Li Shan-In. Hikmatli mansuralar

120 комментариев / Aforizmlar / От

DO`STLARGA ULASHING:

Xitoy tarixida Tan sulolasi davrida yashab o‘tgan adib Li Shan-in (813-858) ijodida hikoyalar bilan birga qisqa qaydlar, aforizmlar ham keng o‘rin tutgan. Hayotiy tajriba, poetik kuzatishlar bu adibga zamona voqeliklarini butun rang-barangliklari, ekzotikasi, bo‘yoqlari bilan jozibali va ixcham shakllarda tasvirlash imkonini berdi. Shuning uchun ham uning mitti asarlarida o‘rta asrlardagi Xitoy adabiyoti, odob-axloq me’yorlari, xalqning turli qatlamlarining kayfiyati o‘zining to‘la ifodasini topa oldi. Uning aforis­tik ko‘z qarashlarida ham, fikr-mulohazalarida ham shu kabi jihatlar aniq ko‘rinib turadi. Quyida adibning ana shunday ixcham shaklda ifoda qilingan fikr-mulohazalaridan namunalarni e’tiboringizga havola qilayotirmiz.
Aslo qaytib kelmagay:
– xo‘jayinning uyida nimadir o‘g‘irlagan mehmon;
– aslzoda xonadonga yuborilgan oqibatsiz xizmatkor;
– qo‘lingda tayoq ushlab turganingni ko‘rgan it.
Saylab o‘tirmaydi:
– och odam oldiga badhazm ovqat qo‘ysang;
– yurib charchagan kishi qirchang‘i otlarni ko‘rsa;
– shoshib daryodan o‘tmoqchi bo‘lgan odam sohilda kemalarni ko‘rsa;
– to‘satdan boshlangan sharros yomg‘irdan qochmoqchi bo‘lgan kishi kapalarni ko‘rsa.
Yaramaydi:
– sababini aytmay bolani do‘pposlash;
– kimgadir hurmat-izzat ko‘rsataman deb haddan oshiq mulozamat qilish;
– yilning issiq kunida quyosh kuydirib turgan chog‘ hosil terishga borish.
O‘xshashlik:
– poytaxtdagi amaldor qovoqqa o‘xshaydi: o‘sayotgani bilinmaydi;
– amaldorning muhri chaqaloqqa o‘xshaydi: o‘zing bilan mudom olib yurishga majbursan;
– muzofotdagi amaldor arslonga o‘xshaydi: nima ish qilmasin, xalq yurak hovuchlab turadi.
Aqlli bo‘lib ko‘rinish g‘alatidir, chunki:
– she’riyatni tushunadigan ayol g‘iybatlarga sabab bo‘ladi;
– sharob chashnagiri bo‘lgan buddaviy rohib ichgan qasamini buzib qo‘yadi;
– o‘qish-yozishni biladigan, savodxon xizmatkor xato qilib, xo‘jayinidan gap eshitadi.
Bosh changallab qolasan:
– qorning og‘rib turganda mazali taom berishsa;
– quduq qaziyotganda chiqindi o‘raga duch kelsang;
– amaldorning qabulida o‘tirganda birdan kuraging qichiy boshlasa;
– sendan yaxshilik ko‘rgan kambag‘al qarindoshing qayta-qayta kelaversa.
O‘ziga o‘xshamay qoladi:
– imtihon mavzularini yodlay olmayotgan o‘quvchi;
– azada yig‘lamayotgan go‘yanda;
– idishlarni yuvishda xo‘jayinning foydasini ko‘zlamay qo‘ygan oqsoch ayol;
– mehmonlarni kuzataman deb uydan chiqib ketgan xo‘jayin;
– o‘quvchilarining mashq va bilimlarini tekshirmaydigan muallim.
Davlatmandlik va zodagonlik belgilari:
– erib oqqan shamlar;
– kashtan va olma po‘choqlari;
– Lichji qobiqlari*;
– baland ovozda kitob mutolaa qilish va musiqa ovozi;
– ayol boshidan sirg‘alib tushib qolgan oltin to‘g‘nag‘ich.
Agar shunday desang, odamlarni aldaysan:
– alkimyo odamlarga boylik keltiradi;
– qo‘shni viloyat amaldorlari vijdonan ishlaydi.
Ko‘nglingga yoqmay turar:
– o‘tmas pichoqni ishlatish;
– kiyimingning yirtiq joyidan o‘tgan shamol;
– go‘zal manzarani to‘sib tebranayotgan daraxt.
Naqadar og‘irdir eshitmoq:
– bozordagilarning janjalini;
– tul qolgan juvonning yig‘isini;
– mo‘ysafid otaning o‘g‘li jasadi ustidagi yo‘qlovini;
– imtihondan yiqilgan kishining chumchuqday chirqillashini;
– motam mahalida quvnoq musiqani.
Ahmoqona ibratlar:
– mehmon bo‘lib o‘tirib, janjal chiqarish;
– o‘zgalar suhbatiga burun tiqish;
– begona odamning to‘shagiga poyabzal bilan chiqish;
– qaynota-qaynonang oldida behayo latifa aytish.
Alam qilar ekan:
– muhtaram arbobni uyingga chorlaganingda, u kelmay qolsa;
– chaqirilmagan, yoqimsiz mehmon uyingga kirib kelsa;
– bozorda narsalar arzon sotilayotganda cho‘ntagingda hemiri bo‘lmasa;
– ziyofatda dushmaning bilan yonma-yon o‘tirib qolsang.
Qashshoq bo‘lishing turgan gap, agar:
– xotining yalqov bo‘lsa;
– erta yotib, kech tursang;
– qimor va sharobxo‘rlikni xush ko‘rsang;
– bir joyda qo‘nim topmay, ko‘chib yuraversang;
– qimmatbaho buyumlarni zavq ustida sotib olaversang.
Albatta, boyib ketasan, agar:
– hamma ishning qalovini topsang;
– go‘zal narsani ko‘rib, shunga o‘xshashga harakat qilsang;
– huda-behudaga qarz ko‘taravermasang;
– uydagi ayollar ahil bo‘lsa.
U aqlli, qobildir:
– o‘zini tuta bilsa;
– sirni saqlay olsa;
– donoga hamsuhbat bo‘lsa;
– ishga kirishayotib, xatolardan ogoh bo‘lsa;
– mast bo‘lib olib, og‘ziga kelganini gapiravermasa;
– moziyni tushunib, zamonani yaxshi anglasa;
– saxovatni unutmasa;
– yangi joyga borganda urf-odatini surishtirib bilib olsa;
– bilmaydiganini o‘rganishdan or qilmasa;
– nodon bilan o‘chakishmasa.
O‘g‘lingni o‘rgat:
– bobolarning yaxshi ishlariga;
– so‘z berdimi – bajarishga;
– halollik va hayolilikka;
– olti san’at turini mukammal bilishga**;
– dunyoga keng qarashga;
– sobit irodali bo‘lishga;
– bir ishga kirishar bo‘lsa, obdon o‘rganishga.
Qizingni o‘rgat:
– ayollar bajaradigan ishlarga;
– muloyimlik va hurmat-ehtiromga;
– o‘qish va hisob-kitobga;
– ehtiyotkorlikka;
– o‘ziga qarab yurishga (ozodalikka);
– g‘iybatga berilmaslikka;
– xizmatkorlarni hurmat qilishga.
O‘zingni tiy:
– taqillatmasdan begona uyga kirishdan;
– begona kishining sandig‘ini titish, xatini o‘qishdan;
– xo‘jayin ovqatga qo‘l uzatmasdan turib, tanovul qilishdan;
– nimanidir olish uchun dasturxonga chiqishdan.
Bular befoydadir:
– masalaning mohiyatiga yetmasdan boshqalarni urishish;
– o‘rinsiz taqlid qilish;
– bolalarga to‘la erkinlik berib qo‘yish.
Rus tilidan Muzaffar Ahmad tarjimasi
«Jahon adabiyoti», 2014 yil, 10-son
_____________
* Lichji – Janubiy Xitoyda o‘sadigan meva; mamlakatning boshqa viloyatlarida u juda tansiq hisoblangan.
** Xitoy bolalari qadim-qadimdan san’atning quyidagi olti turini bilishlari shart bo‘lgan: odob-axloq, musiqa, yoyandozlik, ot-arava haydash, kalligrafiya (husni xat) va arifmetika (hisob-kitob).
ziyouz.uz

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