ALISHER NAVOI, Navoi (pseudonyms; real name Nizamiddin Mir Alisher) (1441.9.2. - Herat - 1501.3.1) - a great Uzbek poet, thinker, statesman.
Alisher Navoi's paternal grandfather was a cousin of Amir Temur's son Umar Sheikh, and later served Umar Umar and Shah Rukh. His father Giyosiddin Bahodir was a relative of Abulqasim Babur; participated in governing the country. Her mother (name unknown) is the daughter of Sheikh Abusaid Chang, a Kabul nobleman. Alisher Navoi's childhood coincided with the last years of Shah Rukh's rule. He was raised by the Temurids, especially the future king Hussein Boykaro. At the age of 4, he went to school, became literate, read and memorized poems in Turkish and Persian. He is fluent in Uzbek as well as Persian. 1447-y. After the death of King Shah Rukh on March 12, the struggle for the throne began. The fighting forced many people to move from Khorasan in different directions. The Alisher Navoi family moved to Iraq for peace (1449). Taf sh. Alisher will meet with the author of the famous historical work "Zafarnoma", poet Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi. This meeting leaves a bright impression on the child. Ghiyosiddin Bahodir's family returned to Herat about two years later. Abulqosim Bobur Giyosiddin Bahodirni Sabzavor sh. appointed governor. AN stayed in Herat and continued his studies. Alisher Navoi was very interested in poetry and diligently studied Oriental literature. The family environment instilled in him a great interest in literature from an early age. His uncles Mirsaid-Kabuli and Muhammad Ali-Gharibi were great poets. In the Alisher Navoi House, poets often gathered, recited poetry, and talked about literature and art.
Alisher Navoi began writing poetry at the age of 10-12. According to historian Khandamir, Mawlana Lutfi, who was pleased with the talent of the young Alisher Navoi, listened to his ghazal, which said: “Orazin is covered, tears are flowing from my eyes every moment, Boylakim, a rising star, when the sun rises, he said:“ If I could, I would have succeeded. and I would exchange my Turkish verse for this ghazal. At the age of 15, Alisher Navoi became widely known as a poet. He wrote his poems in Turkish (Navoi pseudonym bn) and Persian (Foniy pseudonym bn).
Alisher Navoi's father died when he was 13-14 years old. He was brought up by Abulqasim Babur, who respected him for his great artistic talent. 1456-y. okt-. The capital of the country was moved from Herat to Mashhad, and Abulqasim took both young Alisher and his servant Hussein Boykaro to Mashhad. 1457-y. Abulqasim Babur also died suddenly in the spring of For Alisher Navoi, this was the second heavy loss since the death of his father. He continued his education at one of the madrasas in Mashhad. His friend Hussein Boykaro went to Merv and Charjoi in search of luck. Khorasan was conquered by another representative of the Timurids, the ruler of Movarounnahr, Sultan Abu Said, who moved his capital from Samarkand to Herat. Hussein Bayqara's first opponent on the way to the throne was Abu Sayyid. Alisher Navoi's family favored Hussein, which was primarily due to their family ties; the new ruler was also well aware of this. This situation complicated the life of Alisher Navoi. AN lived in Mashhad as an ordinary mullah. In his works of this period, the poet wrote many poems about missing his homeland. In between, he visited Herat, especially in the summer. 1463-y. and he returned to Herat. But the situation had changed, and the city was in ruins. In the capital of Khorasan, Sultan Abu Said established his own order, appointing people from Movarounnahr with him to important positions, persecuting people close to Alisher Navoi, Mirsaid and Muhammad Ali, his brothers who had gone with Hussein Boykaro, who had died in the war, had difficulty finding a place to live. Alisher Navoi's situation in those days is described in a poetic line in a later letter from his teacher, Sayyid Hasan Ardasherta, from Samarkand. Alisher Navoi, who had become a well-known poet in the country at that time, was persecuted by Abu Sayyid and expelled from Herat. The poet was forced to leave for Samarkand. AN Samarkand 1465-y. and 1469-y. He studied at the Fazlullah Abu Lays Madrasah until the spring of XNUMX and deepened his knowledge of various subjects. Prominent poets of Samarkand - Sheikh Suhayli, Mirzobek, Mavlono Khovariy, Mir Karshi, Harimi Qalandar, problematic Uloyi Shoshi, scientist Mavlono Muhammad Olim and others. talked to him and made friends. Samarkand The governor, Ahmad Hojibek, was originally from Herat and wrote poems under the pseudonym Vafoi, who treated the AN with special respect and attention. With his help, Alisher Navoi began to engage in state affairs. It was here that he gained his first experience in managing public affairs, and this helped him later. Alisher Navoi's political and state activity in Samarkand was highly praised and he was awarded the title of "Emir of Chigatay".
1469-y. In the beginning, Sultan Abu Sayyid was killed by his troops in Karabakh. Hussein Boykaro, who had been waiting for such a situation for a long time, immediately came and took the throne of Herat. Alisher Navoi will also arrive in Herat. 1469-y. 14 Apr. Alisher Navoi will present his new poem "Hilaliya" to Hussein Boykaro at a reception on the occasion of Eid al-Fitr. The king appointed Alisher Navoi to the post of seal.
AN shows personal courage in capturing Hussein Boykaro's most dangerous political rival, Yodgor Muhammad Mirza, at night. Dissatisfied with the new government's excessive taxes, he worked with justice and courage to pacify the revolting masses. Some time later, with the consent of Alisher Navoi, his friend from Samarkand, the poet Sheikh Suhaili, was appointed to the post of seal in the government of Hussein Boykaro. Alisher Navoi's goal was to become a consultant in the palace, to be more creative. However, Hussein Boykaro in 1472. in fev. He appointed him prime minister of his palace and gave him the title of "Emir of the Tomb." In his new position, Alisher Navoi focused on establishing peace and tranquility in the country. He began to organize the work of the foundation. It attaches great importance to the development of trade and handicrafts in cities. Thanks to Alisher Navoi's efforts, the agricultural culture in the villages grew. Cities, especially Herat, are becoming more prosperous day by day.
The great humanist Alisher Navoi, like other great figures of the medieval Renaissance, showed with his whole life what a real person should be like. He fought against the injustices of his time, exposed the abuse and greed of officials, and protected the weak and needy. During the reign of Sultan Hussein Boykaro and Alisher Navoi as prime minister, no war of aggression was waged against any country. Prime Minister Alisher Navoi is known as a true patron of culture and art. In his work, the emphasis was placed on the right solution of socio-political issues, equal treatment of all social strata, all ethnic groups, non-discrimination, and the construction of public buildings that serve the interests of all. According to Khandamir, in the 80s. Alisher Navoi built or repaired several madrasas, 40 rabats, 17 mosques, 10 khanaqahs, 9 baths, 9 bridges, and about 20 swimming pools in Herat and other cities of the country at his own expense. These include the Ikhlosiya and Nizamiya madrassahs in Herat, the Khalosiya khanaqah, the Shifaiya sanatorium, the Dorulhuffoz madrassa for Quran reciters, the Khusraviya madrassah in Marw, the Dar al-Huffaz charity building in Mashhad. There are unique architectural monuments.
During this period, literary life flourished in Herat. Dozens of poets such as Sheikh Suhaili, Khoja Osafi, Binoi, dozens of musicians such as Hasan Noi, Khoja Abdullo Marvori, Kulmuhammad Udiy, Shohquli Gijjaki, historians such as Mirkhand, Khandamir, Sultanali Mashhadi, Abdujamil Kotib, Khoja Famous secretaries such as Handon, Mevlana Hijrani, and artists such as Behzod were busy with creative work. In Herat, the creative collaboration between Abdurahmon Jami and Alisher Navoi, one of the strongest pillars of spiritual life in Khorasan in general, led to a consensus on many issues. One of Alisher Navoi's first major works in the Uzbek language, the poem "Hilaliya" was dedicated to Sultan Hussein Boykaro, while the first major work in Persian, "Tuhfat ul-afkor" (1476), was dedicated to Jami.
1470-y. At the end of the 777th century, Alisher Navoi composed his first collection of poems in Uzbek, Badoeʼ ul-bidoya (The Beginning of Art). There are 85 ghazals, 52 rubais, 46 problems, 53 continents, 10 individuals, 10 hens, 3 lugs, 5 mustazads, 3 muhammas, 2 tar-jebands, 1480 musaddas in this devon, and the creation of such a perfect devon was rare for an Uzbek poet before Navoi. . Alisher Navoi's Badoeʼ ul-bidoya was written in 1841 on the basis of Uzbek poems written in the period after its creation. At the end of the 82th century, he created the Navodir un-nihoya ("Infinite Rare") divan. XNUMX - XNUMX y. Alisher Navoi wrote Chixl Hadith (Forty Hadiths or Arbain). The forty hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) are quoted in four verses.
In the literary life of Alisher Navoi, there was a strong interest in writing ghazals, poems, especially problems of poetic genres. Alisher Navoi added 373 problems to the Persian bureau. Due to such literary tendencies in 1485. created a special work, Mufradot, on the rules of problem writing.
Alisher Navoi's goal in writing "Khamsa" - five epics in the Uzbek language - was from a young age. This goal was achieved in 1483-85. carried out in The work spread the fame of Uzbek literature around the world and became one of the masterpieces of world literature.
After Khamsa, Navoi created several other works. 1485-y. He wrote his famous work, Nazm ul-Jawahir, in which 266 wise sayings of Hazrat Ali, one of the first caliphs, were narrated in the form of a rubai tarona (all four verses are rhyming). Readers of the time, including the historian Khandamir, praised the work. Alisher Navoi's humanitarian activities, progressive views, and growing popularity among the people provoked protests among the courtiers who pursued their own interests. They tried to sow discord between the poet and the king. As a result, in 1487. Hussein Boykaro removes Alisher Navoi and Muhammad Majdiddin becomes prime minister. Navoi was appointed governor of Astrobod. During the 2 years of Navoi's rule, Astrobod and the region will be prosperous, good relations with neighboring countries will be established, and trade will be established. AN also wrote many new poems in Astrobod and sent letters to his friends in Herat. His letter from Badiuzzamonta, the eldest son of Hussein Boykaro from Astrobod, can be considered a pamphlet on governing the state.
Alisher Navoi has always dreamed of seeing Hussein Boykaro as a just and enlightened ruler. In letters from Astrobod to Hussein Boykaro and other officials, he called on them to be fair and just, to establish a strong system of government, and to carry out some reforms. But it was difficult for Alisher Navoi's wishes to come true. In Astrabad, after rumors of a breakdown in relations between Navoi and Hussein Boykaro, the king allowed Alisher Navoi to return to Herat. Hussein Boykaro offers Navoi several high-ranking positions. When Alisher Navoi did not agree, he was given the official title of "Muqarrabi hazrati sultoniy" ("The closest person to the sultan"). In this way he could interfere in all the affairs of the state and have the opportunity to meet with the king. Consequently, palace officials, including Muhammad Majdiddin, often had to agree on every important issue. However, many were aware of the mistreatment between Alisher Navoi and Majdiddin. It is also known that Navoi revolted against the main government out of resentment of his brother Darveshali Majdiddin, who ruled in Balkh. This revolt was calmed down by Navoi's intervention. This is exactly what happened in 1490. was the main reason for Majiddin's departure from politics.
Alisher Navoi always dreamed of more creative and scientific work, the realization of his plans in this area. Life would make its own adjustments to his plans. 1488-y. Sayyid Hasan Ardasher, 1492. Total, 1493 y. The scholar and poet Pahlavon Muhammad died one after another. Navoi used "Holoti Sayyid Hasan Ardasher" and "Khamsat ul-mutahayyirin" to immortalize the memory of these people and pay tribute to them. ("Five Wonders"), wrote a treatise entitled "Holoti Pahlavon Muhammad." He completed his work "History of the Ajam" ("History of the Ajam kings"), which he began to write in Astrobod (1489). 1490-y. In 1492 he began to compile a memoir on contemporary poets in the form of Jami's Bahoriston and Davlatshoh Samarkandi's Tazkirat ush-shuaro, Majlis un-nafois. completed at. At the same time, Alisher Navoi created a scientific manual in Uzbek on the theory of poetry, namely, the rules of weight, "Mezon ul-avzon" ("Measurement of weights"). 1494-y. He compiled a collection of "Munshaot" ("Letters") in Turkish. 1495-y. He translated Jami's Nafahot ul-uns under the title Nasayim ul-muhabbat (The Winds of Love), reworked it, and enriched it with new information about the Turkic mashayiks. Therefore, "Nasoyim ulmuhabbat" can be considered as an independent work of Alisher Navoi.
Alisher Navoi 1491-92 From 1498 to 99, he began to compile a new collection of poems written in the Turkic language. ended in. The common name of the devon is "Khazayn ulmaoniy" ("Treasure of meanings") and it is also called "Chor devon" because it consists of 4 parts. Devon contains poems written by the poet throughout his life, which express the mood, worldview, dreams and hopes of Alisher Navoi in all periods. Around the same time, Alisher Navoi made a worthy contribution to the development of Persian poetry by compiling the Devoni Foniy (Foniy Devoni), a collection of Persian poems, and two collections of poems in the Persian language. Given the fact that the Persian-speaking peoples of Khorasan were in the majority, the fact that Alisher Navoi was also effective in this language shows that he felt the spiritual needs of the country.
1490-y. By the middle of the twentieth century, the country's socio-political crisis began to intensify. Conflicts between the sons of the ruler in the Timurid dynasty exacerbate this tension. Each prince had his own supporters, and it was often Alisher Navoi's responsibility to reconcile them. The Prime Minister Nizamul-mulk in 1496-97. Muzaffar Mirzonkt sided with his mother, Khadija Beg, acting unilaterally in these family disputes. On this basis, a military conflict broke out between Hussein Boykaro bn Badiuzzaman, who ruled in Astrobod. The conspiracy in the palace, including the atrocities of Nizamulmulk, tragically killed Badiuzzaman's son, Hussein Boykaro's favorite grandson, and Navoi's devoted student Momin Mirzo. All this has a negative impact on the life and mood of Alisher Navoi.
Alisher Navoi's poetic genius 15-a. Towards the end he became enthusiastic again. In two years he wrote two major works - the epic "Lison ut-tayr" ("Language of birds") and the scientific work "Muhokamat ul-lughatayn" ("Discussion of two languages"). Another of Alisher Navoi's last great works is Mahbubul-qulub (Love of Hearts), written in the form of a prose pandnoma. In the history of Oriental literature, it is among the works of Sheikh Sa'di's "Gulistan", Kaikovus's "Nightmare", Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi's "Four Articles". In this work, Alisher Navoi vividly described his life and the hardships of life.
1500-y. in dec. When Hussein Boykaro made peace with his rebellious son, Muhammad Husayn bn, and returned to Herat, he signaled that Alisher Navoi should also meet him. There was a 2-3 day trip. Alisher Navoi wrote his last poem in Poyob raboti and copied it and sent it to the coming Hussein Boykaro. On the third day, Alisher Navoi felt unwell as he approached the future of the ruler, fainted when he saw him, did not regain consciousness, and died.
Alisher Navoi's literary and scientific heritage can be divided into 4 seasons: 1. Devons. 2. Epics. 3. Poetic heritage in Persian. 4. Scientific-philological, prose and historical works.
Alisher Navoi's poetic legacy in the Uzbek language is concentrated in the Khazoin Ulmaoniy divan. The work consists of 4 parts. The first part of the Devon is called "The Wonderful Usgar" ("Wonders of Childhood"), the second part is called "Navodir ush-shabab" ("Wonders of Youth"), the third part is called "Badoeʼ ul-vasat" ("Middle Ages"), and finally the fourth part is called " Favoyid ulkibor ”(“ Benefits of old age ”). Khazayn ul-Maoniy is a unique event in the history of Oriental literature, containing thousands of poems and dozens of poems related to the complex and lofty thinking and innumerable emotions of the human child. This complex was built only by Amir Khisrav Dehlavi before Alisher Navoi. Alisher Navoi wrote thousands of poems in this collection under different circumstances and for different reasons throughout his life, and they are connected with the life of the poet and the period in which he lived through countless threads. Before "Khazayn ul-maoniy" Alisher Navoi created "Ilk devon", "Badoeʼ ul-bidoya", "Navodir un-nihoya" devons. Khazayn ul-Maoniy was included in these three divans and was based on poems written after the creation of Nawadir ul-Nihayya.
Alisher Navoi in his old age had the idea to collect all his poems and create 4 devons in chronological order. However, Hussein Boykaro, who was the editor of Khazayn ul-Maoniy, did not seem to support the idea. His "Garoy-ib ussigar" devon consists not only of childhood exercises, "Navodir ushshabob" youth poems, but also of the poetic miracles of the poet's later period, which Hussein Boykaro liked. For this reason, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the names of the four devons in the Khazayn ul-Maoniy in a conditional sense, not to mention that the poems are often mixed.
In each of the 4 devons of "Khazayn ul-maoniy" there are 650 to 2600 gazelles, in total there are 4 continents 210 continents, 133 rubais, 86 individuals, 52 problems, 13 hens, 10 muhammas, 10 chistoys, 5 musaddas, 4 tarjebands, 4 mustazads, 1 musamman, 1 composition, 1 qasida, 1 masnavi, 1 saqiynoma, 16 types of Eastern poetry.
Alisher Navoi's love and rebellion, especially his ghazals, were written in his youth. A good example of this is his ghazals, which were included in the "First Devon" and were popularly known and sung as "Kara Kozum", "Kelmadi" ("Prayer"). In such poems, the poet was able to express pure and high romantic feelings with high passion and philosophy. His ghazal "I did not find" was also written at this time, when he was returning from Mashhad to Herat in search of a better life, but his financial situation made it difficult for him to get married, and Sultan Abu Sayyid persecuted him. . It is difficult to say that Alisher Navoi's love poems are aimed at only one subject. He had a broad outlook on life, appreciated all the beauties and tender feelings, and was able to express them from the heart with unique words and phrases. However, the poet, who could not achieve his dreams due to the difficulties and contradictions of life, expresses his feelings of human protest in fiery verses. Alisher Navoi's images of love are colorful and rich, and we see in them an infinite number of aspects of human life and condition - joys and sorrows, unique moments, and disappointments that happen every day, every hour. It is difficult to find a poet in Uzbek poetry who expresses human pain and sorrow, his longing for his beloved through Navoi. Another peculiarity of Alisher Navoi's poems on romantic themes is that many of their ideas and symbols, as well as pictorial details, are traditional. At the same time, Alisher Navoi, like other classical artists, pays much attention to symbolism in the interpretation of love and romantic images. The "companion" is not only the beauty of the world, but also the God who created all things and makes everything move. In his mystical poems, the poet refers to the power, kindness, and supreme beauty of God when he speaks of the eyebrows, eyes, eyebrows, and hair (etc.). Alisher Navoi's poems of all lyrical genres are written with great skill and serve the interests of man, strengthen his faith and strengthen his spirit. Each of his poems, which breathes a breath of life in a philosophical and moral sense, is an immortal example of this genre (see also Khazayn ul-Maoii).
The masterpiece of the great poet's work "Khamsa" consists of 5 epics. These are the epics Hayrat ul-abror (The Wonder of the Good), Farhod and Shirin, Layli and Majnun, Sab'ayi Sayyar (Seven Planets), and Saddi Iskandariy (The Wall of Alexander). Alisher Navoi's "Khamsa", first written in Uzbek in response to the Hamsaism in Persian literature, proved in practice the endless possibilities of this language. This five, consisting of 52 verses, is 15 a. It was a unique encyclopedia of Islamic thought about existence and nature, man and society, morality and perfection. The poet took the events from the lives of legendary figures of ancient Eastern history, such as Khusrav, Bahrom, Iskandar, and lovers such as Layli and Majnun. It gave them a new meaning, a Turkic spirit. He raised the painful issues of the time, the dreams and aspirations of generations. Hamsa had a profound effect on his contemporaries. Abdurahman Jami applauded him excitedly. Sultan Hussein rode the poet on his white horse (see also "Khamsa").
"Lison ut-tayr" - 14 years from the last epic poem of AN "Khamsa". then - 1498—99 y. created in. This work was written by the poet under the pseudonym "Foniy". Because at that time his life turned to old age, or rather, he began to marry more than this world. What he loved to read as a child was a poetic miracle, in the poet's own words, in response to Farid al-Din Attar's epic Mantiq ut-tayr (The Language of Birds). The frame of the Lison ut-tayr is written in the weight of maksur (foilotun - foilotun - foilon) and consists of 3598 bytes. The main idea of the epic, the main problem is the issues of faith, belief and spirituality in mysticism. Alisher Navoi's goal is to explain to ordinary people the divine nature of humanity, to see them as perfect human beings through hardships. In the play, the poet seeks to depict pious people who have entered the path of mysticism in the form of birds and are eager to see and reach God. Hundreds of stories told in the name of a bird named Hudhud are mystical in nature, all of which are vital and interesting. Through the colorful depictions of birds, Alisher Navoi tries to show and prove his ideas about mysticism, that God is not outside, but inside. He described the greatness of man in a figurative way, in an effective way, in connection with real social and moral events. In this way, Sufism's theory of the unity of existence found its artistic expression. In this way, Navoi showed a high degree of artistry in conveying the ideas of mysticism to a wide audience in an artistic and vivid way (see also Lison ut-tayr).
Throughout his life, Alisher Navoi wrote in Uzbek as well as Persian, creating a rich legacy. His poems in this language date back to 1490. In the middle of the 1495th century, the Iranian scholar Yusuf Sherozi estimated that in 1500-1963. Among them is the Devon by the author, and the name "Devoni Foniy" is well known. This office was established in 1965. in Tehran, 1993. in Tashkent, 7. published on Monday. According to the Uzbek scholar Suleymanov, in addition to "Debocha", "Devoni Foniy" contains 554 poems, 1 ghazals, 1 musaddas, 72 marsiya, 73 qitas, 16 rubais, 373 histories, 9 problems, 52 dictionaries. Most of the ghazals in Devoni Foniy are based on poems by famous Persian poets. Among them are 237 by Jami, 33 by Hafiz Sherozi, 25 by Khisrav Dehlavi, 5 by Saadi Sherozi, 5 by Mavlono Kotibi, 4 by Shahi Sabzavari, 50 by Kamal Khojandi and others. ghazali is associated with tababbu. Alisher Navoi's original poems in Persian were entitled "Mukhtara", "Ikhtiro", and there are more than XNUMX of them.
Alisher Navoi also compiled separate collections of his Persian poems, one called Sittai Zaruriya (Six Necessities) and the other Fusuli Arbaa (Four Seasons). The collection "Sittai Zaruriya" includes 6 poems by Khisrav Dehlavi, Jami, Anwari, Haqqani, Salman Sovaji and others. created under the influence of poets. Given that the poet's poetic skill at that time was often determined by writing poems, Alisher Navoi also had a high potential for poetry. Alisher Navoi's "Fasuli arbaa" collection includes 4 poems, including "Spring" of 57 bytes, "Cancer" of 71 bytes, "Khazon" of 33 bytes, and "Day" of 70 bytes. They depict the four seasons of the year - spring, summer, autumn and winter, each of which has its own beauty, and all four are dedicated to the king of the time - Sultan Hussein Boykaro as a king and a person, a good friend and a good man. In general, Alisher Navoi, with his works in Persian, was highly praised by his contemporaries, first of all, Jami, and made a worthy contribution to the development of Forsythic literature, especially poetry.
Alisher Navoi was not only a poet, but also a great scientist and thinker of his time. It is difficult to imagine the development of science and culture of this period without Navoi. Much of Alisher Navoi's research and research has, of course, been concerned with language and literature. In this sense, Alisher Navoi created a unique monument to the literature of his time and its creators by creating the tazkira "Majlis un-nafois". It contains unique information about the lives and works of 359 poets who wrote in Uzbek and Persian, highlighting the achievements and shortcomings of these poets (see also Majlis un-nafois).
Alisher Navoi's works "Khamsat ul-mutahayyirin", "Holoti Sayyid Hasan Ardasher", "Holoti Pahlavon Muhammad" are a continuation of "Majlis un-nafois" and are the most valuable sources in the study of the lives of great figures of literature, science and culture of this period. These works belong to the manoqib (or manqaba) genre of mystical literature and are distinguished by the sincerity of their style.
Alisher Navoi's Munshaot, a work of great literary and historical significance, is a perfect example of the letter genre, a collection of his correspondence in Turkish with his contemporaries, kings and princes, and scholars of science and literature. The number of letters varies from manuscript to manuscript and complements each other. Alisher Navoi also collected his Persian letters and composed Munshaot. But he did not reach us.
One of Alisher Navoi's most important works is the Vaqfiya, which, at first glance, may seem like an official document to the buildings built by the poet and great statesman, but in fact the state system of Sultan Hussein Boykaro's time, Alisher Navoi's role in governing the country, his biography. his socio-political and ethical views are covered with great knowledge and clarity. That is why in Navoi studies this work is considered as a great example of Alisher Navoi's prose. The fact that the author expresses some of his thoughts in the form of a poem, especially a rubai, shows that he never strayed from poetry, no matter what he did, and always breathed poetry.
Alisher Navoi's work on literary theory, Mufradot (The Problem Book), was written in Persian and was devoted to the scientific interpretation of the rules of problem writing and solving. During the Navoi period, this type of poetry was widely used. Apparently, the theory and practice of this genre were also connected with the literary taste and upbringing of the readers of that period. Alisher Navoi sometimes organized special problem-solving meetings.
Alisher Navoi's Mezon ul-avzon (Measurement of Weights) and Muhokamat ul-lughatayn (Discussion of Two Languages or Study of Two Languages) are of general Turkish significance, unlike other dogs. It also serves to study the poetry and languages of the Turkic peoples. Alisher Navoi created "Mezon ul-avzon" using the experience of the first researcher of the dream Khalil ibn Ahmad, later scholars Shams Qays, Khoja Nasriddin Tusi, modern researchers Jami. In this first scientific manual on the weight of Aruz in the Uzbek language, its main points, etc. elements, the structure of the 19 seas, the weights of the rubai are clearly described, and Turkish poetic examples are explained in detail. In the play, the poetic weights that do not fall into the weight of aruz - tuyuk, chinga, mustazod, aruzvoriy, budi-budoyi, etc. commentaries and interpretations are also given on Turkish poetic scales. This work has not lost its scientific value and practical significance.
Muhokamat ul-lug'atayn analyzes the role of the Turkic language in the socio-political and cultural life, its grammatical perfection, richness of words with in-depth and concrete examples in comparison with the rules and phenomena of the Persian language. Alisher Navoi, as a patriotic scholar, passionately proved that this language, its role in the development of society, its richness of words and phrases, as a poet, is not inferior to other languages, but has its own characteristics. Most of the 100 Turkish verbs he cites for comparison are still in use in Uzbek. At the same time, Muhokamat ul-lug'atayn contains valuable information about the history of Uzbek literature, its close connection with other literatures, especially Persian literature, the development of Navoi's work, and the reasons for the emergence of some of his works.
Towards the end of his life, Alisher Navoi wrote the prose work "Mahbub ul-qulub". The work consists of 3 parts. Its first part is 40 seasons. In each chapter, the author discusses the life, morals, and responsibilities of a class in the period in which he lived. He tries to call them to justice and to educate them by reflecting on the good deeds, faults and shortcomings of the members of this class, sometimes with gentleness and sometimes with hatred. The play presents Alisher Navoi's most unique teachings and advice on human morality and education in the form of folk proverbs and wise sayings. In many places, the poet's expression of his thoughts in the form of bytes, qitas, masnavis, and rubais added variety to the work. "Tarihi muluki Ajam" and "Tarihi anbiyo va hukamo" are the first parts of his work on the socio-political history of the reign of Sultan Hussein Boykaro.
Alisher Navoi in "Tarihi muluki Ajam" It tells the story of the kings of Iran, their deeds and personalities that have been sealed in history. Navoi got more information from Abulqasim Firdavsi's epic "Shohnoma" and his book "Tarihi Tabariy". Alisher Navoi's "History of the Prophets and Rulers" is an important source for the study of legends and literary works on the history of Islam, in particular, the lives of a number of prophets, such as Hippocrates, Plato, Ptolemy. At the same time, these works of Alisher Navoi are the basis of Uzbek fiction. and beautiful specimens.
Alisher Navoi left a rich poetic, prose and scientific legacy, the volume of which, according to the poet himself in the epic "Lison ut-tayr", is 100 bytes. This rich heritage raised Uzbek literature to the heights of the world and laid the foundation for the Uzbek literary language. The highest development of lyrical genres and epics in Uzbek literature is associated with the name of Alisher Navoi.
Alisher Navoi's works have been translated into dozens of languages. Mac. «Majlis un-nafois» 16-a. translated into Persian by Fakhri bin Sultan Muhammad Amiri, Muhammad Qazvini and Shahali Abduali Nishopuri 3 times. Alisher Navoi's first work of art translated into other languages was Sab'ai Sayyar. Christopher Armani's 1557 y. Alisher Navoi's epic story "Bahrom and Dilorom" is based on the epic "Visit of the Three Sons of the King of Sarandib" published in Italian. The work has been translated into German, French and Dutch and published 11 times. Also 17-a. Georgian poet Sitsishvili freely translated Alisher Navoi's epic Sab'ai Sayyar and created the epic Seven Beauties. 19-a. end of and 20-a. Alisher Navoi's work "Muhokamat ul-lug'atayn" was translated into Turkish and Tatar at the beginning of the XNUMXth century.
After the death of Alisher Navoi, his works became widespread among the Persian and Turkic peoples. Many famous Tajik poets, such as Azerbaijani writers such as Fuzuli, Kishvari, Mirzo Fatali Akhundov, Sabir, Turkmen poets such as Ozodi, Makhtumkuli and Zelili, Kazakh writer Abay Kononbaev, Karakalpak writers Berdak, Ajiniyaz, Tatar Nay, Abdulla and Hay poet. They praised AN, learned from his works, and finished some of his works.
Interest in Alisher Navoi's work and its study has a long history in Europe and Russia. French orientalist Cathermer 1841-y. Alisher Navoi's "Muhokamat ullugatayn" and "Tarihi muluki Ajam" were published in his anthology, and IN Berezin gave excerpts from several of his works in the "Turkish anthology". M. Nikitskiy 1856-y. On the basis of the first sources in “Amir Nizamiddin Alisher. He wrote a master's dissertation on "Its importance in the field of state and literature." However, NI Ilʼminsky, VV Velyaminov-Zernov, VV Bartold, Ye. E. Bertels, SN Ivanov, NI Konrad, M. Belen, Pave de Courtail, E. Brown, and b. Orientalists studied the activities and legacy of Alisher Navoi.
20-a in Turkestan. The Enlightenment, initiated by the Jadids from the beginning of the twentieth century, was also reflected in the study of the life and work of Alisher Navoi. 1919-y. In Tashkent, Fitrat published a pamphlet entitled "Navoi's opinion about humanity." This booklet was an excerpt from Alisher Navoi's epic "Hayrat ulabror" in the "Salotin chapter" ("About the Sultans"). After that, the study and popularization of Alisher Navoi's work became widespread. The field of Navoi studies of literary science has emerged. Scientists and writers in this field include Oybek, O. Sharafiddinov, S. Ayni, V. Zohidov, Izzat Sultan, A. Kayumov, P. Shamsiyev, H. Sulaymonov, N. Mamayev, S. Ganieva, A. Hayitmetov, A. Abdugafurov, Alisher Navoi Rustamov and b. Alisher Navoi wrote dozens of PhD and doctoral dissertations. The author Oybek wrote the novel "Navoi", Izzat Sultan wrote the documentary "Navoi's book of hearts", L. Bat wrote the story "Boston of Life", Mirkarim Osim created a series of short stories. In particular, the last 50 years have been fruitful in Navoi studies. Almost all rare copies of Alisher Navoi's works kept in the book funds of our country and in libraries abroad have been studied. Scientific critical texts of many works of Alisher Navoi have been developed. "Devoni Foniy" and b. Rare copies of his works were found and published. 20-a. Alisher Navoi's real stage life began in Izzat Sultan and Uygun drama "Alisher Navoi" (1945, 1948), I. Mahsumov composers Yu. Rajabi and S. Jalil bn co-wrote the musical drama "Navoi in Astrobod" (1967). The image of Alisher Navoi also appeared on the movie screen. Musical drama "Farhod and Shirin" based on the epics of Alisher Navoi (1937), opera "Layli and Majnun" (1942), ballet "Suhayl and Mehri" (1967), opera "Dilorom" (1958), drama "Iskandar" (1991). ) became one of the best works of theatrical art.
However, during the nearly a century and a half of colonial rule, especially during the Soviet era, there have been attempts to interpret our cultural heritage in a way that is alien to our people. This phenomenon is also reflected in the work of AN. They tried to describe him as a friend of the poor, an opponent of the landlords. The brilliant chapters of his masterpieces of world literature (such as the epic Hayrat ul-abror) have been abbreviated. The life and work of Alisher Navoi is the life and work of a writer and thinker who believed in God, considered every verse of the Qur'an sacred, and accepted the teachings of the Qur'an. To understand the essence of his work, one must know the history of religion, read the Qur'an and understand its meaning. The Soviet system forbade the propagation of religious sciences. Therefore, although Navoi scholars did a lot to promote the poet's work, Alisher Navoi's work remained incomprehensible to many readers. Independence, along with all our values, has opened wide horizons for the study of Alisher Navoi's legacy. Now it is possible to understand the essence of his work. 1991 The 550th anniversary of Alisher Navoi was celebrated in Tashkent. The Alisher Navoi State Prize of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been established. The Alisher Navoi National Park of Uzbekistan was established in Tashkent, and a majestic statue of the poet was erected in the middle of it. A 20-volume collection of the poet's masterpieces was published (2000 volumes were published before 16). The memory of Alisher Navoi is highly respected in our country. One region, city, university (Samarkand State University), State Library in Tashkent, Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Museum of Literature, Grand Academic Opera and Ballet Theater in Tashkent, Palace of Arts, Tashkent metro station, dozens of streets and collective farms are named after him. Sculptors, artists and composers have created works dedicated to the life and work of Alisher Navoi. Every year Alisher Navoi N's birthday is February 9. A traditional scientific conference will be held in Tashkent to conclude the annual work on the study of Alisher Navoi's legacy.
As: Selected works [3 volumes]. T., 1948; Works [15 volumes], 1 - 15 volumes, T., 1963—1968; Sobr. hair. in desyati tomax, T., 1968-1970; First Devon, T., 1968; Navoi's signature ("Navodir un-nihoya"), T., 1991; History of the Prophet and Judgment, Samarkand, 1990; Vaqfiya, T., 1991; Complete collection of works (20 volumes), volumes 1-16, T., 1987-2000.
Ed .: Sarafi ddinov A, Alisher Navaiy, T., 1939; Giyosiddin Khandamir, Makorim ul-akhlaq, T., 1948; Bertels Ye. E., Navoi, ML, 1948; Hayitmetov A., Literary-critical views of Alisher Navoi, T., 1959; Jalolov T., Interpretations of "Khamsa", T., 1960; Hayitmetov Alisher Navoi, Navoi lyrics, T., 1961; Abdugafurov A., Satire in the works of Navoi T., 1972; Izzat Sultan, Navoi's Notebook of the Heart, T., 1969; Zohidov V., The heart of the great poet's work, T., 1970; Rustamov Alisher Navoi, Navoi's artistic skills, T., 1979; Mallayev N., Alisher Navoi and folk art, T., 1974; Hakkulov I., Zanjirband under the lion, T., 1989; Shodiyev E., Alisher Navoi and Persian-Tajik writers, T., 1989; Qayumov A., Alisher Navoi, T., 1991; Hayitmetov Alisher Navoi, Conversations of Navoi, T., 1993; Abdukodirov Alisher Navoi, Navoi and Sufism, Khojand, 1994; Kadyrov M., Navoi and performing arts, T., 2000.
