Date of birth: 1394 March 22
Date of death: 1449
Mirza Muhammad ibn Shahrukh ibn Temur Ulugbek Quragani (1394-1449) was a great astronomer and
mathematician, eminent scholar of his time, statesman, Movaraunnahr 1441-1449
is the grandson of Amir Temur, the ruler and famous ruler who ruled over the years.
Biography
During the siege of the fortress of Mordin in Iraq during the "five-year march" of Sahibkiran (1392-1396)
born Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi writes in his book "Zafarnoma" that a courier came to Amir Temur
The birth of Ulugbek and the astrologers that this grandson will be both a scientist and a ruler in the future
what they prophesy conveys the gospel. The siege of Mordin Castle to the delight of the owner
suspends and cancels the payment imposed on his people. To his own grandson Muhammad Taragay
His naming as Ulugbek can also be connected with the above predictions of astrologers.
Amir Temur paid special attention to the upbringing of Ulugbek and he was of state importance
participated in events. According to Klavikhon, Ulugbek's grandfather received foreign ambassadors
participated in making ceremonies. In the ceremonies held in Konigil in 1404, Amir Temur had six
held the weddings of his grandson (including Ulugbek). At the wedding to Sahibqiron Ulugbek
Tashkent, Sayram, Yangi (now Taroz), Ashpara and Mongolia to China
made Ulugbek was also there when Amir Temur died in Otrar.
(The struggle for the throne began among the Timurids. The children of Shahrukh, who returned from Otrar -
The emirs did not allow Ulugbek and Ibrahim Sultan to enter Samarkand, they took refuge in Bukhara.
The throne of Samarkand was occupied by Halil Sultan. First to Shahrukh Ulugbek, who ruled Khorasan
Andhoy and Shiberghan, and later Tus, Habushan, Kalot, Bovard, Naso, Yozir of Khorasan,
He entrusted the management of the part consisting of Sabzavor and Nishapur. 1410 Shahrukh Movarounnahr
After taking it under his control, he handed over its management to Ulugbek together with the Turkestan region.
restored the will of the owner. Since Ulugbek was young (15 years old), Amir Shohmalik told him
designated as a sponsor. But Shahmalik's opponents are Sheikh Nuriddin and Muhammad in Otrar
Jahangir's governors in Gissar rebelled against Ulugbek and Shohmalik in the spring of 1410. That's it
In the summer of the same year, Shohmalik and Ulugbek won the battle with the participation of Shahrukh. 1411
in September Shahrukh came to Samarkand and took Shahmalik with him to Herat and later
He was sent to rule Khorezm (1413). Since then, Ulugbek has been independent of Movarounnahr
began to manage. Shahrukh also allocated property to other Timurid princes in Movarounnahr
was. For example, Hisori Shodmon was given to Muhammad Jahangirmirza, the son of Muhammad Sultan,
Uzgen province was exiled to Amirak Ahmad, the son of Umarshaikh. But they are
They were subordinated to Ulugbek. In 1414-1415, a dispute arose between them, over Ulugbek Amirak Ahmad
drew an army and defeated him. Shah Rukh summoned Amirak Ahmad to Khorasan; Kashgar too
until 1428 it belonged to Ulugbek.
During his reign, Ulugbek twice marched. The first is 2 years
When the Mongol khan Shermuhammad oghlan (1421-25) declared himself an independent khan,
Ulugbek marched against him and won. U.'s second march towards the city of Signak
which was. The lower reaches of the Syrdarya were under Ulugbek's control. Ulugbek 1427 near Signok
Barak, who threatened his property, collided with the boy and was defeated. The enemy
He followed Ulugbek to the threshold of Samarkand.
Because Movarounnahr was under threat, Shah Rukh drew a large army from Khorasan and threatened it
eliminates.
After the death of Shahrukh (March 12, 1447), Abdullatif, the eldest son of Ulugbek, became the heir.
(He remains the ruler of the Timurids. But Shahrukh's strict wife Gavharshodbegim
had his own opinion. He was on the throne of Herat, which became the capital of the Timurids during the reign of Shah Rukh
son and beloved grandson of Boysungur Mirza, the third son of the deceased
He was a supporter of Alouddavlamirzo. Gavharshodbegim transferred Alouddavla to the throne of Herat
It should have been seen as a rebellion against Ulugbek. Therefore Ulugbekka in the spring of 1448
Along with Abdullatif, he came to Khorasan with 90 troops in the battle near Herat
It brakes Alouddavla. The victory was due to Abdullatif’s personal courage and military leadership talent
Although achieved, Ulugbek proclaims the conquest on behalf of his youngest son Abdulaziz. From him
except the Ikhtiyariddin fortress in Herat, bequeathed to Abdullatif by his grandfather Shah Rukh, and
he also gives his wealth to Ulugbek Abdulaziz. After that with Ulugbek
The relationship between Abdullatif takes the form of open hostility.
Ulugbek left Abdulaziz in Samarkand and went to war with his eldest son with the army.
Abdullatif also came to the banks of the Amudarya with his army. Both armies of the river 2
standing on the shore for a long time, does not dare to cross the water. Meanwhile, Ulugbek, Abdulaziz
He persecuted the families of the emirs in the army, and returned to Samarkand
will be forced to come and witness the revolt of the townspeople against Abdulaziz.
He quickly put the city in order and again went to war against Abdullatif, but near Samarkand
defeated by him.
Shortly afterwards, Ulugbek was executed by order of Abdullatif. His body is Gori Amir
buried in the mausoleum (ancient tomb of Amir Temur).
Ulugbek was a political ruler during the reign of his father Shahrukh
which is independent. He had direct trade and embassy relations with other countries.
During the reign of Ulugbek, Samarkand was further developed. Crafts, architecture,
literature, science in general rose, trade flourished. In Bukhara (1417), Samarkand (1420),
Madrassas were built in Gijduvan (1432-1433) and charitable institutions in Merv. Religious in madrassas
along with the sciences, secular sciences were also taught, with emphasis on more specific sciences. Bibixonim
The construction of the mosque, the mausoleum of Amir Temur, Shahizinda and Registan complexes has been completed.
In addition, there are many public buildings (caravanserais), tim, chorsu, baths and in the country
another was built (domestic and foreign policy in Movarounnahr during the reign of Ulugbek, embassy
relations, monetary reforms, economic, cultural situation).
Scientific and cultural heritage. Ulugbek studied the science and culture of the peoples of Central Asia in medieval conditions
led to the highest level of world science. His greatest work is Samarkand science
his school was the academy of that period. There are more than 200 scientists in this scientific school
operated. The largest of them were Qazizada Rumi and Ghiyosiddin Jamshid Kashi.
The scientific school of U. in its activity includes the famous Central Asian scientists Muhammad Khorezmi, Ahmad
al-Farghani, Abul Abbas al-Jawhari, Ibn Turk al-Huttali, Khalid al-Marwarrudi, Ahmad al-Marwazi,
Abu Nasr al-Farabi was based on the scientific tradition initiated by Abu Rayhan al-Biruni.
Ulugbek built an observatory near Samarkand (ancient Ulugbek Observatory).
The great scientist of Ulugbek Academy - Ali Kushchi Ulugbek in the preface of "Ziji"
arjumand "means" my dear child ". In fact, he was a loyal disciple of Ulugbek and was on Zij
assisted his teacher until the work was completed.
Ulugbek has two madrassas in Samarkand: one is part of the Registan ensemble and the other is Gori Amir
formed as part of the ensemble. This is Ulugbek himself, among other great scientists
lectured once a week in each of the madrassas. Other times more astronomical
devoted to observations, work on Zij, and state affairs. (ancient Ziji Koragoniy).
Another mathematical work of Ulugbek is called "Risolai Ulugbek" and a copy of it
It is kept in the library of the University of Aligarh in India, has not yet been studied. Maybe he also counts
related to mathematics.
Study of Ulugbek's heritage. The scientific work of Ulugbek, who left an indelible mark on the history of science and culture
his legacy is his ‘Zij’. This work is an catalog of stars and, interpreting the motion of the planets, the Sun and the Moon
the most perfect of the medieval astronomical works in terms of the mathematical methods used in it
primarily because it has attracted the attention of scholars in Muslim countries.
The first commentary on Zij was written by Ali Kushchi, a student of Ulugbek, under the title Sharhi Ziji Ulugbek.
In the same 15th century, the Cairo astrologer Shamsiddin Muhammad as-Sufi al-Misri wrote “Tashil Ziji
Ulugbek ”(“ Facilitating Ulugbek Zij ”), in which Ulugbek
Adapted to the latitude of Cairo. Al-Misri in his "Calendar al-Qawaqib as-Saba"
("Calendars of the Seven Planets") and "Jodavil al-mahlul assani ala-usul Ulugbek" ("Ulugbek's method")
In his second work, entitled "Table of Second Solutions"), Ulugbek refers to "Zij".
Syrian scholar Zayniddin al-Jawhari as-Salihi (15th century) "Ad-Durr annozil fi tashil attaqvim"
Ulugbek reworked "Zij" in his work ("Durlar revealed in the simplification of the calendar").
The most complete review of "Zij" is the latest representative of the Samarkand Scientific School
Nizamiddin Abdul Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandi (1525 BC) 1523
Sharhi Ziji Ulugbek. Birjandi is detailed and clear in his Commentary
reveals the secrets of ‘Zij’ by narrating in numbers. He draws many sentences of Ulugbek
proved by explaining.
Miram Chalabi, the grandson of two great scholars from Samarkand - Qazizoda Rumi and Ali Kushchi
(1525 BC) wrote a commentary on Zij and called it “Program alamal and tashih al-table” (“Actions”
program and correction of tables »).
The Iranian scholar Ghiyasiddin Mansur al-Husseini al-Shirazi (1542 BC) visited Zij.
He wrote a commentary entitled "The treatise on narrow definition of Ziji Ulugbek" ("Treatise on the definition of Ulugbek" Zij "").
The second half of the 16th century and a number of Muslim scholars of the 17th-18th centuries wrote commentaries on Zij and
they reworked it and adapted it to their times and spaces. Among them is the Syrian Taqiyiddin ash-
Shami (1526-1585), Mazhariddin al-Qari (16th century), Egyptian Abdulkadir al-Manufi al-Shafi (16th century)
century), Shah of Iran Fathullah Shirazi (1589 BC), Muhammad Baqir al-Yazdi (1637
BC), Indian Farididdin Dehlavi (1629 BC), Turkish Muhammad
Chalabi (1640 BC), Egyptian Rizwan ar-Razzaq al-Misri (1710 BC)
commentaries by scholars such as Damadon al-Muhiy of Dagestan (1718 BC)
including.
Among them is the work of the Indian statesman and scholar Savai Jay Singh. SHE IS
By the decree of the Baburi Sultan of India Muhammad Shah (1719-1748) Ulugbek
According to the equipment of the observatory, Delhi, Banoras, Jaipur, Ujayn and Mutrada
build observatories. He then dedicated the work "Ziji Muhammadshahi" to the sultan he patronized
wrote and accepted some of Ulugbek's tables in it. Qori Niazi and
Dushanbe G. Sobirovs show the connection between the work of Savay Jay Singh and Ulugbek "Zij"
have shown in their work.
Ulugbek is named after his great grandfather Amir Temur in Europe and in the West in general
known long ago because of its fame. Europe about Amir Temur and his family members
Rui Gonzalez de, the Spanish ambassador who first traveled to Samarkand in 1403-1405
Heard from the keyboard. Clavijo's Diaries were published in Seville in 1582 and in Paris in 1607
Europeans immediately became interested in Amir Temur and his family members. Ulugbek
the name is mentioned in dramatic works dedicated to Amir Temur from the beginning of the 17th century (since 1601).
The first European edition dedicated directly to Ulugbek was written by the English astronomer John Greaves (1602-52).
belonging to the pen. His 1648 y. part of Ulugbek's star chart in his published work (98 pieces
star) was added. 1665 with another English scholar, Thomas Hyde (1636-1703) Greaves
published a Persian and Latin translation of the table of stars in Zij without reference.
In the Atlas of the Starry Sky published by the Polish astronomer Jan Geveli in Gdansk in 1690.
in two engravings he gave Ulugbek an honorary place among the famous astronomers of that time
Ulugbek's table of stars was compiled by Ptolemy, Ticho Brage, Richchioli, Wilhelm IV and his own tables.
compared with. In 1711 Ulugbek's geographical table was published three times in Oxford. 3
there this table was also published in the new Greek language. 1725 English astronomer D.Flemetid (1646-
1719) In 1767 the English G.Sharp Ulugbek republished the T.Hyd edition of the star chart.
In 1843, the Englishman F. Bailey (1774-1844) further improved this edition and made 3 editions.
The French orientalist LASedio (1808-1876) in 1839 studied the astronomical tables in Ulugbek's Zij.
published a portion. In 1917, the American scientist EBNobel Ulugbek created a table of stars in "Zij"
On the basis of 27 manuscripts he published a critical text, in 1927 K. Shoy published a trigonometric table of "Zij".
Ulugbek "Zij" has a special history in Russia and the former Soviet Union. The first of the 18th century
In the second half of the twentieth century at the St. Petersburg Academy Ulugbek "Zij" was in special discussion, and scientists JNDelil
(1688-1768), G.Ya. Ker began to translate it but the work was not completed.
1908-1909 The ruins of the VLVyatkin Ulugbek Observatory and its main instrument -
After excavating the square, a new interest in the work of Samarkand scientists began.
As a result, in 1918 VVBartold's work "Ulugbek and his time" was published.
Qori on acquainting the public with the life and work of Ulugbek in the Soviet era
Niazi made a lot of efforts. G. Jalolov and VPShcheglov in the promotion of Ulugbek's work
editions are also noteworthy. By the beginning of the 20s of the 80th century, Ulugbek's "Zij" was complete and
In 1994, A. Akhmedov translated the translation with excellent scientific explanations.
published.
Until recently, Ulugbek was considered only an astronomer and mathematician. But its in the late 20th century
his work was multifaceted, and he was also found to have written in the fields of history, poetry, and music.
Historian Mirzo Muhammad Haydar in his work "History of Rashidi" wrote "Mirzo Ulugbek is a wise historian
and "wrote the history of the Four Nations." Ulugbek's “History
arba 'ulus "(" History of the Four Nations ")
is an important source in the study of the political life of the half.
The following verse by Ulugbek was found in one of the buildings of Mashhad:
Although the property is beautiful, don't look at it with your eyes wide open.
Meaning: Even if the property of beauty is under your control, do not rejoice that you are in its sight.
you are under
His poems are also included in Navoi's Majlis un-nafois and Abu Tahirhoja's Samaria.
examples are given. During his time, many works were translated from Arabic and Persian into Old Uzbek
made. More than 15 volumes of books on various subjects are in the rich library founded by Ulugbek
which was.
Alisher Navoi in his work "Khamsa" glorified Ulugbek and wrote:
Mirzo Ulugbek, a descendant of Temurkhan,
The world has never seen a sultan like you,
Remember that the people of that period do not change,
His obnoyi jeans failed.
And lek ul dast to find science,
The sky was low before his eyes.
Rasadkim tied - the beauty of the world,
It is another heaven in the world,
Knowing that this science is heavenly,
Ki ondin wrote "Ziji Koragoniy".
According to the authors of the distant and recent past (Darvishali Changi, Fitrat, etc.),
From a young age, Ulugbek studied music and created a number of melodies and methods.
also wrote a pamphlet on the subject.
The 600th anniversary of Ulugbek's birth was celebrated in April 1994 in Paris, in October in Tashkent and Samarkand
was solemnly celebrated and international conferences were held. This year Ulugbek in Tashkent
statue was erected.
The image of Ulugbek is world famous in the conference halls of Pulkovo Observatory and Moscow University
among the portraits of scientists. A memorial museum of Ulugbek has been established in Samarkand
given National University of Uzbekistan, district, planetarium, street, mahalla, metro in Tashkent
station, park, town is named after Ulugbek. Fergana Pedagogical University,
Samarkand Institute of Architecture and Construction, Kitab International Latitude Station, village, school and
others have also been named scholars.
A play about the life and work of Ulugbek (M. Shaykhzoda, the tragedy "Mirzo Ulugbek"), novel
(O. Yakubov, "Treasure of Ulugbek"; S. Borodin, "Stars in the sky of Samarkand"), opera
(A. Kozlovskiy, "Ulugbek"), poem (M. Boboyev, "Ulugbek"), ballet (M. Bafoyev, "Ulugbek Burji"),
film (Director Latif Fayziyev "Star of Ulugbek", 1965) and other works.
