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Social political, economic and cultural life during the period of Amir Temur and Timurids
Plan:
1. The establishment of Amir Temur's state and the foundation of a new stage in the history of Uzbek statehood.
2. The political system of Amir Temur's state.
3. Socio-economic life in the state of Amir Temur.
4. Tax system in the Timurid state.
5. Amir Temur and the legal foundations of the Timurid state.
After Amir Temur became the legal ruler of Movarunnahr, he began to unify the country's territories. He marched on Khorezm five times (1371, 1373, 1375, 1379, 1388). The rulers of Shosh, Termiz, Hisar, Badakhshan, and Kunduz declared their submission. He marches on Mongolia four times and ensures the inviolability of the eastern territories (1371, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377). Three times, the son of Toykhoja, the ruler of Mangishlok, marched against Tokhtamish, Khan of the Golden Horde (1389, 1391,
1394. 1395) defeated the Golden Horde.
Amir Temur starts Khurasan campaigns from 1380. Tus, Nishapur,
Zazavor surrendered without a fight. After that, Amir Temur's three-year war against Iran
(1386), five-year (1392), seven-year (1399) are implemented. 1398-1399 (September-
march) in 1401 and against Bayazid in 1402 and Bayezid in 1404 were successfully completed. One of the main campaigns was aimed against China. Preparations for this campaign began in the fall of 1405, but the death of Amir Temur on February 18, XNUMX made the trip to China impossible.
By the middle of the 1336th century, the stability of the Chigatai clan ended after the death of Kazan Khan (1347-1347). Political and economic crisis Amir Kazakhstan (1357-XNUMX)
became even more prevalent during the period. After the assassination of Amir Kazakhstan as a result of a conspiracy, the chiefs of the Chigatay ulus declared themselves independent: Amir Khoji Barlos in Kesh, Bayazid Jaloyir in Khojand, Oljoy Bugho Sulduz in Balkh, Muhammed Khoja in Shibirgon. Aperdi Naiman, Amir Kaykhusrav and Oljoy Aperdi in Khuttalon, Khizr Yasouri in Totkand and Saripul, and Amir Sotilmish in Kokhistan won the power. Tughluq Temur, who took the throne in 1348, tried twice to restore his position in Movaroonnahr.
(1360-1361) marched. At this time, Amir Temur, who entered the service of Tughluq Temur, was appointed the governor of Shakhrisabz. In 1362, he became close with the governor of Balkh, Amir Husain ibn Musallab, and formed an alliance against the Mongols. However, in 1365, the defeat in the "Mud Battle" against Ilyashhoja ended their alliance. Ilyashoja, who wanted to occupy Samarkand, was defeated by the generals and retreated. Two emirs came and occupied Samarkand. The execution of the leaders of the warlords by Amir Husain causes the end of the alliance in the middle. In 1370, Amir Temur's troops defeated Amir Husayn in Balkh, and there Amir Temur was elected as the ruler of Movaroonnahr at the congress of emirs. During the reign of Amir Temur, Suyurgatmish (1370-1388) and his son Sultan Mahmud (1388-1402) from Genghis Khan's line officially ruled the throne.
Amir Temur's state management system was built on the basis of a single centralized political order throughout the region. According to its structural structure, the state was based on military-political orders. Amir Temur adheres to the eight principles of statehood that existed before him:
— the state should be politically independent.
- Non-violation of the political integrity of the state and society.
— The state and society are managed on the basis of certain laws, procedures, and ideology.
— Rules coordinating the management system should be formed.
— State attention should be paid to the state of socio-economic relations in the society.
— Constant concern about the development of science and culture.
- According to the conditions and procedures of each state, the state should conduct the issues of internal development of the society using the existing factors in the external world.
— Powers at the top of the state understand the past, present and future with deep thinking, strong faith, extremely high spirituality and nationalism.
Amir Temur added the ninth to these foundations of statehood, that is, the development of society and the provision of interests of all social classes. The administration consisted of two offices: dargokh and ministry (devan). The Dargokh was headed by the Supreme Ruler. The Supreme Council was responsible for managing the activity of the Dargokh, its communication with the councils and local authorities.
The Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Property and Tax Affairs, and the Minister of Finance were in the Supreme Court-executive power. Three ministers in charge of the management of borders and subordinate countries were reporting to the devanbeg. In the central government system, sheikhuislam, qazikalon, qazi akhdos (ruling judge by custom), qazi askar,
sadri akhzam (administrator of waqf lands and properties), dodkhok (disputer of complaints),
he was a gatekeeper, a palace minister, a yasovul, and others.
This is the service of Amir Temur in the history of the Uzbek people's statehood. SHE IS
the management system of statehood, the rules of procedure of internal and foreign policy,
improved its legal foundations in the new historical conditions. There were a thousand foot soldiers, a thousand camel riders, a thousand horses and a thousand runners who were aware of external and internal emergencies. The whole kingdom is within a day's journey
feeding stations are established. 20-200 horses are caught in each feed. Amir Temur relied on his relatives to rule the country. Sakhibqiran is based on Islamic laws in public administration.
When Amir Temur came to power, he focused on finishing and beautifying the destruction left by the Mongols in all areas, repairing agriculture and irrigation networks. Property owners belonging to different categories of the state were united. Strict discipline was learned. The situation in the country has improved and the standard of living of the artisan population has improved. The social system in the state of Timur is the various regions of the peoples that are part of the state, one of them
It was related to the relationship with one. According to the sources, the population was divided into twelve social groups when Amir Temur ruled the country. They are the following social categories: Sayyids, scholars and sheikhs.
- learned people with great experience.
— Pious people who pray.
- Army officers, sarkhang and amirs.
- Soldiers and masses of people.
"Dalat are wise and intelligent people who know the affairs of management very well."
— Ministers, secretaries, head of the cabinet.
— Medical minds, astrologers and engineers.
- Scholars and historians.
— Sufism representatives and scholars.
— Craftsmen and artists.
- Foreign tourists and merchants.
These social categories or strata are administrative in Amir Temur's state.
it also shows that it was of a military-political nature in relation to the procedures in the management system.
In the XNUMXth century, among the peasants engaged in agriculture, some had privileges and paid a small amount of taxes. A very large part of the population consisted of tenant farmers and community farmers. Villages are managed as a community or a village. His property belonged to the whole community.
Free artisans were the main producers in the craft sector. Along with merchants living in the city, they were considered the representatives of the middle class of the cultural center. During the Timurid period, the main type of tax-
there was a fee. The land tax was up to one-third of the harvest. A tax was collected from gardens. There was also a life tax, ulg, begar.
The most common type of land ownership was the land holdings. XV
In the XNUMXth century, farmers paid tribute depending on what kind of land they lived on and how they planted crops.
They are mainly of four types
1. farmers working on state lands.
2. Farmers working on privately owned lands.
3. Farmers working on their land.
4. Divided into cultivators working on waqf lands.
The payment is mainly made in goods or money. A tribute (jizya) was taken from the inhabitants of the defeated city. An emergency tax when the country is in danger -
avorizote is harvested. Stamp duty was levied on shopkeepers. The people are involved in many khashar works (begar). Also, the owners paid zakat in the amount of one-fortieth of their property. At the customs offices on the border, customs duties were collected from foreign merchants, and local merchants were taxed.
the gardeners paid in installments.
Legal relations in the state of Amir Temur, as in other Eastern states, were based on the order and rules described in the Holy Qur'an and hadiths.
Amir Temur's law and legal elements are reflected in "Temur's Laws".
This work talks about state affairs, military sphere, raiyat and all layers of the social system. It is emphasized that the ruler himself controls the worldly aspects,
that is, Amir Temur controlled and gave the necessary punishment himself. A Sharia judge dealt with Sharia matters. Also, different judges worked in different levels of the state cabinet, for example, a special judge was appointed for the army, and a special judge was appointed for the raiyat. In the state of Amir Temur, the legal system was as follows:
Shaikhul-Islam is a person responsible for protecting Muslims from bad deeds and encouraging them to do meritorious deeds in the country. Sadlar-Akhli led Islam. Their main task was to control the endowments: they also determined the suurgol.
A person who is involved in the management and control of waqfs by mutavalli-sadrs.
Qazi-khar controlled the law in different parts of the government in one city and region. Judges differed in rank and rank.
Mudarris is a person who teaches religious issues, shari'a, tafsir, hadith and fiqh.
Scales, price control products in specialized markets.
Among them, judges and sadrs were personally reporting on their affairs to Amir Temur himself. Amir Temur wrote strict laws and procedures in his regulations: - if the treasurer betrays the financial affairs, if the amount he embezzles is more than twice his salary, the excess will be deducted from his salary:
- if the sypokhi wronged someone, he was handed over to the victim and the victim was punished as he wished:
- those who were sentenced to a large fine if village or city officials oppressed people of a lower class:
- a person who oppresses the people is punished with a fine or whipping:
- anyone who steals is obliged to return the stolen thing or is severely punished.
For any harm caused to people, for physical harm, as well as crimes such as drinking wine, engaging in adultery, were punished according to the verdict issued by the sharia judge.
The Mongol invasion caused great damage to the economic and social life and culture of the peoples of Central Asia, destroyed many prosperous places and displaced thousands of people. But the conquerors could not destroy the vision of freedom of the peoples of Central Asia, their experience and traditions in economy and culture. Therefore, by the 1s of the X50U century, Movarounnahr, which belonged to the Chigatoi tribe, was divided into small feudal states, Shahrisabz (
Khoji Barlos in Kesh, Bayazid, the ruler of the Jalairs in Khujand, Amir Husayn, the grandson of Kazakhstan in one part of Balkh, Suluz in Uljabuga, Badakhshan - in the second part.
Between the kings of Badakhshan and governors of other regions, wars and quarrels continued. Thus, on the one hand, the invasion of the Mongols, and on the other, the mutual wars of the feudal lords caused great problems for the country and the people. During this period, Amir Temur ibn Taragai Bahadir, who was known for his worldly ability and courage, became involved in feudal internecine wars and began to appear in the life of Movaraunnah.
What kind of person was Amir Temur?
Rumors, truths and legends about Timur have passed from century to century and reached our days. In the science of Soviet historiography, his
only one-sided evaluation of his controversial activity was given. As a result, in the minds of many, Amir Temur was only a "bloodthirsty", "conqueror", "tyrant" king, he has no merit in our history. There was a misconception that Temur is middle
He is one of the great personalities of the century. That is why the interest in his personality is very important to this day. Amir Temur was born in 1336 in Khojailgor village near Shahrisabz.
There is no official information about the childhood and youth of Amir Temur. But some sources give some explanations. Since his childhood, Timur was distinguished from his peers by his intelligence and courage. From a young age, he showed a unique ability to organize and follow his peers, to find mental solutions in difficult situations. Timur paid more attention to mastering the secrets of military training. Khan of Mongolia Tughluq Temur took advantage of the weakening of Movarounnahr in 1360-1361 and when he came to Kashkadarya without facing any resistance, the governor of Kesh, Khoji-Barlos, fled to Khurason, and Temur entered the service of Tughluq Temur and was 25 years younger, but becomes the governor of Shahrisabz, a very rich region. Amir Temur explains the purpose of entering service to Tugluq Temur in the world "Temur Tuzuk" as follows:
... I decided to save Movarounnahr region from execution" (Temur's Tozuklari, p. 18). However, Temur did not serve the Khan of Mongolia for a long time. After Tughluq Temur handed over the power to his son Ilyas-Khoja and offered Amir Temur the position of sipoksal (commander-in-chief), he Ilyas-Khoja He refused to serve the king and began to establish diplomatic relations with other countries. Among them was the ruler of Balkh, Amir Husayn. Amir Husayn, the grandson of the murdered emir of the Chigatoy clan of Kazakhstan, was considered one of the main contenders for Movarounnahr. As noted in "Zafarnama", Temur and Husayn were initially "friends".
they take an oath in the middle of the Qur'an to fight together against the conquerors, never to betray each other. Temur Husayn's sister, Uljoy, married Turkan's wife and strengthened the alliance with ties of kinship. Together with Temur Husayn, he made raids against Turkmens and Seistan.
In Seistan, Temur was wounded in his right arm and right leg, and as a result he almost withered and became lame for life, hence Temurlang, that is, Temur the lame (in Europe-
After the death of Tughluq Temur, Ilyashoja, who was expelled from Movaraunnah, returned to Movaraunnah with an army in 1365.
Husayn and Timur join forces and fight near Chinaz and Tashkent. This battle went down in history under the name "Battle of mud", because it caused a strong storm.
the horses began to slip in the mud, as a result, this battle ended with the defeat of Timur and Husayn, and they retreated first to Samarkand, then to Balkh. Ilyashoja,
marched to Samarkand to consolidate his victory. However, at that time Samarkand was ruled by warlords.
It is known that the movement of warlords began as a social movement in Khorasan in the 1s of the X30U century and was related to the invasion policy of the Mongols and
was directed against their procedures. The word "Sarbador" means "the one with the head". Sarbadors said that "if we win, we will liberate the people from the Mongol tyranny, if we do not win, then we are ready to be hanged,
because it is impossible to bear more sufferings.'' This movement entered Samarkand in 1360. In it artisans, shopkeepers and themselves
some madrasah teachers, who were called ghazis, actively participated. Ilyashoja
The leaders of the movement heard that their troops were approaching - Samarkand
Mavlonazoda, a student of Madrasah, former cotton picker Abu Bakr Kalavi,
Kamanbop Horda ki Bukhari addressed about 10 people gathered in Jame Mosque and urged them to protect Islam and the nation from the Mongols. Built
After the preparations, the inhabitants of the city attack Ilyashoja and the Mongols are forced to return to Mongolia. Having learned about this, Husayn and Temur set out for Samarkand and called the leaders of the generals to their camp with a trick. executed. However, according to the information that has reached us, Temur saved Mavlonzadeh from death, because of the conflict between Husain and
Assumptions that Temur was the cause of the conflicts or was in contact with Mavlonzade
From this period, Timur's view against the selfish and greedy Amir Husayn
starts. Temur's wife Uljoy Turkon (Husayn's sister) died
after reaching and as a result kinship ties were broken Temur soon
wins. And Amir Husayn by the governor of Khuttalon-Jilen, Kaykhusrav
will be killed. Thus, by 1370, Temur was the only one of Movarunnahr and Khurasan
became the governor. Congress of generals of Temurin Movarunnahr
declares that he is the sole ruler. From this period, Amir Temur receives the title of Koragoni. The word "Koragon" means son-in-law of the Khan, at that time Genghis Khan's descendants
It is preferable for emirs who have power to be related by lineage
was considered In 1370, he defeated Amir Husayn in Balkh, and his widow Sarai
He marries Mulkkhanim, the daughter of Kazan Khan. In the first period of Timur's career,
that is, in the years 1360-1386, in Movarounnahr, a strong independent from the Mongol Khanate
A centralized state will be destroyed. From uniting Movarounnahr
to arbitrary feudal lords together with the interested Turkish and Tajik nobles,
against centralization and unification, in a fragmented state of the country
He fought against those who wanted to save and those who called for mutual wars.
In a short period of time, Temur unites the lands between Amudarya and Syrdarya, Fergana and Shosh. Between 1372 and 1388, he marched 5 times to conquer Khorezm, and by 1388, he annexed Khorezm lands. In the middle of the 1s of the 80th century, Timur established complete peace in his country. Although he actually ruled, during the time of Timur, Suyurgotmish (1730-1380) and Sultan Mahmud Khan (1380-1402) who were descendants of Genghis Khan were at the top of the state. ) were officially standing. After Temur's death, that order was abolished and the supreme rulers proclaimed themselves as kings. However, even during Temur's lifetime, this empire was not a centralized state in the literal sense, and was divided into four nations
divided into: Khurasan, Jurjan, Mazondaran and Seistan (the center is Khirot)
To Shahrukh: Western Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq and Armenia (center Tabriz)
To Mironshah, Persia, that is, the southern part of Iran (the center of Shiraz) to Umarsheikh;
Afghanistan and northern India (first centered on Ghazna, later Balkh)
It was given to Pirmuhammad as a guardian. "Suyurgol" was a feudal land during the Timurid period
It was a common type of gift and a crown to princes and princes
Land, water and the right to administer it were conditionally awarded for his great services. "Tarkhan" was also widespread during the Timurid era. "Tarkhan"
means exemption from taxes, levies and obligations paid in favor of the state treasury in the hands of land, property or any person. "Suyurgol"
"Tarkhan" was a temporary gift, while it was usually given for eternal use.
It is known that in the time of Timur, the ulus obeyed the central government
had independence. The state apparatus of the rulers of the nation, an independent army
and their dependence on the central government was to send a part of the khiroj (income tax) to Samarkand. In provinces and districts, the power was in the hands of Darugas appointed by the central government. State affairs are mainly three institutions
(devan) was in the hands of: devani oly (central executive body), devani mol (court of financial affairs) and devani tavochi (court of military affairs). Matters related to religion and Shariah were in the hands of the judge and Sheikh-ul-Islam. According to the information given by Timur in the world "Tozuklari", there are seven ministers of the state: 1) the minister of country and raiyat affairs (prime minister); 2) the minister sipoh, that is, the minister of military affairs; 3) the minister of disposal of the property left without owner; 4) the minister in charge of import and export affairs of the kingdom, that is, the minister of financial affairs; 5,6,7) were managed by the ministers controlling the affairs of the border regions. As in the offices of the central government, ulus hokims
As in the divans, there were officials of various classes other than the ministers. For example,
shaykh-ul-islam, qazi al-kozat (supreme judge), sadri a'zam (official of waqf lands),
arzbegi (complaint adjuster), mukhassil (tax collector), yasovul (ruler's
executing personal orders) and others. Timur occasionally interrogates,
audits and inspections, investigations and investigations. During his reign, abuse of office, theft, bribery, humiliation, drunkenness,
domestic disorder, a grave sin, and those who are engaged in this work are considered severe
punished. In particular, according to Yazdi's writing, Temur even punished his son Mironshah and grandson Amirzada Pirmuhammad in front of the people for their bad behavior. According to contemporary historians, Temur's most characteristic features are the state, the country, the care of the citizen.
Amir Temur promoted Islam,
especially to strengthen its role as a moral-ideological factor of politics
paid attention. In the era of Sahibqiran, he was the true patron of Islam
fully demonstrated. All priests were considered inviolable during this period. Timur Foundation
introduced akhkomi. From his income, he provided funds for madrasas, mosques and houses. He introduced mansabs over religious matters, especially Islamic rituals, traditions and the implementation of Sharia laws. They are good,
he was called mufti, qazikalon, mukhtashi. It is known that in the life of Amir Temur
had three piri. Among them, Said Baraka was considered the oldest person who deserved special attention and respect for him. Said Baraka Temur" won something with a sword
if there is, he will try to strengthen them with obedience and prayer, and giving fatwas." Thus, Amir Temur relied on wealthy nobles, military men, and priests who could influence the people in the implementation of his plans and goals. Socio-economic life during the reign of Timur
significant changes have occurred. Recovery and development activities at the output
was seen. Digging of new irrigation canals and restoration of some old ones, cultivation
led to the expansion of areas. Grain, cotton and other traditional crops
along with farm crops, new flax, poly crops (for example, melon
"Miri Temur" variety), dates began to be planted. According to Temur's decree, it was forbidden for neighboring leaders to plant grass near the fields. According to his decree, new villages were created, especially around Samarkand, which contributed to the prosperity of the peasant population, and most importantly, to the mutual expansion of the rural and urban population.
It helped to distinguish between the products of the peasants and the handicrafts of the townspeople. The ancient branches of handicrafts are weaving and
sewing more
developed, different types of weapons, jewelry, paper
production developed rapidly. In the period of Timur and Timurids, land and water,
Most of the handicraft farms were in the hands of the royal family and feudal lords, and the working people had to rent the land and pay a number of taxes and fines.
the district had to do the work. Among them "tax" - 0,4 share of the harvest, "
avorizot" - a tax collected during wars, "life tax" - from non-Muslims
levied tax, "drugash", "mirobona", "zakat", "boshtamga", "peshkali", "sovari"
and others. Hashar oshadavr called "begar" is a very heavy obligation
was considered City walls, palaces, mosques and madrassas, roads and bridges,
to build forts and other buildings of state importance and so on
who forced peasants to do similar work. At the same time, in the state of Timur, the devotion of the peasants was taken into account. For example: if a person makes uncultivated land suitable for cultivation, if he sows a crop, he is exempted from tax for one year, the second year he pays as he likes, and the third year he is subject to the general tax law. Sometimes the population of individual districts is temporary
exempted from taxes. The provision of such a relief helped the agriculture to develop steadily. This is the positive side of the tax policy of this period
so that the introduced laws were strictly observed, the rulers' arbitrariness was not allowed. Internal and external during the reign of Timur
Great attention was paid to the expansion of trade, trade in Samarkand and other cities
saw stalls, markets and road improvement activities, caravan
new caravanserais were built on the roads, with countries in the east and west
efforts were made to strengthen commercial and economic relations. Timur, unlike other rulers, used to hold councils, councils, i.e. councils, to manage the state. According to Sharifuddin Ali Yazdi, in these congresses, the most important issues of the country and the state in the field of economy and the military situation were discussed, decisions were taken, and measures were taken aimed at joint efforts in the performance of the work considered necessary for the country and the state.
When Timur was building a great empire, he, as a true owner of the land, brought all the material wealth, artisans, artists, architects, and scientists to Movarounnahr, and used the internal resources here to improve the cities and villages and the peace of the population. This includes Samarkand, Bukhara, Khirot, Tashkent, Shahrisabz, Turkestan and many other cities,
their luxurious buildings are historical witnesses.
In the second period of Amir Temur's activity (1386-1402), he led western campaigns and wars outside Movarounnahr and Khurson. Temur fought many battles, but among them the "three-year", "five-year", and "seven-year" military campaigns were especially famous. ragi admits that he is an untouchable warlord. Until the revolution, his military art was taught as a special lesson in French and Russian military academies. His army was considered the most powerful at the time. Timur himself produced tactical guidelines for each battle plan for all units. Timur's horde was a military-feudal form of society.
The army was practically a social shell, within which feudal relations grew.
The empire was divided into districts, each district representing an area that would supply ten thousand sepoys. In building his great empire, Timur relied on the brave army of the world. In this regard, he said in the world "Temur Tozuklari": "In alliance with the amirs, sipohs, and Bahadirs, relying on their bravery, he took the throne of twenty-seven kings with a blow of the sword. Iran, Turan, Rum, Maghreb, Syria, Egypt,
Iraqi Arab and Iraqi novice, Mazandaran, Gilanot, Shirvanot, Azerbaijan, Persia,
Khorasan, Dashti Jete, Dashti Kipchak, Khorezm, Kabulistan, Bohtarzamin, I became the king and ruled over India"("Temur's Tozuklari", p. 54) In fact, the borders of Timur's kingdom were from the Volga River in the north to the Ganges River in India in the south, and the Great Wall of China in the east. and included a large area in the West to the Mediterranean Sea.
In 1376-1395, Temur dealt a crushing blow to Tokhtamish, Khan of the Golden Horde, and captured its capital, Sarai Berka.
conquered Armenia and Georgia in 1398-1399, India in 1400-1402, and Egypt in 2,5. In XNUMX, near Ankara, Osman captured Bayazid, the sultan of the Turks. Objectively, these wars were wars of aggression, but it is worth noting that the conquest of the Golden Horde made the Russian people XNUMX
saved it from the century-old Mongol invasion and gained its independence. In this regard, Russian historians BD Grekov and AY Yakubovsky write:
Temur's victory over Tokhtamysh, the looting and burning of Astrakhan and, especially, Berke-Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde in 1395, were of great importance not only for Southeast Europe at that time, but also for Russia. With his victory over Temur Tokhtamysh, the lame man who plundered the Ryazan soil like invaders, he objectively served the Russian land without knowing it.
showed." The victory over Bayezid Yildirim delayed the plans of the Ottoman Turks to conquer the lands of the Balkan Slavs by 50 years.
It would be a mistake to say that Timur's temporary wars were aimed only at increasing booty. Because he had set himself the goal of dominating the roads on which world trade caravans were moving. He is in the life of trade caravans
It was also aimed at destroying the trading cities such as Azov, Saray, Urganch, which took place there, and achieving the passage of all trade routes through Central Asia. Therefore, in 2, 1404Temur began to prepare for the campaign against China. and in the year 1405, while stopping in the city of Otror with an army of 200 people, on February 18, he died of zotiljam disease, and this campaign was not completed. His victories, his fair way in foreign and domestic policy became a decisive factor in increasing the power of the state and rising on the world stage. Temur, who occupied all the main directions of the international trade route from European countries to India and China - "Great Silk Road", attached importance to its restoration and expansion. The safety of caravans was ensured on this road. This made it possible to develop mutual communication between countries that differ from each other in terms of economy, people's way of life, religion, spiritual and material culture. Amir Temur established diplomatic relations with a number of foreign countries. He is Byzantine,
He was active in establishing and strengthening relations with major European countries of the new era, including Venice, Genoa, 2 Spain-Castile, France, England.
In the West and the East, he was recognized as a wise leader, a master of military art. In the 1th century, a monument was erected to Timur called "Liberator of Europe". K. Marlowe in the XNUMXth century
He created a play "Temurlan the Great", AGgendel wrote an opera "Temurlan" in the XNUMXth century.
A valuable source of information on Amir Temur's military and political activities is Temur's Tozuklari. In it, all the events are told in the name of Amir Temur. Originally written in old Uzbek, this work has been translated into Persian, English, Urdu, French, Russian and Modern Uzbek. In two parts, the details about Temur's wars to introduce the Sultanate in Movarounnahr, the councils he held in this regard, and the discussions he had with the emirs attract attention.
In the second part, in Amir Temur's management of the state, who to rely on,
the position and duties of the holders of the crown throne, the election of the minister and his superiors,
the salary of the police officers, the procedure of managing the country, statesmen and
responsibilities of army commanders, emirs, ministers, etc
the regulations of the officials about the awarding procedure and others, i.e. guidelines, laws, and advices are included. Therefore, this work was necessary for many kings and princes during this period. It is in the libraries of many rulers
those who learned the art of managing the state from him. In the pamphlet on this matter
two rules in the administration of the given state are noteworthy.
1. Relying on the rules of Islam and Sahariat;
2. Work and siesta together with different classes and categories
walking
3. Doing business with entrepreneurship, activity and cheerfulness, enthusiasm;
4. Management of state affairs based on the laws of the kingdom; 5. To have a good relationship with amirs and sipoks, respect them and
show respect;
6. Doing business with justice and honesty;
7. Saids and scholars, intellectuals, wise men, engineers, historians
show honor and respect;
8. Azmu - work with passion:
9. Always be aware of the condition of the raiyat (common people).
10. Turks, Tajiks, and Arabs entered refuge from different categories of ajam
treating people with respect;
11. All the time to children and relatives, friends and relatives
showing equal respect and dignity;
12 Respecting the Sipokhs everywhere despite their hostility. Amir
How important were Timur's views and state management methods for the era
If so, it doesn't matter even now. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations are being used to strengthen independent and independent Uzbekistan. As the President of Uzbekistan IAKarimov not without reason noted: "If I read Amir Temur's poems
as if I had found the answer to the big problems of today."
Timur's rule of worldliness is that the truth is health, the truth is order,
understood as true justice. The main motto is "rusto-rosti", which means "power."
in justice". Ibn Arabshah writes as follows in his work: "The design of Timur's stamp
It means that if you are honest, you will be saved." justice for Timur
both ordinary citizens and officials were equal. In this regard, another noteworthy aspect was that Timur was extremely responsible for two of his duties, any
under the circumstances, the owner was assigned the task of showing himself and always encouraging him to do the right thing. In Temur's will to his children: "It is your duty to be a medicine for the ills of the nation." Look at the weak, not the oppressors (the rich).
don't throw Let justice and doing good be your guide and leader." Amir Temur
His work and achievements are unparalleled in human history. Centralized
studied in many countries of the world with the basis of statehood and legislation,
It is still important today. To love the truth, the Motherland, frame it
to serve earnestly, to bring it to the world stage, freedom,
equality, prejudice, humanity, true national pride, hard work,
moral purity, kindness, honesty, generosity, brotherhood, appreciation of science
It is one of the most important things to acquire such qualities and improve them.
Amir Temur's life and work after we achieved national independence
a wide way has been opened for giving a proper assessment, pouring the honor into place, and studying in detail.
The President of our Republic IAKarimov himself initiated the activities of Amir Temur
and the formation of today's Uzbekistan as an independent state,
building a powerful state, restoring the foundations of statehood in general, national
forming the ideology of independence, the national culture and consciousness of our people
A great resource for upliftment, self-awareness, and teaching the next generation to be proud of our ancestors. 1996 was declared the year of Amir Temur and widely celebrated in our country. Statues were erected to him in the cities of Tashkent, Shahrisabz, Samarkand. The State Museum of the History of the Timurids was opened in Tashkent. By the decision of UNESCO, the anniversary of Amir Temur was celebrated on a world scale. Events dedicated to the 660th anniversary of Amir Temur's birth were held in more than 50 countries of the world. Scientific conferences were held in a number of countries in cooperation with Konrad Adenauer and the International Amir Temur Foundation. A week of culture dedicated to this date was held in Paris under the leadership of UNESCO. Deep respect for the activities of Amir Temur not only in our country, but also in foreign countries.
to be treated with respect; Conducting scientific research on the history of the Timurid state is a free example of the relevance and viability of the ideas of Sahibqiran.
Books:
1. IAKarimov There is no future without historical memory. T., East, 1998
2. The concept of the history of statehood of the Uzbek people. History of Uzbekistan. 1999, No. 1
3. Azamat Zia. History of Uzbek statehood. T., East, 2000
4. A. Sagdullayev et al. History of Uzbekistan: development of state and society. T., Academy. 2000
5. Timur tuzuklari T., G'. Ghulom, 1997
6. Sh. Ali Yazdi. Zafarnoma. T. Kamalak, 1994
7. Ibn Arabshah. History of Timur. (1-2 books) T., Mekhnat, 1992
Automation of technological processes, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Karshi Institute of Engineering and Economics
"Social political, economic and cultural life in the era of Amir Temur and the Timurids" from the subject "History of Uzbekistan" by Khudoyorova Shakhlo, 1st year, group 173 student
to the report on the subject
REVIEW
While Amir Temur was building a great empire, he, as the real owner of the land, collected all the material wealth, artisans, artists, architects, and scientists.
He brought to Movarounnahr and used the internal resources of this place for the improvement of the cities and villages and the peace of the population. This includes Samarkand, Bukhara, Khirot, Tashkent, Shahrisabz, Turkestan and many other cities,
their luxurious buildings are historical witnesses.
In the second period of Amir Temur's activity (1386-1402), he conducted military operations and wars outside Movarounnahr and Khurson. Timur fought many battles, but the "three-year", "five-year" and "seven-year" campaigns were especially famous. Military history recognizes Amir Temur as one of the greatest military commanders in medieval history.
Until the revolution, his military art was taught as a special lesson in French and Russian military academies. His army was considered to be the most powerful and there are many opinions about the rise of culture during this period.
Reviewer "History of Uzbekistan"
Department teacher: H. Khosiyatov.
Automation of technological processes, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Karshi Institute of Engineering and Economics