DO`STLARGA ULASHING:
O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasida 7 ming 550 so‘z qo‘llanilgan
Odatda ko‘p davlatlar Konstitutsiyasi nufuzli ekspertlar, deputatlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilib, so‘ngra parlamentda qabul qilinadi. Bunday hujjatlar mutaxassis nuqtai nazaridan yuqori baholarga sazovor bo‘lsa-da, unda xalqchillik, xalq ruhiyati yetishmaydi.
Ayrim davlatlar hatto o‘z Asosiy qonunlarining referendumda, xalq ishtirokida qabul qilingani bilan faxrlanishadi. Albatta, bu eng oliy darajadagi qaror. Biroq bu jarayonda xalq oldida faqat ikki savoldan biriga javob berish imkonigina bo‘ladi: Konstitutsiya matnini tasdiqlash yoki rad etish.
O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasining o‘ziga xosligi shundaki, u ikki marotaba xalq muhokamasida yurtdoshlarimiz xohish-irodasi bilan boyitildi. Umumxalq muhokamasi davomida Konstitutsiya loyihasi yuzasidan jami 6 mingdan ortiq taklif va mulohaza bildirilgan.
Ma’lumki, davlat va jamiyat hayotida ba’zi bir narsalar bo‘ladiki, u Vatanimiz kabi yagonadir: bayrog‘imiz bitta, gerbimiz bitta, madhiyamiz bitta, shu qatori Konstitutsiyamiz ham bitta. Bularning har biri o‘z timsolida ona Vatanimiz, xalqimizning ezgu-maqsadlarini o‘zida aks ettiradi. Shu ma’noda Konstitutsiyamiz har bir fuqaro uchun bayrog‘imiz, gerbimiz, madhiyamiz kabi muqaddasdir.
Bosh qomusimiz qabul qilinishidan maqsad va vazifalarga e’tibor beradigan bo‘lsak, muqaddimasida mamlakatimiz fuqarolarining munosib hayot kechirishlarini ta’minlashga intilish, demokratik huquqiy davlat barpo etish, fuqarolar tinchligi va milliy totuvligini ta’minlash maqsadida Konstitutsiya qabul qilinganligi qayd etilgan. Ya’ni Konstitutsiyamizning asosiy mohiyati insonga munosib hayot sharoitlari yaratish, uni baxtli qilishdan iborat.
Yana muhim hamda xalqaro ekspertlar tomonidan e’tirof etiladigan xususiyat – bu Konstitutsiyaning “O‘zbekiston xalqi” deb boshlanishidir. Bunday jumlalarni boshqa biron bir qonunda uchratmaymiz. Buning o‘zi ham xalq hokimiyatchiligining yorqin dalolati.
Konstitutsiyamizning yana bir eng muhim xususiyati – bu xalq suvereniteti e’tirof etilganligidadir. Asosiy qonunimizning 7-moddasida asosan xalq davlat hokimiyatining birdan bir manbai ekani muhrlangan. Asosiy qonunimizda “demokratiya” va “demokratik” so‘zlari 7 marta, “xalq” so‘zi 24 marta qo‘llangan.
G‘arb olimlari dunyo konstitutsiyalari tahlili natijasida 70 ta asosiy mavzuning qamrab olinishi bo‘yicha 190 davlat konstitutsiyasi va konstitutsiyaviy ahamiyatdagi boshqa hujjatlarni o‘rganganda davlatimiz Asosiy qonuni 0,59 natijani ko‘rsatib, nisbatan ko‘proq mavzularni qamrab olgani ayon bo‘ldi. Bu jihatdan Avstriya Konstitutsiyasi 0,57, AQSh Konstitutsiyasi 0,49, Buyuk Britaniyaning konstitutsiyaviy ahamiyatdagi hujjatlari 0,43 natijani ko‘rsatgan.
Konstitutsiyamizda inson manfaatlari ustun qo‘yilgan. Asosiy qonunimizni sinchiklab o‘rgangan har bir shaxs bevosita guvohi bo‘ladiki, uning butun mazmun-mohiyati insonga xizmat qilishga yo‘g‘rilgan. Konstitutsiyamizning biron bir joyida “davlatning huquqi” yoki “fuqarolar davlat hoxish-irodasini bajarishi shart” qabilidagi qoidalar uchramaydi. Aksincha, Asosiy qonunimizda “Davlat xalq irodasini ifoda etib, uning manfaatlariga xizmat qiladi. Davlat organlari va mansabdor shaxslar jamiyat va fuqarolar oldida mas’uldirlar”, “Davlat fuqarolarning Konstitutsiya va qonunlarda mustahkamlangan huquqlari va erkinliklarini ta’minlaydi” kabi davlatning majburiyatlarini uchratamiz.
Konstitutsiyamiz o‘zining insonparvarligi bilan ham ajralib turadi. Unga ko‘ra voyaga yetmaganlar, mehnatga layoqatsizlar va yolg‘iz keksalarning huquqlari davlat himoyasidadir. Davlat va jamiyat yetim bolalarni va ota-onalarining vasiyligidan mahrum bo‘lgan bolalarni boqish, tarbiyalash va o‘qitishni ta’minlaydi, bolalarga bag‘ishlangan xayriya faoliyatlarni rag‘batlantiradi.
Konstitutsiyamizning yana bir muhim jihati, bu uning barqarorligidadir. Qayd etish joizki, o‘tgan 25 yil mobaynida Konstitutsiyamizning asosiy prinsiplari, inson va fuqarolarning asosiy huquqlari, erkinliklari va burchlari, jamiyat va shaxs munosabatlari, ma’muriy-hududiy va davlat tuzilishiga oid normalari o‘zgarmadi. O‘tgan davr mobaynida unga 10 ta o‘zgartish va qo‘shimcha kiritilgan bo‘lsa-da, bularning deyarli barchasi davlat hokimiyatini tashkil etish bo‘limiga kiritilgan tuzatishlar bo‘lib, u ham bo‘lsa mamlakatimizda konstitutsiyaviy prinsip bo‘lgan xalq hokimiyatchiligini kuchaytirish, davlat hokimiyatini tashkil etish va faoliyat ko‘rsatishida fuqarolarning bevosita va bilvosita ta’sirini oshirish, parlamentning davlat ichki va tashqi siyosatidagi rolini kengaytirish, inson huquq va erkinliklarini himoya qilishda konstitutsiyaviy va odil sudlovning o‘rnini yanada mustahkamlashga oid tuzatishlardir.
Qadimgi Rim yuristlarining fikricha, qonun qisqa, lo‘nda bo‘lishi lozim. Dunyoda eng ko‘p so‘z ishlatilgan Konstitutsiya Hindiston Asosiy qonuni bo‘lib, mutaxassislar fikriga ko‘ra unda 146 ming 385 so‘z ishlatilgan. AQSh Konstitutsiyasida 7 ming 762, Fransiya Konstitutsiyasida 10 ming 180 so‘z ishlatilgan. O‘zbekiston Konstitutsiyasida esa 7 ming 550 so‘z qo‘llanilgan.
Qayd etish joizki, dunyodagi eng rivojlangan davlatlar Konstitutsiyalari bilan raqobatlashadigan Konstitutsiyani ishlab chiqish va qabul qilish masalaning bir jihati. Masalaning boshqa bir muhim tomoni, qabul qilingan hujjatni hayotimizga samarali tatbiq etishda namoyon bo‘ladi. Bu Konstitutsiyada ko‘zlagan maqsadlarimizning eng muhim shartidir.
Qadimdan huquqshunoslikda “huquq, qonun hushyor, ogoh, g‘ayratli odamlar uchun yoziladi, g‘aflatda qolganlar uchun emas. Kim huquqlaridan foydalanmasa, ko‘rgan zarari uchun o‘zi aybdor” degan qarashlar mavjud.
Shunday ekan, Konstitutsiyamiz va qonunlarimizda kafolatlangan huquqlardan har birimiz o‘z o‘rnida foydalana olsak, hamisha, har yerda huquqlarimiz ta’minlanishiga erishamiz.
Miravzal Mirakulov,
yuridik fanlari doktori, dotsent.
O‘zA
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