After attending one of the nation's finest private schools in Groton, F. Roosevelt studied at Harvard College in 1900-1904, and then became a law student at Columbia University in 1904-1907. He gave up his academic studies, took the New York bar exam, and entered a prominent New York law firm as a salaried apprentice. He felt no inclination to study the finer points of economic law, and as he achieved financial security and social recognition, politics remained the only object of his vivid ambition. From 1913 to 1920, he held the position of assistant minister of the navy in the cabinet of W. Wilson. In 1914, F. Roosevelt was nominated for the Senate from New York state, but was defeated in the elections. Cooperation with W. Wilson's administration and belonging to the Roosevelt family played a role in 1920 when the Democrats decided to present him as a partner of the presidential candidate J. Cox. Although Republicans Garding and Kulik won convincingly. F. Roosevelt established important contacts throughout the country and took a leading position in his party.

In 1921, when he became seriously ill with polio, it was this self-confidence and extraordinary discipline that helped him. Despite many years of diligent efforts, the disease was not overcome. F. Roosevelt was paralyzed and confined to a wheelchair. He could not get up without the help of the ten-pound wheels, but moved slowly and little by little with the help of crutches. No matter how much he complained about his destiny inside, he wore a perfect mask of hope and confidence on the outside. He forbade himself any thoughts of disappointment and self-pity, and any compassion for those around him. Limited physical capabilities did not narrow the scope of his interests. F. Roosevelt corresponded with the political figures of the Democratic Party and managed to engage in lobbying activities. At the party's conventions in 1924-1928, he nominated New York Governor A. Smith for the presidency. Then his career should follow the path of Theodore Roosevelt. By the time Franklin and Eleanor visited him at the Arrow House, Franklin had lined up the same list of jobs as Theodore: Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of State, Governor of New York State, President.

The 1932 election was America's response to the disaster that had befallen the country. The protest of the population of the western regions, condemned to unemployment and poverty due to the economic crisis, deprived the Republican Party of power. F. Roosevelt won 59 states with 472 votes to G. Hoover's 42 votes (only in northeastern states). The advantage of the winner was 7 million votes. It was during his first 100 days in office that, at the behest of the White House, Congress passed the bulk of the New Direction bills, and by the end of that term Roosevelt had become the nation's true leader. He achieved the support of the general public for the program, which its initiators called "Democratic Economic and Social System", which was unprecedented in the history of America. F. Roosevelt took his work to the limits that the American constitutional system imposes even on strong presidents. He did what no other president did. That is, he took the legislative initiative of the Congress and in this sense expanded the legislative authority of the presidential institution. F. Roosevelt broke all records for the use of the right of veto. In total, he vetoed 635 times. He would try to cajole prominent deputies and senators in private conversations and use the opportunities of career patronage and, if necessary, pressure Congress with the help of public opinion. F. Roosevelt focused public expectations on the presidential institution, was able to use both mass media - press and radio in an unprecedented way as a tool of his policy. F. Roosevelt was the first president of the media. His open-door independent policy toward journalists working in Washington kept him out of the headlines. The paralyzed president used to gather up to 200 journalists around his desk twice a week. They could ask any questions they wanted without prior written requests. These conferences have become the supreme example of dealing with a free press.

F. Roosevelt wanted to save the millions of Americans devastated by the Great Depression from alienation and despair. If we include family members among them, then 20-30 million people would live on a modest salary from government jobs. The administration, led by F. Roosevelt confidant Harry Hopkins, built 120000 public buildings, 664000 miles of new roads, 77000 bridges, and 285 airports. Even teachers, artists, and writers got jobs, and F. Roosevelt captured the opinion of the emerging social class for his New Direction. For the first time in the history of the United States, the working class gained the right to free association and to negotiate tariffs above the enterprise. After that, an agreement was reached on maximum working days and low wages, child labor under 16 years was prohibited. The extent to which the new direction was successful is still debatable. It is true that the new direction alleviated but did not eliminate unemployment and destitution, and it is also true that socio-political laws did not go beyond modest beginnings. It was only because of the war that full supply and record-breaking production was achieved. The unorganized part of the population and blacks remained on the other side of the "new course" border, opportunities and incomes changed little, and the influence of monopolies and concerns diminished but did not disappear entirely. No one knew the limits of the New Deal better than Roosevelt, who, in his second term, declared a fight against the poverty of one-third of the nation. What he did not achieve was due not to him, but to the insurmountable obstacles that the political-economic system of the United States puts in the way of even the strongest presidents. His two major domestic political defeats were the attempt to reorganize the Supreme Court, which had resisted the centralizing efforts of the New Direction, and the expulsion of the conservative opposition from the party after a landslide victory in the 1936 election. According to F. Roosevelt, "Both attempts necessary to provide a new direction and move forward failed because he overestimated the possibilities of presidential power." The most important thing was that F. Roosevelt was able to give new hope to a nation that was demoralized, lost self-confidence and lacked a clear goal.

The president's foreign policy direction was recognized in Congress much later than his domestic policy. Only Latin American countries were excluded. Roosevelt announced the Good Neighbor Policy, building on President Herbert Hoover's efforts to improve relations with countries south of the US border. Secretary of State K. Hull and his assistant (later Deputy) s. With the help of the Welsh, interference in the affairs of Latin American countries was stopped. In 1933, new treaties were drafted with Cuba and Panama that changed the protectorate status of the United States. withdrew parts of the marines from Haiti. The Monroe Doctrine turned from a unilateral US policy into a multilateral policy for the entire Western Hemisphere. From 1933, F. Roosevelt used the White House pulpit to influence public opinion. Through his speeches at press conferences, he gradually convinced the public that Germany, Italy, and Japan were a threat to the security of the United States. In October 1934, after Japan attacked North China, F. Roosevelt demanded that measures should be taken against the aggressor countries. However, the public reacted negatively, and the president had to convince the country again of the importance of moving from isolationist policies to collective security policies. Meanwhile, in 1938-1939, he achieved increased funding for the army and navy. Negotiations continued on December 1941, 7, when the Japanese attacked US forces at Pearl Harbor. 4 days later, on December 1941, 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. When the United States entered the war, 61-year-old F. Roosevelt faced several serious issues. These issues tired him so much that by 1944, his physical exhaustion was clearly visible. On top of that, Roosevelt had to deal with all the problems by constantly justifying himself to the public. Public opinion, Congress, party, political conflicts, Democratic and Republican competition issues. Finally, the presidential election of 1944 became factors that F. Roosevelt had to take into account in his work and speech. In this respect, he was more reluctant than Winston Churchill, not to mention Stalin and Hitler.

Ultimately, at the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the British were forced to agree that the invasion of Europe through Normandy was more important than military action in Italy and the Mediterranean. Both honorary leaders met Stalin at the Tehran Conference in 1943 and at Yalta in February 1945. The Yalta Soviets agreed to participate in the San Francisco conference on the organization of the United Nations and, at F. Roosevelt's insistence, gave up a number of their students. There is no doubt that F. Roosevelt overestimated the possibilities of post-war cooperation with the USSR. His hopes that strong borders and membership in an effective international organization would dampen the Russians' desire to occupy new territories did not come true.

During the 1944 re-election campaign, he and the vice-presidential candidate, Senator G. Truman of Missouri, governor of New York t. When Dewey and Ohio Governor J. Bricker were defeated, F. Roosevelt's health was worrying the whole country. After returning from Yalta, F. Roosevelt made a speech at the Congress, and at the beginning of April he went to rest in Warm Springs (Georgia).
F. Roosevelt died on April 1945, 12 in Warm Springs.

He is the only person in the history of the country to hold the position of the president of the USA four times in a row. The American people appreciate F. Roosevelt's services in creating a great country and place him among presidents such as J. Washington and A. Lincoln.

We want the whole world to follow the four most important principles of freedom. The first is freedom of speech and expression throughout the world. The second is the freedom of everyone in the world to believe in God as they wish. The third is freedom from want. The fourth is freedom from fear. (Franklin Delano Roosevelt)