About Mirzo Ulugbek

Amir Temur paid special attention to the education of U. and took part in events of national importance. According to Clavijon, U. attended his grandfather's reception of foreign ambassadors. 1404 y. Konigillya. Amir Temur hosted the weddings of his six grandchildren (including U.). At the wedding, Sahibkiran exiled Tashkent, Sayram, Yangi (now Taroz), Ashpara, and Mongolia to China. U. was also present when Amir Temur died in Otrar. The Timurids began to fight for the throne. The emirs did not allow Shahrukh's sons, U. and Ibrahim Sultan, who had returned from Otrar, to enter the capital, Samarkand, where they took refuge in Bukhara. The throne of Samarkand was occupied by Khalil Sultan. Shah Rukh, who ruled Khorasan, was first entrusted with the administration of Andhoi and Shiberghan, and later with Tus, Habushan, Kalot, Bovard, Naso, Yozir, Sabzavor, and Nishapur. 1410 y. After Shah Rukh took control of Movarounnahr, he handed over its administration to U., together with the Turkestan region, and restored Sahibkiran's will. As he was 15 years old, Amir Shohmalik was appointed his patron. However, Shahmalik's rivals, Sheikh Nuriddin of Otrar and Muhammad Jahangir, the governors of Gissar, ruled in 1410. in the spring against U. and Shahmalik. In the summer of that year, Shohmalik and U. won the battle with Shah Rukh. 1411 y. In September, Shah Rukh came to Samarkand, took Shahmalik with him to Herat, and later sent him to Khorezm (1413). From that time on, U. Movarounnahr began to rule independently. Shah Rukh had also allocated property to other Timurid princes in Movarounnahr. For example, Hisori Shodmon was exiled to Muhammad Sultannpng's son Muhammad Jahangir Mirza, and Uzgen province was exiled to Umarshaikh's son Amirak Ahmad. But they were subject to U.ka. 1414—15 y. A quarrel broke out between them, and U. Amirak invaded and defeated Ahmad. Shah Rukh summoned Amirak Ahmad to Khorasan; Kashgar also belonged to U. until 1428.

During his reign, U. made two major military campaigns. In the first 2 y. When the Mongol khan Shermuhammad oghlan (1425-1421) declared himself an independent khan, U. marched against him and won. 25nd march of U. Signak sh. side. The lower reaches of the Syrdarya were under U.'s control. U. 2 y. Near the sign, Barak, who threatened his property, collided with a boy (see Barak) and was defeated. The enemy pursued U. and reached the threshold of Samarkand.

As Movarounnahr was under threat, Shah Rukh drew a large army from Khorasan to avert the danger.

After Shahrukh's death (March 1447, 12), U.'s eldest son, Abdullatif, succeeded the Timurid ruler. But Gavharshod Beg, Shahrukh's strict wife, had his own opinion. He was a supporter of the transfer to the throne of Herat, the capital of the Timurids during the reign of Shah Rukh, Alouddavla, the son and beloved grandson of the late Mirza Boysungur, the third son of the deceased. Gavharshod Beg's transfer of Alouddawla to the throne of Herat should have been seen as a rebellion against U. Therefore, U. 3 y. In the spring, he and Abdullatif arrived in Khorasan with 1448 troops and defeated Alouddawla in a battle near Herat. Although the victory was due to Abdullatif's personal courage and military talent, he proclaimed the conquest on behalf of his youngest son, Abdulaziz. He also gave the fortress of Ikhtiyoriddin in Herat, bequeathed to Abdullatif by his grandfather Shah Rukh, and his wealth to U. Abdulaziz. After that, the relationship between U. and Abdullatif became openly hostile.

He left Abdulaziz in Samarkand and went to war with his eldest son with the army. Abdullatif also came to the banks of the Amudarya with his army. Both armies stood on both sides of the river for a long time and did not dare to cross the water. Meanwhile, U. Abdulaziz was persecuted by the families of the emirs in the army, so he was forced to return to Samarkand and witnessed the revolt of the townspeople against Abdulaziz. He quickly put the city in order and again went to fight against Abdullatif, but was defeated near Samarkand.

Shortly afterwards, he was executed by order of Abdullatif. His body was buried in the mausoleum of Gori Amir (see Amir [Temur's mausoleum]).

During the reign of his father Shah Rukh, U. was a political ruler and was relatively independent in domestic and foreign policy. He had direct trade and embassy relations with other countries. During the U. Samarkand sh. more developed. Crafts, architecture, literature, science in general, and trade flourished in the city. Madrassas were built in Bukhara (1417), Samarkand (1420), Gijduvan (1432-33) and charitable institutions in Merv. In the madrassas, secular sciences were taught alongside religious sciences, and more emphasis was placed on specific sciences. The construction of Bibihanim Mosque, Amir [Temur mausoleum], Shahizinda and Registan complexes has been completed. In addition, the country has many public buildings (caravanserais), tim, chorsu, baths, etc. (on domestic and foreign policy, embassy relations, monetary reforms, economic and cultural situation in Movarounnahr in the U. period, see [Temurids]).

Scientific and cultural heritage. U. To bring the science and culture of the peoples of Central Asia to the highest level of world science in the Middle Ages. His greatest achievement was the establishment of the Samarkand Scientific School and the Academy of that time. More than 200 scientists worked in this scientific school. The largest of them were Qazizada Rumi and Giyosiddin Jamshid Kashi. His scientific school was based on the scientific tradition of the famous Central Asian scholars Muhammad Khorezmi, Ahmad al-Farghani, Abul Abbas al-Jawhari, Ibn Turk al-Huttali, Khalid al-Marwarrudi, Ahmad al-Marwazi, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni. U. built an observatory near Samarkand (see Ulugbek Observatory).

Ali Qushchshsh, a great scholar at the U. Academy, said in the preface to U. Ziji, "my child is arjumand," meaning "my dear child." In fact, he was a loyal student of U. and helped his teacher until the work on Zij was completed.

He founded two madrasas in Samarkand: one as part of the Registan ensemble and two as part of the Gori Amir ensemble. Among other great scholars, U. himself lectured once a week in each of these madrasas. He devoted much of his time to astronomical observations, work on Zij, and government affairs. (See Ziji Koragoniy).

Another of U.'s mathematical works is called Risolai Ulugbek, and a copy of it is in the library of Aligarh University in India, which has not yet been studied. Perhaps it is also related to computational mathematics.

Study of U. heritage. U.'s scientific legacy, which has left an indelible mark on the history of science and culture, is his Zij. It attracted the attention of scholars in Muslim countries, as it was one of the most advanced medieval astronomical works in terms of interpreting the motions of the planets, the Sun and the Moon, the catalog of stars, and the mathematical methods used in it. The first commentary on "Zij" was written by Ali Kushchi, a student of U., under the title "Sharhi Ziji Ulugbek".

In the 15th century, the Cairo astrologer Shamsiddin Muhammad al-Sufi al-Misri wrote Tashil Ziji Ulugbek ("Facilitating Ulugbek Zij"), in which he adapted the U. tables to the latitude of Cairo. Al-Misri refers to U. Zij in his two other works, Taqvim alkavokib assabʼa ("Calendars of the Seven Planets") and "Jodavil almahlul assani ala usul Ulugbek" ("Table of Second Solutions according to Ulugbek's method").

The Syrian scholar Zayniddin al-Jawhari as-Salihi (15th century) reworked U. Zij in his work Ad-Durr annozil fi tashil attaqvim ("The durls revealed in the simplification of the calendar").

The most complete commentary on Zij was written in 1525 by Nizamiddin Abdul Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandi (1523), the last representative of the Samarkand scientific school. Sharhi Ziji Ulugbek. In his Commentary, Birjandiy reveals the secrets of Zij by giving detailed and precise figures. He proved many of U's sentences with drawings.

Miram Chalabi (2), the grandson of two great scholars from Samarkand, Qazizada Rumi and Ali Kushchi, wrote a commentary on Zij, calling it "Program alamal and tashih aljadval" ("Program of actions and correction of tables").

The Iranian scholar Giyosiddin Mansur al-Husayn al-Shirozi (1542) wrote a commentary on Zij entitled The Treatise on the Identification of Ziji Ulugbek (The Treatise on the Identification of Ulugbek Zij).

A number of Muslim scholars of the second half of the 16th century and the 2th and 17th centuries wrote commentaries on the Zij and adapted it to their time and place. Among them were Taqiyiddin al-Shami of Syria (18-1526), Mazhariddin al-Qari (85th century), Abdulkadir al-Manufiy al-Shafi'i of Egypt (16th century), Shah Fathullah Shirazi of Iran (16), Muhammad Baqir al-Yazdi (1589), and Indian Farid al-Din. These include the commentaries of scholars such as Dehlavi (1637 BC), the Turkish Muhammad Chalabi (1629 BC), the Egyptian Rizvan ar-Razzaq al-Misri (1640 BC), and the Dagestani Damadon al-Muhi (1710 BC).

Among them is the work of the Indian philosopher and scholar Savai Jay Singh. He built observatories in Delhi, Banoras, Jaipur, Ujjayn and Muttrada, according to the equipment of the U. Observatory, by order of the Baburi Sultan Muhammad Shah of India (1719-48). He later wrote Ziji Muhammadshahi for the patron sultan, in which he accepted some of U.'s tables. TN QoriNiyazi and G. Sabirov from Dushanbe have shown in their works the connection between the work of Savay Jay Singh and U. Zij.

His name was known long ago in Europe and in the West in general due to the fame of his great grandfather Amir Temur. Europe first heard about Amir Temur and his family from the Spanish ambassador Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo, who traveled to Samarkand in 1-1403. Clavijo's Diaries in 05. In Seville and 1582 y. Immediately after its publication in Paris, Europeans became interested in Amir Temur and his family. U. name 1607-a. from the beginning (since 17) in dramatic works dedicated to Amir Temur.

The first European edition, directly dedicated to U., was written by the English astronomer John Greaves (1-1602). His 52 y. in his published work a part of the U. star table (1648 stars) is attached. 98 y. Another English scholar, Thomas Hyde (1665-1636), published a table of stars in Zij in Persian and Latin, without being associated with Greaves.

1690 y. Two engravings in the Atlas of the Starry Sky, published in Gdansk by the Polish astronomer Jan Hevelii, gave U. a prominent place among the famous astronomers of the time, comparing his star charts with those of Ptolemy, Ticho Brage, Richchioli, Wilhelm IV, and himself. 1711 y. In Oxford, U.'s geographical table was published 3 times. 1807 y. there the table was also published in the new Greek language. 1725 i. The English astronomer D. Flemetid (1646-1719) published U.'s chart of stars, along with Ptolemy, Ticho Brage, Wilhelm IV, Jan Hevelius, and himself. 1767 y. the English G. Sharp U. republished the T. Hyde edition of the star chart. 1843 y. The Englishman F. Bailey (1774-1844) further improved this edition and made 3 editions. French orientalist L .A. Sediyo (1808—76) 1839 y. U. published part of the astronomical tables in Zij. 1917 i. The American scholar EB Noble U. wrote a critical text of the star chart in Zij based on 27 manuscripts, 1927. K. Shoy published the trigonometric table of Zij. Zij has a long history in Russia and the former Soviet Union. In the first half of the 18th century, U. Zij was in special discussion at the St. Petersburg Academy, and scholars JN Delil (1), G. Ya. Kerr began translating it, but the work was not completed.

In 1908-09, after excavating the ruins of the VL Vyatkin U. Observatory and its main instrument - the quadrant, a new interest in the work of Samarkand scientists began. As a result, 1918 y. VV Bartoldiint's work "Ulugbek and his time" was published.

During the Soviet era, TN Qori Niazi made many efforts to acquaint the public with the life and work of U. In promoting the work of U. G. The publications of Jalolov and VP Shcheglov are also noteworthy. In the early 20s of the 80th century, A. Akhmedov published a complete and complete translation of U. "Zij" with scientific explanations. carried out and published.

Until recent years, U. was considered only an astronomer and mathematician. But 20a. In the end, his work was multifaceted, and he was also known for his history, poetry, and music.

The historian Mirzo Muhammad Haydar wrote in his work "Tarihi Rashidiy" that "Mirzo Ulugbek, a historian and sage (and) wrote (also) the" History of the Four Deaths ". U.'s "History of the Arbaʼ ulus" ("History of the Four Nations"), written in Turkish, dates back to the 13th and 14th centuries of Genghis Khan's conquest. is an important source in the study of the political life of the first half of the twentieth century.

In one of the buildings of Mashhad, the following verse by U. was found: Although his property is beautiful, his eyes are narrow and his eyes are narrow.

Meaning: Even if the property of beauty is under your control, do not rejoice that you are under its control.

Navoi's Majlis unnafois and Abu Tahirhoja's Samaria also provide examples of his poetry. During his time, many works were translated from Arabic and Persian into Old Uzbek. The rich library founded by U. contained more than 15 volumes of books on various subjects.

Alisher Navoi in his work "Khamsa" glorified U. and wrote: Mirzo Ulugbek, a descendant of Temurkhan, Who did not see the world as the sultan did, Whose people of that time did not turn away from one another, The sky was low before his eyes. Rasadkim bonding is the beauty of the world, It is another heaven in the world, Knowing that this kind of knowledge is heavenly, Who wrote beforeZiji Koragoniy«.

Authors of the distant and recent past (Darvishali Changi, Fitrat, etc.) claim that U. studied music from a young age and composed a number of melodies and methods, and wrote a treatise on the subject.

The 600th anniversary of the birth of U. 1994 y. In April, it was celebrated in Paris, in October in Tashkent and Samarkand, and international conferences were held. In the same year, a statue of U. was erected in Tashkent.

The image of U. is among the portraits of world-famous scientists in the conference halls of the Pulkovo Observatory, Moscow University. A memorial museum of U. was established in Samarkand. In Tashkent, the National University of Uzbekistan, district, planetarium, street, neighborhood, metro station, park, town are named after U. Fergana Pedagogical University, Samarkand Institute of Architecture and Construction, Kitab International Latitude Station, villages, schools, etc. are named after U.

A play about the life and work of U. (M. Shaykhzoda, the tragedy "Mirzo Ulugbek"), a novel (O. Yakubov, "Treasure of Ulugbek"; S. Borodin, "Stars in the sky of Samarkand"), opera (A. Kozlovsky, "Ulugbek" »), Poem (M. Boboyev,« Ulugbek »), ballet (M. Bafoyev,« Ulugbek burji »), film (Directed by Latif Fayziyev,« Ulugbek yulduzi », 1965) and others. created.

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