Diseases of the thyroid gland

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The activity of the endocrine glands is important in the formation and development of the fetus and in the birth of a healthy baby. Unfortunately, endocrine diseases (diseases of the endocrine glands) are now common and often have a negative impact on the course of pregnancy.

Contents [Close]

  • The first among endocrine diseases
  • The effect of thyroid disease on fetal development
  • To prevent the spread non-toxic bull
  • Spread poisonous bull
  • The main symptoms of diffuse venomous goiter
  • Infertility can also be observed
  • When hormones are deficient…
  • Autoimmune thyroiditis
  • Pregnancy and hypothyroidism
The first among endocrine diseases
A significant part of endocrine diseases is thyroid disease, in which iodine deficiency is the main cause. In areas with moderate and severe iodine deficiency (our country is one of such regions), the consumption of iodine in small amounts leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland in pregnant women and the development of non-toxic goiter.
The effect of thyroid disease on fetal development
The activity of the fetal thyroid gland absolutely depends on the amount of iodine that is passed from the mother to the unborn child. Insufficient iodine in the body of a pregnant mother causes iodine deficiency in the fetus. This leads to the appearance of a bull later in the fetus. A child born due to hypothyroidism in the fetus and neonatal period may be mentally and physically deficient (endemic cretinism).
To prevent the spread non-toxic bull
In areas with iodine deficiency, it is recommended to take iodine at the rate of 150-200 mcg per day for the prevention and treatment of non-toxic bulls. That is, it is prescribed to take one tablet of "Yodomarin-200" or "Yodbalans-200" every day.
These drugs usually stop the bull from growing, in some cases making it smaller. If a woman has a large calf before pregnancy and the calf is growing rapidly in the early stages of pregnancy, it is advisable to take iodine along with thyroid hormones. To do this, it is recommended to take one tablet of the drug "Yodomarin-50" or "Yodbalans-100" with a daily intake of 200-200 mcg of L-thyroxine. This treatment allows to restore the normal functioning of the thyroid gland in a pregnant woman.
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Spread poisonous bull
In diseases of the thyroid gland, its dysfunction is characterized by excessive (hyperthyroidism) or low (hypothyroidism) production of glandular hormones. Among the diseases associated with a state of metabolic hyperthyroidism, there is a widespread venomous goiter.
Outbreaks appear to be exacerbated during pregnancy and in patients with defective thyroid hormones. Hereditary factors and autoimmune processes are involved in the origin of the disease. The disease is more common in women aged 20-50 years. Physical and mental stress also contribute to the onset of the disease.
The main symptoms of diffuse venomous goiter
The main symptoms of the disease (the patient loses weight, weight loss, mental discomfort, loss of composure, nervousness, constant rapid heartbeat, the skin is moist and warm, there are small tremors in the fingers of the outstretched fingers, eyes it is not difficult to diagnose a venomous bull in cases where the snout is clearly visible).
If the symptoms of the disease are mild, the diagnosis may be difficult. To confirm the presence of the disease, the amount of thyroid hormones - free thyroxine (er T4) and free triiodothyronine (er T3) and thyrotropic hormone (TTG) is determined. The amount of hormones (earth T3, earth T4) is higher than normal and the amount of TTG is reduced in the venomous venomous bull.
One of the most common cases in determining the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland in pregnant women is the determination of total thyroxine (um T4) and total triiodothyronine (um T3) in the blood.
Increased ability of proteins in the blood of pregnant women to bind to thyroid hormones increases the amount of um T3 and um T4 in the blood of pregnant women. However, since protein-bound forms of thyroid hormones have no hormonal effects, an increase in their total amount does not justify the presence of thyrotoxicosis in pregnant women. To do this, the amount of effective forms of thyroid hormones (i.e., ground T3 and ground T4) must be increased.
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Infertility can also be observed
About 3 percent of women with a mild to moderate type of venomous bull can become pregnant. Infertility is observed when the disease is severe. Women with metabolic hyperthyroidism find it difficult to conceive and are more likely to have a toxic goiter during pregnancy.
If left untreated, bullshit can worsen the course of pregnancy if left untreated, especially if the early toxicosis is severe, the likelihood of miscarriage or premature birth increases, and the risk of thyrotoxicosis crisis increases. Congenital malformations (hydro- and microcephaly, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, umbilical hernia, soft palate defect, Down's syndrome) can occur in the fetus and newborn.
When hormones are deficient…
Hypothyroidism results from a deficiency of thyroid hormones. The majority (90-95%) of hypothyroidism is primary hypothyroidism and is caused by thyroiditis, thyroid resection, treatment with radioactive iodine, tumors, and others. Pregnancy is rare in hypothyroidism because a deficiency of thyroid hormones negatively affects the activity of the internal organs responsible for reproduction and reproduction. In the ovaries, the maturation of primordial follicles slows down, the ovulation process is disrupted, the development of the corpus luteum slows down.
Decreased memory, decreased interest in surrounding events, weakness, dry and pale yellow skin, weight gain, swelling of the face and eyelids, enlarged tongue, vague speech, menstrual irregularities are the main symptoms of hypothyroidism. Primary hypothyroidism in pregnant women often occurs after surgical removal of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or diffuse toxic thyroiditis and other types of thyroiditis.
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism, which is seen in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, is usually diagnosed before pregnancy. However, the onset of autoimmune thyroiditis sometimes occurs during pregnancy. To detect autoimmune thyroiditis in the early stages of pregnancy, it is recommended to detect autoimmune bodies in the blood of pregnant women who are suspected of having a thyroid dysfunction. To confirm the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, serum TTG, T3 and free T4 levels are determined. In primary hypothyroidism, serum TTG levels are above normal (1–3 μg / l), while T4 and T3 are low.
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Pregnancy and hypothyroidism
Pregnancy is more difficult in women with hypothyroidism. They often have toxicosis of pregnancy, anemia, miscarriage. Also, the slower the movement of the fetus, the greater the likelihood of bleeding. Hypothyroidism has a negative effect on the structure of the fetus, often leading to pathological changes in the development of its brain and skeleton. If a woman becomes pregnant without good treatment during a period of hypothyroidism, she is more likely to give birth to children who are deaf, dumb, mentally retarded, with congenital defects in skeletal development.
Treatment of hypothyroidism is done by external administration of deficient thyroid hormones. The patient is instructed to take 25 mcg of thyroxine once a day, in the morning. The amount of thyroxine is increased every week, reaching 150-200 mcg per day, depending on the severity of the disease. The same amount of thyroxine is given until the end of pregnancy. After a woman's eye tears, the amount (dose) of thyroxine is changed depending on her condition. Treatment with thyroxine is continued during breastfeeding in women.
© Barno SHOGAZATOVA,
endocrinologist, doctor of medical sciences, professor.
Magazine "Health".

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