Preliminary information about electricity

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1. What is electricity? We get two electrometers with large balloons. Electrify the ball on the left using an electrified rod (Fig. 31a). The electrometer indicates that the ball is electrified. Holding the insulated handle of the conductor connected to the neon lamp in the middle, we connect the electrified sphere to the non-electrified sphere. The light flashes for a moment. The ball on the left loses part of its charge, while the ball on the right has the same charge (Figure 31-b).

Let’s think about what happened in the experiment. A decrease in charge in one sphere and an increase in charge in the other indicate that electric charges have passed through the conductor connecting the spheres. It lit up as the charges passed through the lamp. The orderly movement of electric charges along a conductor is called an electric current.
In the experiment, the current flowing through the connecting conductor and the neon lamp lasted for a very short time: the lamp flickered on and off.
How to get long-lasting current from a conductor? To do this, it is necessary to continuously replace the charges coming out of the balls (or the ends of the conductor). for this current sources special devices called. The simplest current source can be an electrophore machine that you are familiar with. As its discs rotate, a continuous separation of charges occurs.
Connecting the conductor and the neon lamp to the balloons of the electrophore machine, we rotate the car discs (Fig. 32). The lamp stays on until the car's wheels stop spinning.

2. Why do charges move along the conductor? What forces the charges to move along the conductor? The answer can only be one: the electric field. Indeed, when a current source is operating, an electric field is created between its spheres (called poles) (Fig. 33). When a conductor is connected to a source, the field enters the conductor, forcing electric charges to move from one pole to the other along the conductor.

3. Energy change in an electrical circuit. The power supply, wires, and bulb form an electrical circuit. There are two parts in this chain - the outer and the inner parts. The outer part is the connecting wire bulb (or other consumer of electricity), the inner part is the inside of the source.
Electric lamps, electric bells, relays, electric motors, etc. are consumers of electricity. In an electrical circuit diagram, all the elements included in it have their own characteristics.
Inside, there is a split of electric charges: positive charges accumulate at the positive pole and negative charges accumulate at the negative pole. Work must be done to distinguish positive charges from negative charges. We rotate the electrophore machine disks and work to separate the oppositely charged electric charges.
An electric field is created between the poles where the separated electric charges of the current source are collected.
And so, at the current source, some energy is converted into electric field energy. For example, in an electrophore machine, mechanical energy is converted into electric field energy. By simplifying this energy electricity called In a pocket flashlight battery, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. In solar cells located in spacecraft, the energy of sunlight is converted into electricity. In hydroelectric power plants, the mechanical energy of the incoming water is converted into electrical energy.
At the outside of the chain, electrical energy is converted into another type of energy. For example, in a light bulb, electricity is converted into light energy, in an engine - mechanical energy, and in an iron - internal energy.
Source: Physics 7th grade textbook
Ibn Sina Medical Publishing House, 2002

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