DO`STLARGA ULASHING:
Abdulla Qodiriyning
Hayoti va ijodi.
REJA:
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A.Qodiriyning bolalik va yoshlik yillari.
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A.Qodiriyning ilk ijodi.
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A.Qodiriy – jurnalist.
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A.Qodiriy – tanqidchi.
BAYONI:
Abdulla Qodiriy 1894-yil 10-aprelda bog’bon oilasida dunyoga keldi. “Boshida boy oilada tug’ildimmi yoki kambag’al oiladami, albatta, bilmadim, – deb yozadi A.Qodiriy, – ammo yoshim 7-8ga yetgach, qornim oshga to’ymog’onidan, ustim tuzukroq kiyim ko’rmaganidan aniq bildimki, besh jonning tomog’i faqat 80 yoshli bir chol otamning mehnatidan, 1300 sarjin bog’ning yozda yetishtirib beradigan hosilidan kelar ekan. Agar bahor yomon kelib, bog’ mevalari ofatga uchrab qolsa, biz ham ochliqqa duch kelib, qishi bilan jovrashib chiqar ekanmiz”.
Abdulla bolaligidayoq zehni o’tkir, o’qish-o’rganishga mehr-ishtiyoqi baland bo’lgan. Ammo oiladagi moddiy muhtojlik tufayli bir oz kechikib, 9-10 yoshlarida maktabga boradi. Ikki-uch yil eski maktabda o’qigach, 12 yoshida uni oiladagi nihoyatda qashshoqlik vajidan bir boyga xizmatchilikka beradilar. Xo’jayin savdogar kishi bo’lib, o’rischa yozuv-chizuvni biladigan odamga muhtoj edi. Abdullaning zehnini, o’qishga ishtiyoqini sezgan savdogar uni rus-tuzem maktabiga yuboradi. Ham o’qish, ham o’qishdan keyin xo’jayin qo’lida ishlash Abdulla uchun og’irlik qiladi, maktabga yaxshi bilim ololmaydi. Bu hol ikki davom etadi. So’ng bunga chidolmay, ota-onasiga yolvorib o’z uyiga qaytib keladi, shu yerda turib o’qishga qatnaydi. O’qishdan bo’sh vaqtlarida akasi yoniga kirib toqichilik hunarini o’rganadi. Ikki-uch yil shu toqichilik va bog’ ishlari bilan band bo’ladi. Bolalikda egallagan bu hunarlarni, ayniqsa, bog’dorchilikni u bir umr tark etolmaydi.
Abdulla rus-tuzem maktabini 1912-yil muvaffaqiyat bilan tugatdi. Bu maktabda o’qish, bolaligidanoq rus tilini egallash bo’lg’uvchi yozuvchi ijodiy taqdirida muhim kasb etdi, rus va jahon adabiyoti, madaniyati bilan tanishuvi uchun bevosita yo’l ochib berdi. Ikki yil o’tgach, Abdulla Toshkentdagi Abulqosim madrasasiga o’qishga kirdi. Madrasadagi qisqa ta’lim uning islom ilmi, arab va fors tillarini egallashi, keyinchalik bu sohalarni mustaqil o’zlashtirish uchun zamin hozirladi.
Abdulla 1912-yili Rasulmuhammadboy otliq savdogarga prikazchik bo’lib ishga kirdi. Bu savdogar boy insofli, ochiqko’ngil, mulla, ziyolilarni hurmat qiladigan kishi edi. Bu odam xonadonida yashab, uning savdo do’konida ishlab, Abdulla zamonasining ko’p ilg’or, ziyoli kishilari bilan tanishadi. 1914-yili boyning katta qizi Rahbaroyga uylanadi. Abdullaning bundan keyingi ham totuv, ham sertashvish hayoti, faoliyati umr yo’ldoshi Rahbaroy, u keyinchalik birin-ketin in’om etgan ikki o’g’il, ikki qiz – Nafiza, Habibulla, Adiba, Ma’sudlar bilan kechdi.
Abdulla ijodiy faoliyatining boshlanishi ham o’sha davrga to’g’ri keladi. “Shu miyonalarda, — deb eslaydi A.Qodiriy, — bozor vositasi bilan tatarlarda chiqadig’on gazetalarni o’qib, dunyoda gazeta degan gap borlig’iga imon keltirdim. 1913-yilda o’zbekcha “Sadoyi Turkiston”, “Samarqand”, “Oina” gazetalari chiqa boshlag’och, menda shularga gap yozib yurish fikri uyg’ondi”. “Sadoyi Turkiston” gazetasining 1914-yil 1-aprel sonida “Yangi masjid va maktab” sarlavhali xabari bosilgan. Bu xabar ostiga Abdulla Qodiriy deb imzo chekilgan. Shu tarzda matbuotda Abdulla Qodiriy nomi paydo bo’ldi. Oradan ko’p o’tmay shu nom ostida “Millatimga”, “Ahvolimiz” she’rlari, “Baxtsiz kuyov” dramasi, “Juvonboz” hikoyasi chiqdi. Bu asarlar Qodiriyning ijodidagi dastlabki izlanishlar bo’lib, ular o’sha davrning taraqqiyparvar harakati – jadidchilik g’oyalari bilan sug’orilgan, jadid adabiyoti ta’siri ostida yozilgan edi. Bu asarlarda Qodiriy qoloq odatlarni tanqid ostiga oladi, xalqni o’zligini anglashga, yangilikka da’vat etadi.
Yozuvchining “Juvonboz” asari bevosita Behbudiyning “Padarkush” dramasiga taqlidan yozilgan. Hikoyada o’qishni tashlab buzuq, shaltoq yo’llarga kirib ketgan boyvachcha otasining mol-mulkini sovuradi, sindiradi; ota-onani dog’da qoldirib, oxiri jinoyatga qo’l uradi, qamaladi. “Baxtsiz kuyov”da esa muallif qoloq odatlardan biri – hashamatli to’y ortiqcha sarf-xarajatlar va ularning ko’ngilsiz oqibatlari masalasini ko’taradi. Amakisining maslahati bilan Solih ismli yetim yigit katta qarz ko’tarib dabdabali to’y qilib, boy xonadon qiziga uylanadi. Vaqtida qarzini uzolmay garovga qo’yilgan hovli-joyidan ajralish oldida sharmandalikdan o’zini-o’zi o’ldiradi.
Qodiriyning oktabr inqilobidan keyingi faoliyati asosan matbuot bilan bog’langan. 1919-yili “Oziq ishlari” gazetasiga muharrir bo’lib tayinlandi; so’ngra “Ro’sta” gazetasiga muxbir, “Ishtirokiyun” va “Qizil bayroq” gazetalarida xodim, “Inqilob”, “Kommunist yo’ldoshi” majmualarida sarkotib va xodim bo’lib ishlaydi.
Qodiriy ham matbuot xodimi, ham jurnalist-publitsist, hajviy yozuvchi sifatida O’zbekistonda yangi tipdagi sovet matbuotining tug’ilishi va shakllanishida benihoyat katta xizmat qildi. Ayniqsa, “Mushtum” jurnalining tashkil topishida va oyoqqa turishida katta jonbozlik ko’rsatdi.
Qodiriy matbuot, jurnalistika sohasidagi bilimi va malakasini oshirish maqsadida 1924-1925-yillar orasida Moskvadagi oliy jurnalistika institutida ta’lim oladi. Moskvada o’qigan kezlarida ham respublika matbuoti bilan aloqasini uzmaydi.
Qodiriy 1919-1925-yillar orasida matbuotda yuzlab maqola, hajviyalari bilan qatnashadi. Bu asarlarni u har xil – Qodiriy, Julqunboy, Kalvak Mahzum, Toshpo’lat, Ovsar, Dumbul, Shig’oy degan imzo-taxalluslar bilan e’lon qilgan.
Qodiriy publitsistikasining mavzu-mundarijasi, muammolar doirasi keng. Ular orasida hayotdagi muhim tadbirlarni, yangiliklarni olqishlab, qo’llab-quvvatlovchi, targ’ib-tashviq etuvchi (“Matbuot kuni”, “Otam va Bolshevik”, “1918-yil yodgori”, G’irvonlik Mallaboy aka“singari”), hayotdagi xilma-xil illatlarni fosh etuvchi maqolalar hamda bir turkum adabiy-tanqidiy ishlarni uchratamiz. Qodiriyning “Bizda teatr ishining borishi”, “Ravot qasgqirlari”, “O’tgan kunlar” va “O’tgan kunlar tanqidi ustida ba’zi izohlar” maqolalari 20-yillar o’zbek tanqidchiligining eng yaxshi namunalaridandir. Ularda realistik adabiyotning jiddiy masalalari – haqqoniylik, milliylik, badiiy shakl haqida muhim fikrlar ilgari surilgan.
Qodiriy oktabr inqilobi tufayli so’z erkinligi, jasorat oldik, deb quvongan edi. Endi bor ovoz bilan haqiqatni aytish, yozishga chog’lanadi. U inqilobni, yangi hayotni olqishlash, himoya qilish bilan barobar bu hayot yo’lidagi xilma-xil to’siqlarni fosh etishga, sho’ro voqealigiga xos ziddiyatlarni, siyosatdagi xato va kamchiliklarni xolis turib ko’rsatishga jazm etdi. U yangi hayot yo’lidagi to’siqlar faqat sinfiy dushmanlar – boy, domla-imom, ruhoniylar qarshiligidan iborat emasligini bilardi. Yangi dunyo quruvchilari ongi, xatti-harakati, o’zi ichki ziddiyatlarga, qarama-qarshiliklarga to’la edi. Qator maqolalarida, hajviyalarida adib mana shu ziddiyat, kamchiliklarni ko’rsatishga harakat qildi. Ammo uning bu intilishlari birin-ketin zarbaga uchray boshladi. 1926-yilda “Mushtum” jurnalida bosilgan “Yig’indi gaplar” hajviyasida hayotdagi kamchiliklar, hukumat kishilari haqidagi beozor kulgi, hazil uchun aksil-inqilobiy harakat qilganlikda ayblanib qamoqqa olinadi. Qodiriy o’ziga qo’yilgan asossiz ayblarni qat’iyan rad etadi. Qamoqxonada nohaqlikka norozilik sifatida ochlik e’lon qiladi. Uzoq davom etgan tergovda, nihoyat, sudda mardona turib tuhmatchi, pastkash kimsalarni ayovsiz fosh etadi, siyosiy ayblar va dag’dag’alardan aslo cho’chimay, hech ikkilanmay faqat haqiqatni aytadi, qat’iy turib o’z sha’nini himoya qiladi. “Men to’g’rilik orqasida bosh ketsa “ix” deydirgan yigit emasman” deydi.
Oily sud
Tayanch iboralar.
Jadidchilik g’oyalari, mustaqillik, siyosiy tuzum, ziddiyat, haqiqat, sho’rolar davri, siyosat, nohaqlik.
Savol va topshiriqlar:
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A.Qodiriyning o’zbek adabiyoti, madaniyati taraqqiyotidagi o’rni, xizmati nimadan iborat?
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Qodirining bolalik va yoshlik yillari qanday kechgan?
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Qodiriyning ilk ijodi, asarlariga xos xususiyatlar nimalardan iborat?
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Adabiyotning inqilobiy o’zgarishlar davridagi ijtimoiy faoliyati haqida.
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Qodiriy jurnalist sifatida qanday ishlar olib borgan?
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Qodiriyni yozuvchi sifatida elga tanitgan qaysi hajviy asarlari bilan tanishsiz?
8-MAVZU: “O’TGAN KUNLAR” VA “MEHROBDAN CHAYON” ROMANLARI
CHO’LPONNING HAYOTI VA IJODI. “OYDIN KECHALARDA” HIKOYASI.
REJA:
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Cho’lponning hayoti va ijodi.
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Cho’lponning dastlabki asari.
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Cho’lpon – publitsist va dramaturg.
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Cho’lponning nasriy asarlari.
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“Oydin kechalarda” hikoyasining asosiy g’oyasi.
Abdulhamid Sulaymon o’g’li Cho’lpon 1897-yilda Andijonda tug’ilgan. Uning otasi Sulaymon Muhammad Yunus o’g’li bazzozlik bilan shug’ullangani uchun Andijon aholisi o’rtasida Sulaymon Bazzoz ismi bilan shuhrat topgan. Unda ham adabiyotga havas kuchli bo’lgan va hatto “Rasvo” taxallusi bilan she’rlar yozgan. Ammo Sulaymon Bazzoz, o’zidagi bu adabiy didga qaramay, o’g’lining yozuvchi emas, balki mudarris bo’lishini xohlagan. Cho’lpon esa Andijon va Toshkentdagi madrasalarda tahsil ko’rishi asnosida o’z davrining ilg’or qarashlari bilan tanishib, o’zga yo’ldan borishga qaror qildi.
Cho’lpon bilan yaqin ijodiy aloqada bo’lgan V. Yaning yozishicha, o’zbek shoiri unga o’zining hayot yo’li to’g’risida so’zlab, bunday degan: “Yoshlik chog’imda Farg’onada gazmol bilan savdo qiluvchi otam musulmonchilikka haddan ziyod berilgan bo’lib, mullalar bilan do’st tutingan edi. U meni ham mullovachcha qilib o’stirish niyatida tahsil ko’rish uchun madrasaga bergan. Men u yerda bir kishi bilan tanishdim va bu kishi menga ta’sir ko’rsatdi. U “Qur’on”ni boshdan oyoq yod olgan mullo bo’lgani uchun mudarris degan nufuzli unvonga sazovor bo’lgan. U Istambuldagi Panturkistlar markazidan Panturkistlar va panislomistlar ta’limotini tarqatish uchun Xitoy Turkistoniga yuborilgan va Farg’onada tashviqod uchun to’xtagan bir turk edi. U meni turli-tuman muammolar bilan birinchi marta tanishtirib, menda siyosiy va adabiy ishga qizg’in havas uyg’otgan. Men “Qur’on”ni yodlashdan iborat saboqlardan so’ng hamma narsani unutib,ko’chaga yugurar va yangi gazetalarni sotib olar edim. Ammo mudarrislik qilish o’rniga men milliy o’zbek yozuvchisi bo’lishga ahd qildim. Otamdan ham, mullalardan ham qochib, Toshkentga bordim va u yerda she’rlar, hikoyalar yozib, jurnallarga yubordim”.
Ana shu gazetalar birinchi navbatda Gaspirali Ismoilbekning “Tarjumon” gazetasini entikib mutolaa qilgan Cho’lpon jadidchilik g’oyalari bilan yaqindan tanishdi va shu g’oyalarga xizmat qiluvchi asarlar yoza boshladi. Uning 1914-yili “Sadoyi Turkiston” gazetasida e’lon qilgan dastlabki asarlaridan biri – “Do’xtur Muhammadyor” hikoyasi shu jihatdan, ayniqsa, e’tiborga sazovor.
… Hoji sartarosh oilasida tug’ilgan yagona farzand o’n yoshga yetganida, Ufadagi “Madrasai oliya”ni tugatgan bir muallim kelib qoladi. U gazeta o’qiydigan va “yetmish ikki tilni biladigan” hoji sartaroshning shuhratini eshitib, u bilan tanishishni ixtiyor etdi. Muallim sartaroshxonaga kelganda, Muhammadyor ham otasining qoshida edi. Hoji Ahmad gap orasida o’zining yolg’iz o’g’li haqida so’z ochib, uni o’qitishini muallim afandidan so’raydi. Bir yil mobaynida muallim Muhammadyorga ahkomi islom, tarix va jug’rofiyadan mukammal bilim beradi. Ota-bola muallim afandini poyezdga chiqarib, vokzaldan qaytayotganida, qimorbozlik orqasida bir-birlariga musht ko’targan bezorilarga duch keladilar. Hoji ularga pandu nasihat qilmoqchi bo’lganda qimorbozlardan biri bo’g’ib o’ldiradi. O’layotgan ota o’g’liga vasiyat qiladi.
“Do’xtur Muhammadyor” ana shunday fojiali tugun bilan boshlanadi. Cho’lpon yaxshi kishilar ko’magida ota vasiyatiga amal qilib, dastlab Bakuda, so’ng Peterburgda va Shvetsariya dorilfununlarida o’qib, mashhur doktor, yozuvchi va noshir bo’lib yetishgan Muhammadyor siymosida Hamzaning “Yangi saodat” qissasidagi Olimjon bilan qondosh bo’lgan ideal qahramon obrazini yaratdi. Bu qahramon jaholatga qarshi kurashda ilm-fanni birdan-bir qurol deb biladi, shu qurol yovdam xalqning sihat-salomatligi uchun kurashadi. Hamma uning singari baxtli va jamiyat uchun foydali ishlarni yetkazishga ishonadi.
1917-yil fevral inqilobi ro’y beradi “Oq podshoh”ning taxtidan ag’darilishi jadidchilik harakati namoyondalarida mustaqil o’zbek davlatini barpo qilishga umid uyg’otadi. Lekin bu harakat xalqni uyg’otib ulgurmagan, milliy inqilob uchun qurolli kuchlarni tayyorlay olmagan edi. Shu sababli oktabr to’ntarishiga qadar milliy davlatni barpo etish g’oyasi xom hayolligicha qoladi.
Lekin O’zbekistonga hatto muxtor Respublika huquqini berishni istamagan bolsheviklar 1918-yil fevralida Turkiston muxtor davlatini tor-mor qildirdilar, uning tashabbuskorlari esa quvg’inga uchradi. Cho’lpon o’sha kezlarda ta’qibdan qochib Orenburgga bordi va Boshqirdiston hukumatining raisiga kotib bo’lib ishladi.
O’zbekistondagi alg’ov-dalg’ovlar biroz tinchigach, u Toshkentga qaytib, 1919-yilning kuzida “Yangi sharq” gazetasi tahririyatiga ishga kirdi. Bu gazeta “Farg’ona viloyati milliy ishlar mudirligining organi bo’lib, uning teppasida “Birlashingiz, butun dunyo mehnatkashlari” degan shior bilan birga “Yashasin sharq ozodligi” degan so’zlar ham yozilgan edi. Cho’lpon gazetada shu so’nggi shior ruhi bilan sug’orilgan maqollar e’lon qildi.
1923-yil Cho’lponning boshqa bir maslakdosh do’sti Abdulxay Tojiyev Andijonga “Darxun” gazetasini tashkil etish uchun ishga yuboriladi. Bu davrda boshqa biror joydan moddiy madad olmagan “bosmachilar” o’z saflarini to’ldirish, oziq- ovqat va qurol- yarog’ uchun mablag’ topish niyatida o’qtin-o’qtin Farg’ona vodiysidagi qishloqlarda hujum qilib, aholiga jabr keltirayotgan edilar. “Darxun” ana shu voqealarga aralashib vodiyga tinchlik o’rnatish maqsadini o’z oldiga qo’ydi. A. Tojiyevning taklifi bilan Cho’lpon ham vodiyga borib xizmat qildi.
Cho’lpon “Yangi sharq” gazetasida ishlab yurgan kezlari, 1920-yilda “Yorqinoy” ertak-pyesa yozgan va bu asar 1921-yili Mannon Uyg’ur truppasi tomonidan sahnaga qo’yilgan edi. 1924-yili “Darxun” gazetasi tugatilib, yana Toshkentga ko’chib kelganida milliy o’zbek teatrini tashkil etish bo’yicha jiddiy ishlar amalga oshirilmoqda edi. U 1924-1926-yillarda Moskvada malakali o’zbek san’atkorlarining shakllanishi va bo’lajak Hamza nomli teatrning tashkil topishida mislsiz rol o’ynadi. Ayrim manbalarga qaraganda, u o’sha yillari Moskvadagi V. Bryusov nomidagi institutda tahsil ko’rdi.
Cho’lpon 20-yillarning o’rtalarida ham she’riy, ham nasriy, ham drammatik ijod bilan faol shug’ullandi. “Buloqlar” (1922), “Uyg’onish” (1923), “Tong sirlari” (1926) she’riy to’plamlarini, “Oydin kechalarda”, “Qor qo’ynida lola”, “Novvoy qiz”, “Oq podshoning in’omi” singari o’nga yaqin hikoyalarini, qator maqolalarini e’lon qildi. Ammo, 30-yillarda avj olgan tanqid va taxhdid sharoitida uning asarlari bosilmay qoldi. Shundan keyin Cho’lpon ko’proq badiiy tarjima bilan shug’ullanishga majbur bo’ldi.
Shekspirning “Hamlet”, Pushkinning “Boris Godunov” va “Dubrovskiy”, Gogolning “Tergovchi”, Frankoning “Feruza”, Gorkiyning “Ona”, Andreyvning “Osilgan yeti kishining hikoyasi” va boshqa ko’plab asarlarni o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilib, zamonaviy o’zbek tarjima maktabiga asos soldi.
Shu bilan birga, u 30- yillarda “Kecha va kunduz” dilogiyasi, “Soz” she’rlar to’plamini chop etdi, “Teatru” gazetasi va “Mushtum” jurmalida qatnashdi.
Buyuk ma’rifatparvar va serqirra faoliyat sohibi Cho’lpon 1937- yilda qamoqqa olinib, boshqa maslakdosh birodarlari bilan birga 1938-yil 4-oktabr kuni otib tashlandi.
Cho’lponning adabiy merosida “Kecha va kunduz” romanidan tashqari, yana bir necha hikoyalari ham borki, ular nafaqat g’oyaviy mazmuni, baliki badiiy fazilatlari bilan ham diqqat-e’tiborga sazovordir. Shunday hikoyalardan biri “Oydin kechalar” deb ataladi. 1922-yilda yozilgan bu hikoyada Cho’lpon ijodining yana bir asosiy mavzularidan biri – xotin-qizlar masalasi ko’tarilgan.
Hikoya shunday tasvir bilan boshlanadi:
“Zaynab kampir bir narsadan cho’chib uyg’ondi. Oppoq oydin, oy kampir yotgan so’richaning qoq o’rtasidan unda-munda bitta-yarimta uchragan oq bulutlarni yorib, shoshib o’tib borar edi.
Kampir u yog’-bu yog’iga yaxshilab qarab, oydinda hech bir qora-mora uchratmagandan keyin yana bolishga boshini qo’ydi…”
Bunday muqaddima so’zlardan keyin kitobxon Zaynab kampirni hikoyaning bosh qahramoni, deb o’ylashi va uning xatti-harakatlarini diqqat bilan kuzatishi tabiiy. Yozuvchi ham kitobxonda uyg’onfan ana shu taassurotni xuddi sezgandek, kampirning xayollarini tortgan “pilta savat, ko’rpa qavuq ipdan tortib, bu yil pilladan chiqadigan ipakkacha” – hammasini erinmay tasvirlaydi. So’ng kampirning arang uyquga ketgani va, ko’p o’tmay, uyqu aralash yig’i tovushini eshitganini aytadi.
Xuddi shu yerdan boshlab hikoyaning tuguni boshlanadi.
“Bu kim? Kechalari uxlamasdan yig’lab chiqquchi kim? Hamma tinch va rohat uyquga tolgan bir zamonda qalbini yaralab yig’laguchi qanday baxtsizdir?…”
Kampir yig’layotgan ayolni Xadicha otinning kelini desa, bugun uning dugonalari kelib, “ikki xuftongacha” o’yin-kulgu qilishdi. Balki qo’shnining kelinidir…
“Mana, kampirning o’z kelini, uy-joyi, kiyim-kechagi – hamma narsasi tayyor… Novdadek kuyov yonida…”
Kampir shunday xayollar bilan yig’i kelgan tomonga asta borib, ne ko’zlar bilan ko’rsinki, yig’layotgan ayol o’zining kelini edi.
Cho’lpon shu lahzaga qadar voqeani tabiat manzaralrini tasvirlash va kampirning xayollarini jonlantirish orqali ochayotgan edi. Endi qaynona bilan kelin yuzma-yuz kelganlarida, hikoyaga o’z-o’zidan savol-javob usuli kirib keladi:
“ – …Aylanay, bolam, Qodirjon qani?
– Qodirjonni so’ramang, onajon…Mana, kelin bo’lib kelganimga bir yarim oydan oshgan bo’lsa, shu bir yarim oyning ichida ikki kechagina birga bo’ldik… Boshqa kunlarda har kecha kuta-kuta tong ottirib yuboraman. Shuncha kun chidab kelib-kelib, mana bu kun o’z qadrimga o’zim yig’lab yubordim. Qanday qilay? Men odam emasmi?”
Vaziyatni tushungan kampir nima deyishini ham bilmaydi.
“– Otasi ham shundoq edi, qizim”.
Kampirning qarigan,qurigan ko’zlariga yiroq-yiroq yerlardan ikki tomchu keladi. Butun tanini, butun a’zolarini bosib, ezib, sidirib kelgan shu ikki tomchi yoshini yengi bilan artgandan keyin shunday deydi kampir.
Xo’sh, Qodirjonning otasi nega uyga kech qaytgan? Qodirjonning o’zi-chi? Ular qanday tashvishlar bilan band? Turmushning qaysi yechilmas tugunlari tufayli ular oilalari bag’rida yashamaydilar?.. Bunday savollarga shu payt mast-alast holda uyga kirib kelib, obrezga yiqilgan Qodirjonning holati va “Gde, gde maya Anna, gde maya Annushka?” degan telba-teskari ashulasi javob beradi.
“Qizil shohi ko’ylak, qopqora sochlari yerda sudralgan” iffatning, nafosatning, mehrigiyoning qadrini oyoqosti qilib, otasining iflos odatini davom ettirgan Qodirjon hikoya xotimasida razil va pastkash bir inson sifatida gavdalansa, o’n gulidan bir guli ham ochilmagan kelin go’zallik va ezgulikning xorlangan ma’budasi o’laroq ko’rinadi. Yo’q, u razillik va pastkashlik oldida mag’rur qoya singari qad ko’tarmaydi. Balki razillikdan ozor chekayotgan, razillikka qarshi kurashga tayyor bo’lmagan, shuning uchun ham mehr va madadga, ko’makka muhtoj ayol sifatida e’tiborimizni tortadi.
Cho’lponning bu hikoyasida biz ikki holatni ko’ramiz. Cho’lpon xotin-qizlarga munosabatning kirib kelishi yaxshi bo’lmagani, ular haq-huquqining kamsitilgani uchun jamiyat e’tiborini ayollar taqdiriga qaratmoqchi bo’lgan. Ikkinchidan mustamlakachilik davrining boshlanishi bilan bizga ichkilikbozlik, axloqsizlik singari illatlar natijasida xotin-qizlarni kamsitish yanada avjiga chiqqan.
Cho’lpon “Oydin kechalarda” hikoyasida ana shu illatlarni bartaraf etish, o’zbek xotin-qizlariga xos vafo, iffat, go’zallik va ruhiy boylikning qadriga yetish hamda ularga bo’lgan munosabatni keskin o’zgartirish g’oyasini ilgari suradi. Hikoya hajm nuqtayi nazaridan kichik bo’lishiga qaramay, yozuvchi unda Zaynab kampirning ham, kelinning ham ruhiy holatini katta mahorat bilan ochgan. Badiiy tafsillarning ko’pligi va aniqligi hikoyada hayot haqiqatining yorqin va haqqoniy tasvir etilishiga katta imkoniyat yaratgan. Umuman, muallif bu hikoyasi bilan kelajakda katta epik asar yozish darajasiga yaqinlashib borayotganini namoyish qilgan.
Tayanch iboralar.
Badiiy, ijodiy, shoir, faoliyat, maqola, shakllanish, voqea, o’zbek, asarlar, she’rlar to’plami, hikoya, g’oyaviy mazmun, tasvir,haq-huquq, epik.
Savol va topshiriqlar:
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Cho’lponning adabiyot olamiga kelish yo’li haqida nimalarni bilasiz?
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Cho’lpon jadid yozuvhisi sifatida qanday asarlar yozgan?
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Cho’lpon jadidchilik harakatining qaysi namoyandalari bilan yaqin aloqada bo’lgan?
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Cho’lpon she’riyatining Hamza she’riyatidan farqi nimada?
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Cho’lponning kuyga solingan qanday she’rlarini bilasiz?
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Cho’lponning qanday asarlari asosida teatr spektakllari, kino yoki telefilmlar yaratilgan?
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Cho’lponning qanday hikoyalarini bilasiz?
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Adibning “Oydin kechalarda” hikoyasini yozishdan maqsadi nima?
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Hikoyadagi kelin va kampir obrazlarni o’zaro muqoyasa qiling va bu muqoyasadan ma’lum bir xulosalar chiqarishga urining.
9-MAVZU: CHO’LPONNING “YORQINOY”
DRAMASI.
REJA:
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Dramaning yozilish tarixi.
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Dramada aks ettirilgan voqealar.
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Asarning badiiy xususiyatlari.
BAYONI:
Cho’lponning dramaturgiya sohasidagi ilk asarlari 20-yillar arafasida maydonga kelgan bo’lsa-da, ular shuningdek, 1920-yilda yozilgan “Yorqinoy” dramasi ham kchik sahna asarlari edi. Shuning uchun ham Moskvadagi o’zbek drama studiyasida sahnalashtirish uchun mahalliy mavzudagi asarlarga ehtiyoj tug’ilganidan Cho’lpon mazkur pyesani qayta ishlab uni 1926-yilda kitob holida nashr etdi.
Pyesada Cho’lponning bag’ishlov so’zlari ilova etilgan: “Totli va boy tili bilan ertak aytib berib, shu asarning yozilishiga sabab bo’lgan KAMPIR ONAga hurmat bilan bag’ishlayman”.
Bu so’zlardan ma’lum bo’lishicha, “Yorqinoy” pyesasi zaminida Cho’lponning “kampir onasi”dan eshitgan xalq ertagi yotadi. Ayrim manbalrda esa “Yorqinoy” pyesasida Andijondagi Po’latxon qo’zg’oloni bilan bo’gliq voqealar aks ettirilgan, degan fikr ham mavjud. Bizningcha ham, Cho’lpon yoshligida “kampir onasi”dan Po’latxon qo’zg’oloni haqidagi ertaknamo voqeani eshitgan va mazkur asarni yaratishda shu ertak-voqeadan foydalangan bo’lishi mumkin.
O’lmas Botir ismli sarkardaning qarorgohida bog’bonlik qilgan Po’lat bilan uning Yorqinoy o’rtasida muhabbat shabadasi esa boshlaydi. Po’lat bu uyning oddiy xizmatkori, Yorqinoy esa xonzodalarga mos qayliq bo’lgani uchun bog’bon yigit o’z sevgisining baxtli natija bilan tugashi mumkinligiga ishonmay O’lmas Botir xonadonidan ketmoqchi bo’ladi. Shu payt Po’latni Yorqinoy bilan tanholikda uchratib qolgan Botir uni benomuslikda, ko’rnamaklikda ayblaydi. Yorqinoyni ham or-nomusni unutib, faqir bir xizmatkor bilan uchrashgani uchun o’ldirishga tayyor ekanligini aytadi. Yorqinoy esa haq yo’lida o’limga ham tayyor.
O’lmas Botir va unga o’xshash kimsalar uchun haq ikki xil bo’lgan: o’zlari uchun va o’zgalar uchun. O’zlari uchun mavjud bo’lgan haq uni o’zining yolg’iz qizini jazolashga imkon bermaydi, lekin o’zgalar uchun haq tushunchasi uni shu lahzaning o’zida Po’latni qatl etish uchun yo’l ochadi. Ana shunday e’tiqod bilan yashagan O’lmas Botirning halol inson emas, balki zolim va qonxo’r sarkarda ekanligi ma’lum bo’ladi. U bilan ilk bor to’qnashgan va yuzma-yuz olishishga majbur bo’lgan Po’lat o’zining va otasining kim ekanligini undan so’rab bilmoqchi, o’z ajdodlarining taqdiri to’g’risida xabar topmoqchi bo’ladi. Lekin kutilmaganda bu narsa O’lmas Botirning eng dahshatli siri ekanligi oshkor bo’lib qoladi.
Agar biz Cho’lpon ijodi va ijtimoy faoliyatining negiz-negiziga nazar tashlasak, uning uchun faqat bir sajdagoh bor ekanligini ko’ramiz. Bu xalqdir. Xalq qayerda bo’lsa, haq ham o’sha yerda bo’ladi. Shuning uchun ham Cho’lpon otasi orzu qilgan mudarrislik kasbini tanlamay, o’zini xalq baxt-saodati yo’lida mashaqqat va azoblar bilan to’la kurashga bag’ishlagan edi. Yorqinoyning ham “hunari go’rkovnikidan ham yomon” otasidan voz kechib, Po’lat sarkardasi bo’lgan xalq bag’riga otilishida Cho’lpon tushungan hayot ma’nosi yotadi.
Yorqinoy Po’latga ruhan yaqin bo’lgani, uni nafaqat or-nomusli, irodali yigit, balki haqiqat yo’lida kurashga tayyor bo’lgani uchun ham sevadi. Yorqinoy otasining qonli ishlaridan xabardor bo’lgach, undan voz kechib, Po’lat olib borgan kurashga qo’shiladiki, biz uning vujudida To’marisning qoni jo’sh urib turganiga ishonch hosil qilamiz.
Po’lat o’z do’stlari – qashshoq xalq vakillari bilan birga hamda yoshlikdan jangovarlik an’analari asosida tarbiya ko’rgan Yorqinoy yordamida xon qo’shinlarini yengib, saltanat tepasiga keladi. Ammo Yorqinoy uchun toju taxt emas, uni sevuvchi, unga butun hayotini bag’ishlovchi Po’lat kerak edi. U Po’latning saltanat ishlaridan ortgan daqiqalarinigina huzurida, yana horigan holda o’tkazayotganini ko’rib g’azablanadi, toju taxtdan ham nafratlanib ketadi. Shunda Po’lat Yorqinoyga bunday javob beradi: “Toju taxt… toju taxtning orqasida yurt bor, el bor, xalq bor… uni o’ylash kerak… uning g’amini yeyish kerak…”
Bu alangali so’zlar asarda tasvirlangan voqealardan kelib chiquvchi mantiqiy xulosadir. Ko’ramizki, Cho’lpon ushbu asarida xalq – qahramonlik dostonlari an’analaridan istifoda etgan holda zamonaviy muhim g’oya bilan sug’orilgan asarni yaratgan.
Tayanch iboralar:
Dramaturgiya, pyesa, sahnalashritirish, obraz, dialog, monolog, dramatik lavha, voqea, xalq qahramonlik dostonlari,toj-taxt,g’oya.
Savol va topshiriqlar:
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“Yorqinoy”dramasining yaratilish tarixi haqida nimalarni bilasiz?
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Po’lat va Yorqinoy obrazlarini tasvirlab bering.
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Po’lat kim bo’lib ishlar edi?
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U O’lmas Botirdan nega otasi haqida so’raydi?
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Nega Po’lat Yorqinoyni sevgani holda mamlakatga rahbar bo’lgach undan uzoqlashgandek bo’ladi?
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“Yorqinoy” pyesasi asosida kichik sahna asari tayyorlang.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR
N.Karimov “O’zbe adabiyoti”, Behbudiy Tanlangan asarlar, A.Avloniy Tanlangan asarlar, A.Fitrat “Abulfayzxon”, H.H.Niyoziy “Maysaraning ishi”, H.Qodiriy “Otam to’g’risida”, A.Qodiriy “Kalvak Mahzumning xotira daftaridan”, A.Qodiriy “Toshpo’lat tajang nima deydi?”, A.Qodiriy “O’tkan kunlar”, A.Qodiriy “Mehrobdan chayon”, Cho’lpon “Hikoyalar to’plami”, Cho’lpon “Yorqinoy” dramasi
1-MAVZU: G’AFUR G’ULOMNING HAYOTI VA IJODI.
SHOIR LIRIKASI
Reja:
BAYONI:
G’afur G’ulom 1903-yil 10-mayda Toshkentda kambag’al oilada tug’ilgan. Dastlabki savodni ota-onalari G’ulom aka va Toshbibi ayadan oldi. Biroq beshafqat taqdir yoshligida uning boshini ko’p ham silamadi.
Otadan(1912), onadan(1918) erta ajragan G’afur bolaligidayoq yetim qoldi. Qashshoqlik va yetishmovchilik deb ataluvchi tilsim ming-minmglab bolajonlar qatori kelajakning buyuk shoiri –“o’ninchi yillarning sargardon”ini ham o’z quchog’iga oldi. Etikdo’z kosibga qarashdi, kunduz kunlari singillarini boqib, kechqurun qo’shni mahalladagi tegirmonda qorovullik qildi. Sariboy degan boyning ko’shkin bog’ini qo’ridi. Ko’p yillar o’tgach, shu boy eshigidagi xizmatlarni G’afur G’ulom o’zining “Shum bola” qissasiga ustalik bilan singdirib yubordi.
Birinchi jahon urishi boshlanishi (1914), mardikorlikka olish (1916) tufayli xalq boshiga tushgan mashaqqat va musibatlarni o’z ko’zi bilan ko’rdi, o’z boshidan kechirdi.
1916-yilda rus-tuzem maktabiga kirib o’qidi. Bu tahsil G’afyr G’ulomga keyinchalik, oktabr to’ntarishidan so’ng, bosmaxonada harf teruvchi bo’lib ishlashida, 8 oylik muallimlar kursiga kirib o’qishida ancha qo’l keldi.
20-yillar komsomoli yoshlarga sho’roviy va inqilobiy ruhni singdirishda, ularga imkoniyat va imtiyozlar berishda katta ishlar qildi. U yangi maktablarda o’qituvchi, direktor bo’lib ishladi, internatga mudirlik qildi.
Internat G’afyr G’ulom taqdirida katta rol o’novchi muqaddas dargoh bo’lib qoldi.Bu joydagi mehnat va hayot uning shaxsiy va ijtimoiy tuyg’ularini avj oldirdi. Kunlardan birida boquvchisiz yetim bolalarga termilib, ich-ichidan achindi, xo’rligi keldi, o’zining yetimlikda o’tgan umrini esladi. Tuyg’ulari junbushga keldi-yu, marjon yosh bo’lib ko’ziga emas, qog’ozga she’r bo’lib to’kildi.Bu G’afur G’ulomning birinchi she’ri edi. O’zbek adabiyotida, jahon adabiyotida yangi bir shoir tug’ildi.
Shu tariqa salkam 45 yillik ijodida davomida G’afur G’ulom ko’pdan–ko’p she’r, doston, ocherk, feleton, hajviya, hikoya, qissa, maqola, tarjima asoslar e’lon qildi. Ular yuzdan ortiq to’plam va kitoblarda jamlanib, bosilib chiqdi .
“Mushtum”,“Yer yuzi” oynomalarida, “Sharq haqiqati”, “Qizil O’zbekiston” ro’znomasida adabiy xodim va maxsus muxbir bo’lib ishlash G’afur G’ulomga jamiyat hayotining qaynoq manzillari va zamondoshlari qalbining toza iqlimlarini chuqur idrok qilish, his etish imkoniyatlari yaratdi.
G’afur G’ulom 20-yillardagi she’rlarida asosiy etiborini yangi jamiyatni qaror topib kelayotgan yangicha munosabatlarini, talablarini kuylashga, eskilik deb baholanayotgan tushunchalarini tanqid etishga qaratdi. Bu davr she’rlarida badiiylikdan ko’ra bayonchilik, ehtirozdan ko’ra e’tirof ustunlik qiluvchi she’rlar ham talaygina edi.
Xalq va Davlat hayotini aks ettirish 30-yillardan shoir asarlarining yetakchi xususiyatlariga aylana bordi. Mazkur xususiyat, ayniqsa, “Turksib yo’llarida” she’ri va “Ko’kan”dostonida yaqqol ko’zga tashlandi.
“Ko’kan” dostoni 20-yillar oxiri, 30-yillar boshlaridagi davr va xalq hayotini badiiy aks ettirdi. Ayni vaqtda shu tamoyilni kuchaytirish va mustahkamlashda muhim mafkuraviy rol o’ynaydi. To’g’ri, jamoa xo’jaligiga o’tish va o’tkazishda majbur qilish, shuningdek, ko’pdan-ko’p o’rtahol xonadonlarning xonavayron bo’lishi ham ro’y berdi. Lekin bu kamchilik, xato va cheklanishlar bilan bir vaqtda, jamoa xo’jaligi o’zbek dehqoni muayyan qatlamining taqdirida, uning oyoqqa turishida, xo’jaligining tiklanishida ijobiy rol ham o’ynaganini e’tiborga olsak, doston o’zbek dehqoni tafakkuri, dunyoqarashi va yashash tarzidagi keskin o’zgarishlarning badiiy hujjati tarzida ahamiyatlidir.
G’afyr G’ulom butun umri davomida ko’pdan-ko’p she’rlar, dostonlar yozdi. Sho’ro siyosati va komfirqa mafkurasi tasirida el-yurtni yuksak ko’tarinkilik ruhida yashash va mehnat qilishga chorladi. Yaxshilik, ezgulik, birodarlik, do’stlikni ulug’ladi. Ulug’ maqsad va fikr yo’lida xalqni, ommani safarbarlikka da’vat qildi. Kelajakda katta umidlar bilan qarashga undadi. Bular uning asarlariga xos bo’lgan muhim xususiyatlardir.
Mana shu xususiyatlarni badiiy tarannum etishda lirik qahramonning chuqur o’y-mushohadalari-yu, uning donishmandligidan tortib, shu donishmandlikni namoyon etuvchi obrazlar vositasidagi rang-baranglik, serqatlamlik, ko’pma’nolilik, purhikmatlilik, bir so’z bilan aytganda, falsafiylik shoir ijodining muhim belgisi sifatida namoyon bo’ladi.
Aziz asrimizning aziz onlari
Aziz odamlardan so’raydi qadrin
Fursat g’animatdir, shoh satrlar-la
Bezamoq chog’idir umr daftarin.
(“Vaqt” she’ridan)
G’afur G’ulomning ba’zi she’rlari tarixiy hodisalar, ma’lumotlar va shaxslar obrazini aks ettirish asosiga qurilgan. Bunday asarlar tarixning badiiy solnomasi, tarixiy shaxs taqsdiri, qiyofasining in’ikosi qadar aniqlik kasb etadi “Turksib yo’llarida”, “Hamza xotirasi’, “Insoniyat tarixining birinchi kosmonavtiga” sh’erlariga shunday xususiyat xosdir.
G’afur G’ulom Sharq va G’arb tarixi, falsafasi, madaniyatini .favqulodda chuqur bilgan alloma kishi edi. Shu bois uning aksar she’rlarida Injilu Qurondan tortib Bobil, gotik naqshlar-u kattayu-kichik tarixiy hodisalar, ma’lumotlar, u yoki bu shaxs, ular bilan aloqador faktlar,jahon xalqalrining urf-odatlaridagi chizgilari, tarixiy joy nomlari bilan aloqador fikrlar asarning badiiy to’qimasiga singdirib yuboriladi.
G’afur G’ulom butun ijodi davomida taqvim tarzida ko’plab she’rlar yozdi. 1-may, 7-oktabr, Konstitutsiya kuni, partiya va komsomol syezdlari, adabiy o’n kunliklar, sotsialistik musobaqa, paxta rejasining bajarilishi singari kundalik, o’tkinchi hodisa va voqealarga bag’ishlangan bunday she’rlar adabiyot tarixida ham , muallif ijodida ham sezilarli iz qoldirmadi. Bu hol shoirning o’ziga ham sir emas edi. Zero, bunday she’rlarning ko’pi o’zlarini hurmat qilgan shoirlarning nainki “Tanlangan asarlari”, hatto muntazam chiqib turgan to’plamlariga ham kiritilmas edi. G’.G’ulom ham bundan istisno emas. Biroq shuni ham ta’kidlash lozimki, g’afurona buyuklik va donishmandlik bilan sug’orilgan falsafiy obrazlar uning taqvim she’rlarida ham uchrab turadi.
G’afur G’ulom so’nggi nafasigacha ijod etdi, mehnat qildi. Uzoq yillar davomida O’zbekiston Fanlar akademiyasining til va adabiyot institutida ilmiy xodim bo’lib ishladi. Badiiy asarlar bilan bir qatorda ko’plab ilmiy maqolalar yozdi, tarjimalar qildi. O’zining asarlari ham o’nlab tillarga o’girildi.
Mehnatlari evaziga u O’zbekiston Fanlar akademiyasiga haqiqiy a’zo etib saylandi. Respublika Oily kengashiga deputat bo’ldi. Unga “Ozbekiston xalq shoiri” yuksak unvoni berildi. Badiiy asarlari sovetlar mamlakatining eng yuksak mukofotlariga sazovor bo’ldi. Uning o’n ikki jilddan iborat mukammal asarlar to’plami bosilib chiqdi.
2-MAVZU: G’AFUR G’ULOMNING NASRIY ASARLARI
“SHUM BOLA”, “YODGOR” QISSALARI
3-MAVZU: OYBEKNING HAYOTI VA IJODI.
Reja:
BAYONI:
Muso Toshmuhammad o’g’li Oybek 1905-yil 10-yanvarda Toshkentning Gavkush mahallasida dunyoga keldi. Bir paytlar hali rus manufakturasi mahalliy to’quvchilari va ularning mollarini siqib chiqarmaganida, bu mahallada istiqomat qilgan aksar aholi bo’zchilik bilan shug’ullanar edi. Bo’lajak yozuvchining otasi Toshmuhammad aka ham dastlab bo’zchi bo’lgan. Lekin bu hunar turmush tebratish kuchiga ega bo’lmay qolganida, u Toshkent atrofidagi qishloqlarga qatnab, baqqolchilik qilgan.
Oybek dastlabki ma’lumotini musulmon maktabida oldi. Bu maktabda garchand tarix, geografiya, matematika singari fanlar o’qitilmagan bo’lsa-da, Oybek u yerda So’fi Olloyor , Navoiy, Xo’ja Hofiz, Bedil singari mumtoz o’zbek va fors-tojik shoirlari ijodi bilan tanishdi. Oktabr o’zgarishidan keyin, 1919-yilda esa “Namuna” deb atalgan boshlang’ich sovet maktabida o’qishni davom ettirdi. 1921-yili “Namuna’” maktabini tugatib, shu yili Xadrada tashkil etilgan Navoiy nomidagi ta’lim va tarbiya texnikumiga o’qishga kirdi. Shu yerda u Navoiy , Fuzuliy, Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy va boshqa mumtoz adiblar ijodi bilan oshno bo’ldi.
Oybek o’z hayotining bu ko’klam faslini eslab “Xayol daryosi keng edi menda. O’qtin – o’qtin, o’zimcha mashq qilib, bitta – yarimta she’r yozib ham qo’yardim. Xotiramda bor, ilk she’rim texnikumning “Tong yulduzi” degan devoriy gazetasida chiqdi. Keyin shu gazetaga o’zim mas’ul muharrir bo’ldim. Sekin – sekin respublika gazetalarida she’rlarim bosila boshladi”, deb yozgan.
1925-yili ta’lim va tarbiya texnikumini tugatgan Oybek O’rta Osiyo davlat universiteti ijtimoiy fanlar fakultetining iqtisod bo’limiga o’qishga kirdi. Davr yoshlardan rus tilini puxta bilishni, o’zi tanlagan soha bo’yicha yuqori malakali mutaxassis bo’lib yetishishni talab etar edi. Oybek shu talabdan kelib chiqib, 1927- yilda o’qishni Leningrad (hozirgi Sankt – Peterburg) dagi Xalq Xo’jaligi institutiga ko’chirib oldi. Ammo bu yerdagi sovuq va zax havo unga o’qishni tugatish imkonimi bermadi. Oybek 1929-yili Toshkentga qaytib, oradan bir yil o’tgach, keyin ma’lumotli iqtisodchi diplomini oldi. Shundan keyin u 1935-yilgacha o’zi tugatgan dorilfununda iqtisodiyot kafedrasining assistenti lavozimida xizmat qildi.
Yillar o’tgan sayin siyosiy iqtisod va badiiy ijodning har biri Oybekdan butun vaqtini bag’ishlashni talab eta boshladi. Ammo uning qalbida ijod mehri kuchliroq edi. Shuning uchun ham Oybek 1935-yili siyosiy iqtisod va marksizm- leninizmdan dars berishni tashlab O’zbekiston Fanlar komiteti qoshidagi Til va adabiyot institutida ilmiy xodim bo’lib ishga o’tdi. Bu vaqtda uning “Tuyg’ular”, (1926 ), “Ko’ngil naylari”(1929), “Mash’ala” (1932), “Baxtigul va Sog’indiq”(1933) she’riy to’plamlari nashr etilgan va Oybek shoir sifatida o’zbek adabiyotidan mustahkam o’rin olgan edi.
Oybek adabiyotni, ijodni tanlaganida, hali 1937-yil bo’roni tinch uyquda edi. Ammo oradan ikki yil o’tar-o’tmas, bu bo’ron uyg’onib, o’zbek adabiyotining chinorlarini yulib ketdi. Bu bo’ron Oybekni ham chetlab o’tmadi. U ham institutdan, ham Yozuvchilar uyushmasidan haydaldi. Lekin tabiat unga temir iroda hadya etgan ekan, u hayotning ana shu mushkul kezlarida 1916-yil qo’zg’oloniga bag’ishlangan “Qutlug’ qon”romanini yozdi (1938). Roman garchand katta qiyinchilik bilan 1940-yili bosilib chiqqan bo’lsa-da, Oybek uning o’zbek adabiyotida katta voqea bo’lganligi va kitobxonlar e’tiborini qozonganligidan ilhomlanib,”Navoiy” romanini yozishga kirishdi va uni 1942-yili tugatdi.
Oybekning Navoiy haqida roman yozishi tasodifiy emas. Butun umri bo’yi mumtoz o’zbek adabiyoti va uning cho’qqisi — Alisher Navoiy ijodini sevib o’rgangan Oybek, bu romanni yozishdan oldin, ulug’ shoirning hayoti va ijodiga bag’ishlangan qator ilmiy maqolalar yaratdi. 1937-yilda esa ushbu romanning o’ziga xos poetik eskizi bo’lgan ”Navoiy” lirik dostonini ijod qildi. Oybekning temuriylar davri madaniyati, tarixi , xususan, Navoiy ijodini o’rganishga bag’ishlangan ilmiy ishlari uning 1943-yilda yangi tashkil etilgan O’zbekiston Fanlar akademiyasiga haqiqiy a’zo bo’lib saylanishiga to’la huquq berdi. Oybek o’z siymosida olim va adibni mujassamlashtirgani sababli 1945-yildan boshlab O’zbekiston yozuvchilar uyushmasi rayosatining raisi (1949gacha) va 1943-yildan e’tiboran respublika Fanlar akademiyasi gumanitar bo’limining boshlig’i (1951- yilgacha) lavozimlarida faol ijtimoiy, ijodiy va ilmiy faoliyat bilan shug’ullandi.
Oybek urushdan keyingi yillarda “Oltin vodiydan shabadalar”(1949), “Quyosh qoraymas”(1943-1958), “Ulug’ yo’l”(1967) romanlari, talaygina she’r va dostonlari bilan o’zbek adabiyotini boyitdi.
Oybek qalamiga mansub adabiy-badiiy asarlar, ilmi-publitsistik maqolalar va tarjimalar adibning 20 jildlik “Mukammal asarlar to’plami”da nashr etilgan.
Oybek “Navoiy” romani uchun SSSR davlat mukofoti (1946), “Bolalik” qissasi uchun Hamza nomidagi O’zbekiston davlat mukofoti (1963) bilan taqdirlangan.
Atoqli adib 1968-yil; 1-iyulda vafot etgan. Uning qabri Toshkentning Farobiy qabristonidadir.
Oybek-chin ma’noda serqirra istedod egasi.U so’z san’ati va adabiyotshunoslik ilmining barcha tur va janrlarida chuqur iz qoldirgan yozuvchidir.
Hamid Olimjon Oybek to’g’risida so’zlab, “u prozada shoiru poeziyada prozaikdir”, deb aytgan edi. Mashhur shoirning qalamkash do’sti haqidagi bu so’zlarda jon bor : Oybek nasrga she’riyatning muattar nafasini olib kirdi va she’riyatni faqat nasrga xos bo’lgan tafsillar marjoni ‘bilan boyitdi. Uning nasriy asarlaridagidek shoirona til boshqa biror yozuvchida uchramaganidek, she’riy asarlaridagi tasvir mukammalligi ham faqat uning o’ziga xos fazilatdir.
Adabiyotshunoslar Oybek ijodiga xos bo’lgan yana bir nuqtaga bir e’tiborni qaratadilar. Ularni kuzatishlariga ko’ra, Oybekning qariyb har bir yirik nasriy asari uning biror dostonidan o’sib-unib chiqqan. Chunonchi, “O’ch “ hamda “Baxtigul va Sog’indiq” dostonlari “Qutlug’ qon” uchun “xamirturush” bo’lib xizmat qilgan bo’lsa, “Navoiy” dostoni shu nomdagi romanning, “Qizlar” dostoni esa “Oltin vodiydan shabadalar “ning eskizidir. Agar shu fikr asosida yondoshsak , “Quyosh qoraymas”, “Nur qidirib”, “Bolalik” asarlarining ham “she’riy” ildizlari topiladi.
Oybekning bizga yetib kelgan dastlabki she’ri 1922-yil’da yozil’gan “Cholg’u tovushi” dir.
Yosh shoir ulg’aygani sayin uning qalbidagi tuyg’ular yanada samimiylasha, teranlasha bordi. Jonivorlarga bo’lgan bolalik mehri katta insoniy sevgi daryosiga kelib tutashdi.Uning lirik qahramoni haqiqiy muhabbat o’tida toblanib, hayotni, tabiatni, vatanni, teran his qilish darajasiga ko’tarildi. U Neva bo’ylarida, Qora dengiz sohillarida bo’lib, ulardan olgan o’chmas taassurotlarini o’z she’rlari qatida singdirdi. Lekin bu go’zal manzillar oldida o’zbek diyorining alvon ranglari aslo xira tortmadi. Aksincha, shoir tabiatning bu so’lim manzaralari osha o’z yurtiga nazar tashlab, uning oltin tuprog’ini o’zgacha bir badiiy kuch bilan sharafladi:
Bir o’lkaki tuprog’ida oltin gullaydi,
Bir o’lkaki, kishilarida shivirlar bahor.
Bir o’lkaki,sal ko’rmasa, quyosh sog’inar…
Bir o’lkaki, g’ayratidan asabi chaqnar.
Baxt toshini chaqib bunda kuch guvillaydi.
1936-yil yozi Oybekning she’riy ijodida yangi bir davrni ochdi. Shoir o’sha kezlarda qalmkash birodarlari bilan Toshkent atrofidagi go’zal Chimyonda yashab, A.S.Pushkinning “Yevgeniy Onegin” she’riy romanini tarjima qildi. Bir tomondan, rus shoirining go’zal she’riy olami, ikinchi tomondan, tog’ qishlog’ining musaffo havosi bolan navas olish, o’zbek tabiyatining fusumkor manzaratini qalb ko’zi bilan simirish Oybek bulog’ini jo’shtirib yubordi. Shu davrga oid “Chimyon daftari” turkumiga kirgan she’rlarida Oybek xassos lirik shoir sifatida qaytadan tug’ildi. Bu turkumga kirgan “Tog’ sayri”, “Na’matak”, “Tepaga chiqamen, soyga tushamen”, “Abadiyat va umr”kabi she’rlarida Oybek o’zbek tabiatining takrorlanmas she’riy obrazini yaratdi.
Urush yillarida Oybek frontga borib, o’zbek jangchilarining jangovar hayotlari bilan bevosita jang maydonida tanishdi. Uning shu yillarda yozgan va keyinchalik “Olovli yo’llar” to’plamini tashkil etgan she’rlari ma’lum ma’noda “Quyosh qora emas” romaniga eskiz bo’lib xizmat etdi. Ehtimol, bu she’rlar o’q yomg’iri ostida yozilgani uchun u qadar badiiy yuksak emasdir. Lekin ulardan urush yillarining nafasi ayon eshitilib turadi. Oybekning, ayniqsa “Yig’i kelmadi sira…” she’ridagi urush haqiqati bilan sug’orilgan manzara tasviridan keyin “Kuygan uylarda uvlar Qish quyuni betinim. Tanho kezamen, Yig’lar yuragimda Vatanim”satrlarini o’qir ekansiz, go’yo she’r so’ngida portlash yuz beradigandek taassurot tug’iladi.
4-MAVZU: OYBEKNING “NAVOIY” ROMANI.
Reja:
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Asarning yozilish tarixi.
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Romanning asosiy g’oyasi.
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Asardagi tarixiy shaxslar.
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Alisher Navoiy va Husayn Boyqaro o’rtasidagi munosabatlar.
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Romanning badiiy xususiyatlari.
BAYONI:
Oybek Navoiy hayoti va ijodi bilan 30-yillar arafasida faol qiziqa boshladi. U shu yillarda Yazdiy, Koshifiy, Qazviniy, Muhammad Tolib, Abdurazzoq Samarqandiy, Vosifiy, Mirxond singari tarixchi olimlarning asarlarini qunt bilan o’rganishga kirishdi, lekin 20-yillar oxiri – 30-yillarda o’zbek adabiyotida avj olgan noto’g’ri qarashlar tufayli Oybekka ham qator ayblar qo’yildi.
Oybek, bir tomoni, o’ziga qo’yilgan aybdan xalos bo’lish uchun “Qutlug’ qon” romaniga oddiy kambag’al xalq vakilini bosh qahramon sifatida tanladi. Lekin romanda tasvir etilgan voqealar mantiqi shuni ko’rsatdiki, yo’lchilar tarixning burilish nuqtalarida xalq ommasiga rahbarlik ham qilaolmaydilar, ta’sir ham o’tkaza bilmaydilar. Qolaversa, 30-yillarda oddiy ishchilar va dehqonlar orasidan yetishib chiqqan davlat va mamlakat rahbarlari ham mustabit markaz oldida na el-yurt manfaatini, na o’zlarini himoya qilaolmaydilar. Shuning uchun Oybek xalqqa ham, adabiyotga ham Navoiy singari daholar kerak degan xulosaga keldi.
“Qutlug’ qon romani” hali chop etilmay turib Oybek 1940-yil 6-yanvarda “Navoiy” romani ustida ish boshlab yubordi va uni 1942-yilning qish oylarida tugatdi. Roman turli muhokamalardan o’tib, 1944-yilda nashr etildi.
O’zbek xalqi tarixida XIV-XV asrlar alohida o’rinni egallaydi. Amir Temurning tarix sahnasiga chiqishi bilan yangi va qudratli o’zbek davlatchiligiga asos soladi. Sharqning hozirga qadar iftixori bo’lib kelgan mahobatli inshootlar – me’moriy obidalar bino etildi. Adabiyot, san’at va fan keng taraqqiy etdi. Ana shu taraqqiyotning timsoli va natijasi sifatida Alisher Navoiyning buyuk asarlari yaratildi. Navoiy faqat buyuk shoir bo’libgina qolmay XV asrning ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy, madaniy, ma’rifiy hayotiga ham katta ta’sir o’tkazdi.
Ayrim tarixchilarda agar Husayn Boyqaro bo’lmaganida Navoiy shoir sifatida bunday yuksaklikka erishmagan bo’lardi degan fikr bor. Ehtimol, bu fikrda haqiqat urug’lari yo’q emasdir. Ammo eng muhimi shundaki, agar Navoiy boo’lmaganida Husayn Boyqaro ham davlatni va avom (xalq)ni idora etishda bu darajada muvaffaqiyat qozonmagan Husayn Boyqaroning o’zi ham, xalq ham, davlat ham allaqachonlar ichki nizolar va urushlarning qurboni bo’lgani bo’lardi. Shu so’zlarning o’zidanoq roman markazida Navoiy va Husayn Boyqaro obrazlari turishi yaqqol ko’rinib turibdi. Shubhasiz, Oybekning asosiy maqsadi Navoiyning ulug’ inson, shoir va davlat arbobi sifatidagi obrazini yaratishdir. Oybekning talqinicha, Navoiy siymosining ana shu uchala qirrasini o’zaro birlashtirib turadigan “magnit maydoni” uning insonparvarligidir. Oybek Navoiyning insonparvar shoir va davlat arbobi sifatidagi obrazini yaratish uchun asarga tarixiy shaxslar obrazi bilan birga badiiy to’qima obrazlarni ham kiritgan. Bular, birnchi navbatda, Navoiyning shogirdi Sultonmurod, uning do’sti Arslonqul va uning sevgilisi Dildordir. Bular roman voqealaridan oddiy xalq vakillari sifatida ishtirok etib Navoiyning ulug’ inson, shoir va davlat arbobi sifatidagi obrazini ochishga ko’maklashadi. Husayn Boyqaro, Jomiy, Behzod, Nizomulmulk, Majididdin singari o’nlab qahramonlar esa Oybek asariga to’ppa-to’g’ri tarix sahifalaridan kirib kelgan. Oybek bu qahramonlar obrazini yaratishda tarix haqiqatiga suyangan.
Shoir va tarjimon A.Naumovning yozishicha, Oybek u bilan suhbatida “Navoiy” romanining yaratilish tarixi haiqda so’zlab, unga: “Yozishdan avval men qahramonlarimni aniq tayin ko’rganman, ular, mening xayolimda, bir paytlar tarix shudgoriga tashlangan urug’dan o’sib chiqqandek edilar”, — degan ekan.
Adibning bu fikri nafaqat tarixiy shaxslar, balki to’qima obrazlarga ham taalluqlidir.
O’sha suhbatdoshning yozishicha, Oybek unga yana bunday so’zlarni aytgan: “Mening stolim ustida o’rta asrlardagi Hirotning o’zim chizgan xaritasi yotardi. Men Hirotda uyqu og’ushiga ketib, Hirotda uyg’onar edim, faqat kechalarigina men yashayotgan Toshkent tushimga kirardi”.
Oybekning bu so’zlari uning roman yozishga jiddiy tayyorgarlik bilan kirishgani, asar konfliktini tashkil etuvchi kuchlar va bu kuchlarning vakili bo’lgan shaxslarni aniq-tayin tasavvur etganidan guvohlik beradi.
Roman XV asrdagi Movarounnahr hayotidan olingan. Bu hol adibning shu davrdagi tarixiy sharoitni, Navoiy va Husayn Boyqaro, Navoiy va Jomiy, Navoiy va xalq o’rtasidagi munosabatlarni badiiy mujassamlashtirishni taqozo qilgan, albatta. Oybek shu mavzularni badiiy yoritish jarayonida Navoiy obrazining eng muhim qirralarini ochishga intilgan.
“Inson barcha maxluqotlarning tojidir. U sharafli, sof, go’zal yashamog’i kerak” – Navoiyning shoir va davlat arbobi sifatida butun faoliyati shu narsani amalga oshirishga qaratilgan. Bu, Navoiy yashagan davr uchun, hatto undan keyingi davrlar uchun ham bir utopiya, xayoldir. Shu ma’noda Navoiy – xayolparast. Bunday oily g’oyalar, oily maqsadlar faqat xayolparastlarning ko’nglida, shuuridagina tug’iladi.
Husayn Boyqaro – Amir Temurning munosib avlodi. U qilich tutishni ham, mamlakatni idora qilishni ham, hatto g’azal yozishni ham yaxshi bilardi. Lekin u, romanda aytilganidek, “qilichdan ko’ra mayga, jang maydonlaridan ko’ra chaman bog’larda tuzilgan sho’x bazmlarga moyil”. Sharq podsholariga xos bo’lgan ana shu xislat bilan xalqning “sharafli, sof, go’zal” yashashi haqidagi Navoiyning orzu-istaklari o’rtasida tubsiz bir jarlik bor.
Navoiy Husayn Boyqaroni bolalik kezlaridan boshlab yaxshi bilgani uchun unga ishonadi; uni eng odil, aql-zakovatli, davlatpanoh va xalqparvar temuriy podsholardan biri, deb biladi. Yana shuni ham yaxshi biladiki, Husayn Boyqaroning atrofida uning zaif tomonlaridan o’z maqsadlari yo’lida foydalanadigan, uni chalg’itadigan , hatto o’zi bilan podsho o’rtasidagi iliq munosabatlarga soya taashlaydigan kimsalar oz emas. Afsuski, Sulton Hysayn podsho bo’lsa-da, Ollohning “xom sut ichgan” bandalaridan biri bo’lgani uchun ba’zan xushomadgo’ylar-u ig’vogarlarning zo’r mahorat bilan to’qigan to’ridan chiqa olmaydi. Xazinani to’ldirish muammosi unga xalq dard-u tashvishlaridan ko’ra muhimroq bo’lib tuyuladi.
Navoiy saroydagi xudbin va ig’vogar kimsalar tufayli Husayn Boyqaro bilan uning farzandlari o’rtasida chiqqan nizolarni, dastavval, xalq va davlat manfaatidan kelib chiqib bartaraf etgan. U ota bilan farzand o’rtasida sulh o’rnatish uchun Badiuzzamon huzuriga borganida, shahzoda o’g’lining xoinlarcha o’ldirilgani tufayli sulhga rozi bo’lmagan.
Oybek asarda ezgulik bilan yomonlik mavzusini turli taqdirlar va voqealar tasviri orqali yoritar ekan, yomonlik jazolanmay qolmaydi, degan qat’iy e’tiqodidan kelib chiqib, Majididdinning ham, Nizomullmulkning ham, To’g’onbekning ham sharmandali o’lim topganini bo’rttirib tasvirlaydi. To’g’ri, adib romandagi asosiy ijobiy qahramonlardan biri Arslonqulning ham vafotini chetlab o’tmagan. Ammo uning yurt mudofaasi paytidagi o’limi asl qahramonning, vatanparvarning o’limi bo’lsa, To’g’onbeklarning o’limi itlarning o’limi edi.
Oybek bu razil insonlar hayotining fojiali yakun topganini avlodlarga ibrat bo’lsin degan maqsadda: “Itga – it o’limi”, degan xalq hikmatining asossiz emasligini ko’rsatish uchun atayin tasvirlangan.
Navoiy temuriylar sulolasi hukmronlik qilgan tarixiy davrda yashab, ijod etdi. Temur va temuriylar tufayli laxtak-laxtak bo’lib yashayotgan turkiy qabilalar birlashib, qudratli va bepoyon o’zbek davlati vujudga keldi. Yuqorida aytib o’[tilganidek, xuddi shu davrda fan, adabiyot va san’at o’zining yuksak cho’qqisiga ko’tarildi. Me’morchilik va hunarmandchilik mislsiz darajada taraqqiy etdi. Ammo Amir Temur vafotidan keyin qudratli o’zbek davlati parchalanib, shahzodalar o’rtasidagi urush va nizolar avj oldi. Oybek o’zbek xalqi tarixining shu murakkab va faromush davrlarini ko’z oldiga keltirgan holda Navoiy tili bilan Badiuzzamonga bunday deydi: “Men aminmanki, siz jaholat tig’ini sindirmasangiz, birodarlaringiz nomussizlik botqog’iga kun sayin chuqurroq botaversalar, bu muborak yurtda hayot o’chog’i sovirilur”. Oybekning bu so’zlarni Navoiy tili bilan aytishdan yoki bu so’zlarni Navoiyga ayttirishdan maqsadi o’zbek yurtining XV asrdan boshlangan va asrlar mobaynida davom etgan o’zaro urushlar natijasida XIX asrning 60-yillariga kelib, Rossiya tomonidan osongina bosib olingani va mustamlakaga aylanganini aytishdir.
Xullas, Oybek romanda Navoiy siymosi va u yashagan tarixiy davrni tasvirlash orqali zamondoshlarini o’tmishdagi achchiq voqealardan saboq, xalq va vatan manfaati yo’lida yashab, ijod qilgan ulug’ siymolar va ularning ajoyib fazilatlaridan esa ibrat olishga chaqiradiki, xuddi shu narsada asarning ma’rifiy va tarbiyaviy ahamiyati yotadi.
Shunday qilib, romanda, bir tomondan, Navoiy – Boyqaro – Jomiy – Sultonmurod – Xalq, ikkinchi tomondan esa, Arslonqul – Dildor sujet chiziqlari tasvirlanadi. Adib bu har ikkala sujet chizig’ini shunday ustalik bilan birlashtirib yuborganki, kitobxon ularni yaxlit badiiy qatlam sifatida ijro etadi.
Xullas, Oybek ulug’ o’zbek shoiriga bag’ishlangan romanini shunday shohi ipaklar bilan tikkanki, bunda adibining tanlangan mavzu va qahramonga bo’lgan muhabbati yaqqol sezilib turadi.
“Biz o’z muhabbatimiz bilan narsalarga go’zallik bag’ishlaymiz”, degan edi mashhur fransuz yozuvchisi Anatol Frans.
Oybek ham Navoiyga nisbatan tuygan ulkan hurmati va muhabbati bilan buyuk shoir siymosiga va umuman, u haqdagi romanga ajib bir go’zallik bag’ishladi.
5-MAVZU: ABDULLA QAHHORNING
HAYOTI VA IJODI
6-MAVZU: ABDULLA QAHHORNING
“O’TMISHDAN ERTAKLAR” QISSASI VA “SAROB” ROMANI .
“Sarob” romani. “Sarob romani” kitob bo’lib chiqqandan buyon to hozirga qadar uning tevaragida qizg’in bahs-munozaralar davom etib keladi. U haqda ko’pgina nohaq ta’nalar ham aytilgan. Adib tarjimayi holida shunday yozadi: „Sarob”ni to’rt yilda yozib tugatdim… Uni kitobxon xush qabul qildi, lekin ba’zan arzon shuhratparastlik, ba’zan siyosiy demagoglik, ba’zan esa to’gridan-to’g’ri jaholat natijasi bo’lgan tanqid nayza ko’tarib qarshi oldi. Bu nasrda hatto farosatli odamlarni ham chalg’itdi”. Adabiy davralardan birida „Sarob” tanqidi munosabati bilan berilgan savolga yozuvchi: „Tanqid shu paytga qadar „Sarob”dan nuqul siyosat izladi. Romandagi odamlarning dardi-dunyosini, oh-u zorini eshitadigan bir azamat topilmadi”, deya afsus bildirgan edi.
To’g’ri „Sarob”da XX asr 20-yillardagi ziddiyatli ijtimoiy-siyosiy hodisalar, mafkuraviy siyosiy kurashlar ifodasi ham bor. Davr siyosati ta’sirida, inqilobga qarshi chiqqanlarni tarafkashlik bilan qoralashga urinish ham mavjud. Biroq „Sarob” siyosat asari emas. Romandagi asosiy narsa undagi yetakchi personajdir – Saidiy bilan Nunisxon qismati, ruhiyati tahlili ifodasidir. Bu roman birinchi galda xazon bo’lgan muhabbat, uvol bo’lgan umr dostonidir. Ikki ko’rkam yoshning, bir-biriga munosib, aslida baxt uchun tug’ilgan, ammo shaxsiyatidagi, tabiatidagi ojizliklar, qolaversa, jamiyatdagi ziddiyatlar tufayli hayotda o’z o’rnini, baxtini topolmagan navqiron avlodining achchiq fojiiy qismati, ruhiy iztiroblar, oh-zorlari to’g’risidagi asardir.
Saidiy bilan Munisxon muhabbati, ular umrining zavol topishida, shubhasiz, bu yoshlar tushib qolgan sharoit, vaziyatning ziddiyatlarga to’la davrning hissasi, ta’siri katta. Ayni paytda inson bolasi nomukammal bir zot. Taqdiri azalning o’yinimi, peshonaga yozilganning ro’yobga chiqishimi yoki insoniy ojizliklar oqibatimi – ro’y bergan omadsizlik va baxtsizliklar uchun birinchi galda ularning o’zlari aybdordirlar; o’ztaqdirlariga nisbatanloqaydlik, xudbinlik, maqsad yo’lida sobitsizlik, mutelik ixtiyorni o’zgalar qo’liga topshirib, razolat bilan ittifoq tutinish, bundan ham yomoni, razolatga ko’nikish inson bolasi uchun eng og’ir gunoh, ko’rgilik, katta fojia. Asarda siz Saidiy va Munisxonning achchiq sevgi va umr savdosi, ruhiy iztiroblari, dramalarga to’la qalb daftari bilan tanishib, alamli o’ylarga tolasiz. Bu jihatdan “Sarob” jahon adabiyotidagi ayni shu xil ruhiy fojialar tasvir va tahlil etilgan eng yetuk asarlar bilan bir qatorda turadi.
Qlatis vaziyatlarda bosh personaj qismatida, ruhiyatida yuz bergan o’ta ziddiyatli, fojiali holatlar asarda katta mahorat bilan ko’rsatilgan. Inson bolasi uchun eng og’ir ko’rgulik fojia o’zining ko’ngil mayliga zid boorish, ta’bi suymagan ishni qilish, bundan ham og’iri – jirkanch vaziyatga o’zini moslash, taqdirning shafqatsizligiga, omadsizlikka ko’nikish, omonat asoslar orqali o’zini ovutishdan iborat. Saidiy domla xonadonida ana shunday mushkulotga duch keladi: aqlga – tasavvurga sig’maydigan hol yuz beradi – sekin-asta Saidiy qalbidagi barkamol go’zal qiz Munisxon o’rnini ma’naviy qashshoq, jismoniy xasta o’ta xunuk tasqara Soraxon egallay boshlaydi. Yozuvchi bu ruhiy jarayonni butun mushkuloti, og’riqlari, azob istiroblari bilan ifoda etadi. Ayniqsa, Saidiyning ko’ngilsiz vaziyatga o’zini ko’niktirish, o’zini Soraxondan fazilatlar qidirish jarayoni tasviri yozuvchining noyob badiiy kashfiyotidir. Deyarli shundy hol Munisxonda ham yuz beradi. Munisxon ham, o’z navbatida, Saidiydek ko’rkam, istedodli yigit qolib, vaziyat taqazosi, aka xohishi, amri bilan ma’naviy tuban ko’rimsiz, jirkanch odamga zo’rlab uzatiladi.
Yozuvchi Saidiyning ya’ni qabohatga moslashgan bandai mo’minning bu xonadondagi xorliklari, insonlik shani, nafsoniyatinig oyoq osti etilishi, tasqara xotin, bulbuli go’yo qaynona, makkor qaynota tomonidan tahqirlanishi, xasta opasi boshiga tushgan chidab bo’lmas xo’rliklar, bularning ustiga ishdagi, ijodidagi omadsizlik, tanazzul tarixini batafsil ko’rsatadi. Saidiyning o’sha kezlardagi nochor holati, istiroblari inson qalbini larzaga soladi. Yozuvchi qahramonning ayanchli qismati xususida bir personaj tilidan lo’nda qilib shunday deydi: “Rahimjon hozir shalag’i chiqqan aravaday Murodxo’ja domlaning tomorqasida ag’anab yotibdi”. Nihoyat, Saidiyning ichki hayoti bilan tashqi hayoti orasidagi kundan kun o’sib borayotgan qarama-qarshilik uning joniga qasdqilar darajasiga yetadi; utelba holga tushadi, o’lim qidirib, bu dargohdan olib ketadi.
“Sarob” romanida zamonning o’tkirchi dovullari ta’sirida bitilgan zaif o’rinlar ham bor; biroq bu zamon bosh personajlar fojiiy qismati, ruhiyati dramasi tasviri va badiiy tahlilidan kelib chiqadigan achchiq saboqlari bilan hamma davr kitobxoni uchun qimmatlidir. “Sarob”ni o’qigan kitobxon inson farzandi hayotda hamisha mustaqil, o’z taqdiri uchun mas’ul, yuksak e’tiqod yo’lida sotib va kurashchi bo’lishi darkor, degan xulosaga keladi.
“O’tmishdan ertaklar” qissasi. “O’tmishdan ertaklar” yozuvchi ijodining o’ziga xos yakuniy so’nggi cho’qqisi bo’ldi. Garchi “O’tmishdan ertaklar”dan keyin ham bir qator hikoyalar, “Muhabbat” qissasi yaratolgan, ularda qahhorona bitilgan satrlar bo’lsa-da, badiiy yetuklik jihatidan “O’tmishdan ertaklar”bilan tenglasha olmaydi.
“O’tmishdan ertaklar” muallifning bolalikda ko’rgan – ko’chirganlari haqidagi avtobiografik asar, biroq o’zbek adabiyotidagi mavjud avtobiografik asarlardan, jumladan, zamondoshi Oybekning “Bolalik” qissasidan keskin farq qiladi. “Bolalik”da lirik talqin, hodisalarning shoirona idrok etish ustun. Bola obrazi Oybek qissasida birinchi planda ko’rinsa, uning ko’rgan – kechirganlari sarguzashtlari, shu kechinmalari tufayli murg’ak qalbida tug’ilgan rangba-rang tuyg’ular ifodasi asar asosini tashkil etsa, “O’tmishdan ertaklar”da bola Abdulla obrazi orqa o’rinda turadi, u asosan “kuzatuvchi”, “guvoh”, “xolis hikoyachi” tarzida beriladi; yozuvchilar asosiy diqqat-e’tibori bola guvohligida oilada, oila tevaragida yuz bergan voqealarni – turmushning obyektiv lavhalarini chizishga qaratilgan. Bu qissada ham yozuvchi hikoyanavisligicha qoladi, oxirgi “Qo’qon xarobalari orasida” bobini mustasno etganda, qissaning sarlavhalangan deyarli har bir bobi tugal hikoyadir, aniqrog’i ular fojiali ruhdagi voqeiy novellalardir. Yozuvchi bu asarida real hayotda ko’rgan-kechirganlaridan “badiiy to’qima” – ijodiy fantaziyalarsiz yetuk hikoya – tugal san’at asari yaratishning, real hayot “haqiqatini dildan o’tkazish, unga ko’ngildagi gaplarni singdirish”ning ajoyib namunalarini berdi. Umr bo’yi adibga tinchlik bermagan, butun ijodida temirchi o’chog’idagi cho’g’dek yallig’lanib turgan inson sha’ni, qadri bilan bog’liq alamli o’y-tuyg’ular, jaholatga qarshi isyon bu qissada adibning so’nggi faryodi-fig’oni kabi yangrardi.
Ayni shunday asarni ayni 60-yillar o’rtasida yaratilish sababi nimada? “O’tmishdan ertaklar” shunchaki adabiyotdagi an’ana ta’sirida muallifning bolalik xotiralarini qog’ozga tushirib niyatida vujudga kelganmi? Nega bu asar adabiyotdagi mavjud bolalik qissalaridan farqli o’laroq, asosan, xo’rlangan, sha’ni toptalgan kimsalar, jaholat qurbonlari haqidagi hikoyalardan iborat bo’lib chiqdi? Buning sabablarini, jumladan, yozuvchining asar yozilish oldidagi ruhiy holati, kayfiyatlaridan izlash darkor. Adibning o’sha kezlarda yondaftarda yozib qoldirgan qaydlaridan birida shu so’zlarni o’qiymiz:
“Mamlakatimizda Stalindan so’ng uzundan uzun momaqaldiroq bo’lib o’tdi. Bu momaqaldiroqni birinchi sadosi xalqlar ko’nglida juda katta orzu-umidlar uyg’otdi, xalqlar buning ketidan keladigan obirahmatni kutdi. Biroq momaqaldiroq, shamol-to’polon ko’tardi-yu obirahmatdan bir tomchi ham tommadi”.
Bir joyda qo’nim topolmay, qishloqma-qishloq ko’chib, azondan kechgacha ter to’kib ishlar, tinimsiz temir taqirlatib, kichkina xonadon dasturxonini to’kin qilolmay, armonda yurgan omadsiz ota, sakkizta bolasini qora yer bag’riga berib, o’jar qaynona dag’dag’lari, darbadar hayot mashaqqatlari tufayli ozib-to’zib, “arvak” holiga tushgan mushtipart ona, shafqatsiz darbadar turmush, tahqir-u xo’rliklardan “indamas”, “soqov”ga aylangan bola haqidagi lavhalar o’quvchining yurak-bag’rini ezib yuboradi. O’zgalarning hayoti-chi? Yozuvchi mehnatkashlar hayotiga oid biri biridan ayanchli, biri biridan dahshatli lavhalar keltiradi. Yo’qchili, jaholat qurboni Babarning mudhish taqdiri, ochilmasdan gulg’unchaligida xazon etilgan “hur qiz” – Sarviniso halokati – har biri dahshat, fojia! Qonsiz, shaxs halokatidan xoli, biroq gumrohlik, jaholat bilan bog’liq, bir qarashda kulgili tuyulgan hodisa ham aslida bir fojia! Chunonchi, katta shahar Qo’qondan bor-yo’g’i yigirma chaqirim naridagi qishloq ahli German bilan urush boshlanganligi xabarini ikki oydan keyin, o’shanda ham tasodifiy suratda eshitadi; kishilarning ko’ziga oddiy hodisalar – mashinaning chok tikishi, patefonning qo’shiq aytishi, bir palla tarvuzning po’chog’ida ko’rsatilgan oddiy “nayrang”, ohanraboning temir kalitni o’ziga tortishi, tug’ruqxonada odamning tug’ilishi, “shayton arava” – velosiped mingan kishining harakati – barcha-barchasi g’ayritabiiy, mo’jiza bo’lib ko’rinaveradi. Jo’n, ba’zan tasodifiy xatti-harakatlar juda ko’ngilsiz va dahshatli oqibatlarga olib keladi. “O’likning yog’ini, tirikning tirnog’ini yeyishga” turgan “ajdaho” To’raqul vofurush o’jar, dog’uli Valixon so’fi, olg’ir, mug’ambir ellikboshi, oqposhshoning arzandasi yuz boshi bilan bog’liq hikoyalar dillarni larzaga soladi.
Qissada goho ko’ngilga huzur baxsh etuvchi nurli lavhalar, kishilararo hazil-mutoyibalar ham uchraydi, biroq bu quvonchli daqiqalar uzoqqa bormaydi, tezda avvalgisidan battarroq, dahshatliroq hodisalar bilan almashadi. Oqdomlaning jinnixonasi yonida umrguzorlik qilish azobidan qutilib, Yaypanga ko’chgan oilaning yo’ldag holatini eslaylik: yo’l bo’yidagi devorsiz, devori qulagan, nuragan bog’lar, qing’ir-qiyshiq uylarini quchoqlab yotgan chorbog’lar, qiyg’os gulag kirgan daraxtlar… butun qishloq kattakon bog’ga o’xshaydi. Shu damlarda oila a’zolari qatori Abdullaning ham ko’ngli chog’, o’rik g’o’rasini yeganda ham hamma yoqni bahor hidi tutib ketadi, butun bahor shu chigitdakkina g’o’raning ichiga qamab qo’yilganday tuyuladi… Afsus, bu quvonch uzoqqa bormaydi. Mana shu go’zal makonda oila manfur kimsa Vofurush xonadoniga tushib qoladi, oilaning galagi ko’rguliklari boshlanadi… Oilaning yana bir ko’shgan joyi – Oqqo’rg’on qishloq emas, anjirzor bog’lar, chorbog’larda nuqul anjir. Oila tushgan hovli sahnida ikki tup anjir, shoxlarida shig’il mevalar, kindigidan sap-sariq sharbat oqib yotipdi; ochlik bo’lishiga qaramasdan, unga hech kim tegmagan… Quvonchli hodisa vaziyat; biroq shu zahoti dilni g’ash qiladiga holat; hovlining egasi bulturgi vaboda bolachaqasi bilan qirilib ketgan; oila mana shu xosiyatsiz maskanda yashashga majbur…
Bundan butun asar mana shunaqa ko’ngilsiz voqealr tizimidan tashkil topgan.
Qiqasi, o’zbek adabiyotida ma’nosiz hayotning bu xildagi muthish manzaralari hech qachon bu qadar shafqatsizlik bilan ifoda etilgan emas. Yozuvchi haqiqat oldida hatto o’z yaqinlari, otasini ham ayamaydi. Bu jihatdan “O’tmishdan ertaklar” XX asr jahon janggi adabiyotining noyob badiiy durdonalari qatoridan o’rin olishga haqlidir.
7-MAVZU: MAQSUD SHAYХZODANING
HAYOTI VA IJODI
RЕJA:
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Maqsud Shayхzodaning hayot yo’li.
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Shoirning ijodiy faoliyati.
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Shayхzodaning shе’riy asarlari.
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Shayхzodaning dramaturglik mahorati.
BAYONI
Atoqlii shoir va dramaturg Maqsud Shayхzoda 1908 yil Ozarbayjonning Ganja viloyatidagi Oqtosh shahrida tug’ildi. Badiiyatga еrta qiziqdi. O’zi е’tirof еtishicha, “hali alifboni еgallamasdan oldin”shе’r yarata boshladi. Ijodi onag’Vatanida ko’z ochdi, lеkin ilg’or fikrlari tufayli ta’qibga uchrab, 1929 yil Toshkеntga ko’chib o’tdi. Shundan boshlab umrining oхirigacha O’zbеkiston unga ikkinchi Vatan bo’lib qoldi. Toshkеntda shoir qator gazеta jurnallarda ishladi, oliy o’quv yurtlarida dars bеrdi, ilmiy faoliyat olib bordi. Uning ko’pdan ko’p tadqiqotlari o’zbеk adabiyotshunosligi rivojiga muhim hissa bo’lib qo’shildi. Nizomiy Ganjaviy, SHota Rustavеli, Shеkspir, Bobur, Bayron, Pushkin ijodiga bag’ishlangan maqolalarda bu san’atkorlarning jahon adabiyoti ravnaqidagi o’rni o’rganildi. Shayхzodaning, ayniqsa, Alishеr Navoiy poеtik mahoratini tadbiq еtgan ishlari ilmiy chuqurligi, go’zalligi bilan ajralib turadi. “G’azal mulkining sultoni” dеb atagan turkumdagimaqolalari hozirgacha yangi avlod navoiyshunoslariga o’rnak bo’lib kеladi.
Shеkspir, Bayron, Maхmumquli, Tagor, Avеtik Isaakyan, Nozim Hikmat asarlarining o’zbеk tiliga o’girilgan qator namunalarida Shayхzodaning yuksak tarjimonlik san’ati namoyon bo’ladi.
Maqsud Shayхzodaning o’zbеk adabiyoti, madaniyati ravnaqiga qo’shgan hissasi mustaqil O’zbеkiston va uning hukumati tomonidan munosib е’zozlandi. Qator maktab va ko’chalar uning nomi bilan taqdirlangan.
ХХ asr o’zbеk shе’riyati rivojida Shayхzodaning o’rni katta. Rang barang shakl va mazmun, ko’tarinki ruh, o’ktam pafos bilan sug’orilgan shе’rlaridagi quyma obrazlar, ramziylik, so’zlardagi jarangdorlik, musiqiy salobat shoir asarlariga ajib badiiy yaхlitlik baхsh еtadi, o’quvchi qalbida shularga monand hissiyotlar to’lqinini uyg’otadi.
Shoir hеch qachon, kitobiy, sun’iy muammolarni izlamadi. U, еng avvalo, o’zini hayajonga solgan, o’zidagi fuqarolik va poеtik hujayralari ko’zini ochgan masalalarga murojaat еtadi. Shoir uyg’otgan yog’dular kitobхon qalbi, shuurga ham ko’chib o’tadi. O’zining yangi umrini boshlaydi. Uning shе’rlarida, ayniqsa, chiroyli badiiy obrazlar mo’ldir. Shoirga ba’zan dеngizdagi nuqtadеk qayiq “suv ustidagi хol” bo’lib tuyulsa, ba’zan chag’alaylar quyrig’i “Ufqqa bеrilgan savol” bo’lib jaranglaydi.
Shayхzoda shе’rlari “Chorak asr davomida”, “Dunyo boqiy”, “Хiyobon”singari o’nlab to’plamlarda bosilib chiqdi. Bu shе’rlar yuksak insoniy orzular bilan yashayotgan zamondosh хayollari, muhabbati, dardlari, umidlari bilan kuylandi. To’g’ri, qirq yil davom еtgan ijodida Shayхzoda Lеnin, Krеml, sho’rolar, irqa va firqaviylarni ham kuyladi. Lеkin bu zamon va tuzumning shoir taqdiri va ijodidagi muhridir. Biroq Shayхzoda shе’riyatining qimmati bu yo’nalishdagi asarlar bilan еmas, inson qalbining nozik va bеtakror holatlarininafis va ko’tarinki, umidvor aks еttirib, o’quvchida ana shunday go’zal onlarning yanada boyishida хizmat qiluvchi asarlari bilan bеlgilanadi. Shayхzoda shoirning asosiy vazifasini “inson ruhini tarbiyalash, odamda yaхshilik unsurlarini ko’paytirish, хalqqa go’zallik va nafosat tuyg’usini yanada ьaland darajada ko’tarishda” dеb bilgan еdi.
Uning “Toshkеntnoma” nomli lirik falsafiy dostoniga munosabatda ham shu nuqtayi nazardan kеlib chiqish to’g’ri bo’ladi. Shoining bu fikrlari o’zining aksar shе’rlari uchun ham ochqich bo’la oladi.
Maqsud Shayхzoda fikricha va iqroricha, hayotdagi buyuk nе’matlardan biri shе’riyat, tеngsiz go’zalliklardan biri shе’rdir. Shayхzoda “Shе’r chin go’zallik singlisi еkan” nomli shе’rida butun ijodi bo’ylab porlagan — shе’riyatning insonga chеksiz go’zalliklar, ruhiy tovlanish va еvrilishlar in’om еtguvchi mohiyatini kuylaydi, uning yangi-yangi qirralarini ochishga intiladi.
Shе’r sarlavhasidagi fikr, bir jihatdan, yangilik еmasdеk. Unga yaqin qarashlarni Navoiy, Pushkin, Yesеnin, Cho’lpon ijodida ham uchratamiz. Biroq shе’riyatning yozilmagan qoidalariga ko’ra, asosiy masala, asarga turtki bo’lgan fikr va ifodalanayotgan ma’nodagina еmas, balki ularning badiiy namoyon еtilish tarzi, o’quvchi ruhiyatida yangi to’lqinli tuyg’ularni uyg’ota bilish san’atidir. Shayхzodaning “Shе’r chin go’zallik singlisi еkan” asari shu jihatlari bilan qimmatli.
Asarda shе’riyat, inson tabiati va umrini yashnatib turuvchi ulug’ хosiyatlardan biri sifatida ulug’lanadi. Shе’r bilan oshno bo’lish, muallif fikricha, inson fе’l-atvorini, quvvayi ziyosini, ma’naviyatini sеrmazmun qiladi, ruhiyati barkamol bo’lishiga kuchli ta’sir ko’rsatdi.
Har kimki u bilan sеvishsa agar —
Husniga chiroylar qo’shilar aynan.
Bu chiroy nainki surat, ayni vaqtda siyrat chiroyi hamdir. O’quvchi bu misralarning hayotiy, jonli, purhikmat еkaniga sinfdoshlar, uzoq-yaqin hamsuhbat do’stlar, tanish-bilishlar misolida ishonch hosil qilishi turgan gap. Shе’riyat iхlosmandi umr ma’nosidagi achchiq haqiqat-u, oniy nazokatlarni chuqur tushunishi, tiniqroq his еtishi, go’zal ma’nolar va tuyg’ulardan mutaassir bo’lishi hamda shular ta’siridagi o’zining kishini o’ziga jalb еtib turmaydimi?
Umr shomiga yaqin Shayхzoda bir хatti-harakatlari, dunyoga qarashi, atrofdagilarga munosabati, хususan, ichki va tashqi istarasi bilan qator judoliklarni boshdan kеchirdi. 1966-yilda yaqin do’sti, buyuk shoir G’afur G’ulom, munosabatlari yaqin bo’lgan ulkan davlat arbobi Usmon YUsupov vafot еtdi. Bu yo’qotishlar shoir yuragida kuchli aks sado bеrdi: “G’afurga хat” va “Ayriliq” (Usmon Yusupov хotirasiga) nomli shе’rlar yaratildi.
Insonni qadrlash, har bir qalbning izzatg’nafsiga хolis munosabat muammolarni badiiy yoritish Shayхzoda shе’riyatining еtakchi yo’nalishini tashkil еtadi. Shoir o’zi ham hayotga bir qator adolatsizlikka ro’barsh kеldi. O’tgan asrning 20-yillarida nohaq quv-quvga uchradi, 50-yillar avvalida nohaq qamalib chiqdi. Bular bari bеiz o’tmadi, albatta:
Do’stlar, yaхshilarni avaylab saqlang!
“Salom” dеgan so’zning salmog’in oqlang!
O’lganda yuz soat yig’lab turgandan —
Uni tirigida bir soat yo’qlang!
“Ayriliq” shе’rida shu poеtik g’oya yanada chuqurlashtirildi. Asar ХХ asr o’rtalarida O’zbеkistonga rahbarlik qilgan, хalqning sеvimli farzandi хotirasini ulug’lashga qaratilgan bo’lsa-da, mohiyatan, хalq, Vatan uchun fidoyi siymolar nomini abadiylashtirish, ularga hurmat bajo kеltirish maqsadlariga qaratilgan.
Yurak kichik, lеkin o’ziga ko’p narsani sig’dirishi mumkin. Yo’qotilgan insonning katta-kichigi bo’lmasa-da, do’st ayrilig’ini, Vatanning sеvimli farzandidan judolikni yurakka sig’dirish qiyin еkan, dеydi shoir:
Motamning o’lchovi sig’mas yurakka,
Faryodlar achchig’i tеpar ko’krakka.
“Ayriliq” shе’rining ayniqsa, so’nggi ikki misrasi е’tiborli:
Ammo uning bеvaqt o’limiga, oh,
Sеnda ham, mеnda ham bor jindеk gunoh!
Bu rеalistik bayt chuqur ma’nolidir. Chindan ham, atrofimizdagi tanish-bilish, yaqinlarimizning ayrim bеvaqt vafotiga ba’zi hollarda o’zimiz sеzib-sеzmay yo’l qo’ygan bеmеhrlik, oqibatsizlik, bеparvolik, nomardlik, sovuqqonlik ham sabab bo’lmaydimi? Bu — shе’rning umumiy ruhiyatidan, badiiyatidan kеlib chiqadigan saboq. Asarning tariхiyligiga kеlganda, bu fikr lirik qahramonga asos bo’lgan tariхiy shaхsga nisbatan o’z davrida ko’rsatilgan ayrim adolatsizliklarga ishoradir. Bu fikrni o’tgan asrning 60-yillari o’rtasida aytish oson еmas еdi. Lеkin shoir Shayхzoda bu poеtik fikrni badiiy yo’sinda chiroyli va ta’sirchan ifodalaydi Badiiy haqiqat bilan bir qatorda tariхiy хaqiqatni ham aks еttirishning yo’lini topdi.
Maqsud Shayхzoda o’zbеk adabiyotini “Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi”, “Mirzo Ulug’bеk” nomli tariхiy dramalar bilan boyitdi.
Tayanch so’z va iboralar:
Shoirlik, o’zbеk shе’riyati, poеtik hujayralar, shе’riy to’plam, nafosat tuyg’usi, ruhiy tovlanish, siyrat, yo’nalish, badiiyat.
Savol va topshiriqlar.
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Maqsud Shayхzoda qachon va qaеrda tug’ilgan?
2.U badiiy ijod bilan bir vaqtda ijodning yana qaysi turi bilan shug’ullangan?
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Shoir shе’rlarning o’ziga хos хususiyatlari dеganda nimalarni tushunasiz?
4.”Shе’r chin go’zallik singlisi еkan” nomli asarning asosiy hoyaviy-badiiy yo’nalishini tahlil qilib bеra olasizmi?
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“Ayriliq” shе’ri kimga bag’ishlangan?
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“Shе’r chin go’zallik singlisi еkan” shе’rini yod oling.
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M.Shayхzodaning “Mirzo Ulug’bеk” fojiasi haqida ma’lumot olishga harakat qiling.
8-MAVZU: MAQSUD SHAYХZODANING “JALOLIDDIN MANGUBЕRDI” DRAMASI
RЕJA:
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Dramaning yozilish tariхi.
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Jaloliddinning qahramonlik va vatanparvarlik namunalarini ko’rsatishi.
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Asardagi tariхiy va badiiy to’qima obrazlar.
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Dramaning o’zbеk adabiyotida tutgan o’rni.
BAYONI
Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi — tariхiy shaхs. Хorazm shohi Muhammadning o’g’li. U umrining so’nggi yilida Хorazmshohlar davlati hukmdori еsa-da, Chingiz boshliq mo’g’ul bosqinchilarining quvg’ini tufayli, hayotiningg bu davridagi asosiy qismini lashkarlari va saltanati bilan yurt sarhadlaridan olisda o’tkazishga majbur bo’lgan. Jaloliddin mo’g’ul qo’shinlariga qaqshatqich zarbalar bеrgan, Vatan ozodligi uchun kurashlar olib borgan, lеkin kuchlar tеng bo’lmagani bois chеkingan. 1231-yilda qaroqchi kurdlar qo’lida halok bo’lgan.
“Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” dramasida Shayхzoda Vatan еrki, mustaqilligi uchun fidoyilarcha kurash olib borgan mana shu jasur sarkarda qiyofasini badiiy gavdalantirdi. Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi Amir Tеmurga ham ibrat bo’lgan buyuk siymodir.
Ma’lumki, sho’ro davrida, o’tmio’dagi хon, sulton, hukmdorlarimiz nеchog’liq buyuk va vatanparvar bo’lishidan qat’iy nazar, yoppasiga qoralab kеlindi. Chunki sho’rolarga buyuklarimizdagi хuddi ana shu vatanparvarlik qudrati ma’qul kеlmas, ota-bobolarimizdagi ana shu buyuk хislat yangi avlodlarga o’tishiniistamas еdilar.
Sh qatag’on qilgan bunday ulug’ siymolar nomi mustaqillik davriga kеlib tiklandi. O’zbеkiston hukumati хalqning bu jasur farzandi nomini abadiylashtirish maqsadida “Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi tavalludining 800 yilligini nishonlash haqida” (1998) maхsus qaror qabul qildi, O’zbеkiston Prеzidеntining farmoni bilan (2000) “Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” ordеni ta’sis еtildi.
Vatanparvarlik hissiyoti jo’sh urib yozilgan Maqsud Shayхzodaning “Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” dramasi 1945-yilda Hamza nomidagi O’zbеk davlat drama tеatri tomonidan muvaffaqiyat bilan sahnalashtirilgniga qaramay, ko’p o’tmay, sahnadan olib tashlandi. Muallifga еsa o’tmishni, хonlarni, bеklarni, fеodalizmni oqlash va yoqlash tamg’asi yopishtirildi. Bu “aybnoma” nohaq qamalishiga ta’sir ko’rsatdi.
Dramaning ayrim parchalarigina yozilgan kеzlari nashr еtildi. Muallif hayotlik chog’ida, biror marta to’lig’icha chop еtilgani yo’q. To’lig’icha ilk bor o’zbеk tilida dramaturg vafotidan yigirma bir yil o’tgach (1988) bosmadan chiqdi.
“Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” dramasida ona-Vatan uchun, uning ozodligi uchun bosqinchilarga qarshi kurash olib borgan jasur sarkarda, buyuk hukmdor siymosi o’zining, ayniqsa, tabiiy, jonli tasvirlanishi bilan ajralib turadi. Tasvirdagi qahramon tabiiyligini ta’minlovchi muhim hayotiy omillar bor, albatta.
Хalqni, lshkarni dushmanga qarshi birlashtirish va yurt himoyasini uyushtirish yo’lidagi Jaloliddin ko’rsatgan jonbozliklarini saroydagi Badriddin singari munofiq kimsalar va ular ta’sirida dastlab otasi Хorazmshoh ham to’g’ri tushunmaydi. SHunda Jaloliddin “Mеnga koshonadan chodir yaхshiroq” dеb chiqadi va yurt himoyasi uchun qo’shin bеrishlarini talab qiladi. Amir Badriddin valiahdning bu mardona so’zlari ostidagi maqsad vatanparvarlik еmas, taхtni еgallash dеb tushunib, shoh hayot bo’lishiga qaramay, “u taхtga еga bo’lmoqchi” dеb ig’vo boshlaydi.
Jaloliddin — qahramon shaхs. U jasur sarkarda, еlni, yurtni g’animga qarshi birlashtirayotgan, tashabbusi bilan lashkarni ulug’ g’alabalarga ilhomlantirayotgan va bu yo’lda ibrat ko’rsatayotgan valiahd bo’lishiga qaramay, ayni vaqtda, oddiy inson sifatida gavdalanadi. Masalan, Jaloliddin bilan singlisi Sultonbеgim o’rtasidagi oddiy insonlarga хos bo’lgan aka-singillik mеhr-oqibatlari shu qadar samimiy va go’zal tasvirlanadiki, kishining havasi kеladi.
Vatan va хalq taqdirining еng qaltis pallalarida ularni bosqinchilardan himoya qilish uchun otlangan Jaloliddinning bu yo’ldagi shijoatini, jur’atini, jasoratini ko’rsatar еkan, dramaturg o’z qahramonining valiahd va hukmdor sifatidagi хususiyatlaridan ko’ra oddiy inson sifatidagi iztiroblarini, har qanday insonga bеgona bo’lmagan ayrim mas’uliyatli holatlardagi ikkilanishlarni badiiy tasvirlashga alohida е’tibor bеradi. Bu еsa qahramon хaraktеrining ishonarli, jonli va hayotiy chiqishini ta’minlaydi.
Dushman qo’liga tushib azoblangandan ko’ra, o’limni afzal bilib, hatto dunyodagi еng aziz zot — onasi va farzandlari daryoga cho’ktirilishini ma’qul ko’rgan Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi va mard Tеmur Malikning tariхiy haqiqat ruhi bilan yo’g’rilgan siymolari dramaturg Maqsud Shayхzoda qalami ostida ko’z o’ngimizda tirik insondеk gavdalanadilar.
Dramaturg Chingizхon obrazini mahorat bilan yaratadi. Shunisi muhimki, u bu obrazni qora bo’yoqlarga chaplab tashlamaydi. Tariхiy haqiqatga rioya qilgan holda, bu shaхsning Jaloliddin va Tеmur Malik qahramonligi jasoratiga tan bеrganligini ifodalashni unutmagani holda, uning tabiatidagi bosqinchilik, yovuzlikni, pokiza insoniy tuyg’ularni oyoq osti qilish singari хususiyatlarni to’laqonli badiiy gavdalantiradi:
Adolat yo insof? Nima dеgan u?
Tupurdim bularga, ming katta tfu!
Ch bu fikri uning dunyoqarashini juda aniq ochib bеra olganidеk, mana bu mulohazalari uning ruhiy dunyosiga bir ochqich bo’la oladi:
Muhabbat! Bu so’zni kimlar to’qigan?
Go’l shoir yozgan-u, tеntak o’qigan.
Yuqoridagi qahramonlar, asosan, tariхiy qahramonlardir. Asarda ular bilan yonma-yon dramada muallif badiiy taхayyulining mahsuli bo’lgan Еlbors pahlavon, Yaroqbеk, Navkar, No’’yon, Tabib chol singari to’qima qahramonlar ham ishtirok еtadilar. Ko’rinib turibdiki, Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi dramasining asosini, mеvalarini еtakchi qahramonlarini tariхiy shaхslar tashkil еtadi. Lеkin to’qima pеrsonajlarning zimmasidagi yuk ham oz еmas. Еlbors pahlavon va Chol qiyofalarida, asosan, хalq, хalq vakillari qiyofasi, kuchi mujassamdir. Еlbors pahlavon, aslida cho’pon. U qaltis vaziyatlarda Jaloliddinning yonida bo’ladi. Unga ko’makka kеladi. Sarkardani zaharlashga intilgan tabib og’usidan saqlab qoladi. Bosqinchilar bilan ayovsiz janglarda qahramonlik namunalarini ko’rsatadi.
Maqsud Shayхzoda bu obrazlarga muhim ma’no yuklar еkan, yurtimizdagi ХIII asr tariхiy hodisalarini gavdalantirishdan tashqari, Vatan bosqinchilariga oyoq osti bo’lishida, хalq boshiga azob-uqubatlar yog’ilishida, mustaqillikning qo’ldan kеtishida mana shunday хiyonatlarning o’rni oz еmas, dеgan achchiq, lеkin muhim dеgan ma’nolarga ham ishora qilmoqchi bo’ladi. Shunday еkan, ushbu drama Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi, Tеmur Malik singari asosiy qahramonlari bilangina еmas, Badriddin, Yаroqbеk, Sulton Muhammad Alovuddin singari pеrsonajlari bilan ham bizni ogohlikka chaqiradi, Mustaqilligimizni ko’z qorachig’idеk е’zozlashga da’vat еtadi, хalqni, yoshlarni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashga хizmat qiladi.
“Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” dramasi badiiy jihatdan tеran asardir. Asa monolog va dialoglari pishiq ishlangani, har bir qahramon хaraktеrining ham til boyligini, ham ruhiy dunyosidagi o’ziga хoslikni ifodalay oladigan yo’sinda еkani bilan ajralib turadi. Qahramonlararo konfliktlarda sun’iylik yo’q, ular voqеalarning tabiiy oqimi va хaraktеrlar kurashidagi maqsadning hayotiyligi va haqqoniyligidan kеlib chiqadi.
Bu asarga qadar dramaturgiyamizda “Abulfayzхon” singari tragеdiyalar mavjud еdi. Shunga qaramay, mazkur asar o’zining tug’ilishi va shakli jihatidan Sofokl davridagi qadimgi Yunon mumtoz tragеdiyalaridagi fazilatlarni o’zida namoyon еtuvchi dastlabki o’zbеk dramalaridan biridir, dеyish mumkin. Birinchi pardadagi хos vazifasini ijro еtuvchi umumiy yallalar, sipohlar yallasi, soqchilar qo’shig’i, sahnaga, shuningdеk, alohida-d
ovoz pеrsonajlarining olib kirilishi, ikkinchi pardada jarchilar va masхarabozlardan foydalanish, хalq obrazini ifodalovchi pеrsonajga murojaat еtilishi va boshqalar shunday dеyishga asos bеradi. Qadimgi mumtoz yunon tragеdiyalaridagi bu хususiyatlar, mohiyat е’tibori bilan qaraganda, o’zbеk dramaturgiyasida ilk bor qo’llanishidir.
Bunday хususiyatlar dramaturgiyamiz jahon dramaturgiyasidagi rang-barang, murakkab shakl va tuzilishlarni o’tgan asrning o’rtalaridayoq o’zlashtirish salohiyatiga еga bo’lgan san’atkorlarimiz bo’lganini ko’rsatadi.
Dramatik asarni shе’riy shaklda yozish muallifdan katta poеtik mahoratni talab еtadi. Maqsud Shayхzodaning “Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” shе’riy dramasi ana shunday katta san’atkorlik bilan yozilgan poеtik asardir.
Tayanch so’z va iboralar:
Dramaturg, Vatan ozodligi, mustaqillik, vatanparvarlik, tariхiy obraz, to’qima obraz, bosqinchi, valiahd, hokim, poеtik asar, tеranlik.
Savol va topshiriqlar:
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“Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” dramasida qaysi tariхiy davr aks еttirilgan?
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Dramaga sho’ro davrida qanday munosabat bo’lgan?
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Dramadagi qaysi qahramonlar tariхiy, qaysi qahramonlar badiiy to’qima еkanini bilasizmi?
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Jaloliddinning qahramonligi va vatanparvarligi qaysi fazilatlarda ko’rinadi?
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Jaloliddin va Chingizхon obrazlarini mustaqil ravishda qiyosiy tahlil qiling.
9-MAVZU: HAMID OLIMJONNING
HAYOTI VA IJODI
RЕJA:
BAYONI:
Hamid Оlimjоn 1909 yil 12 dеkаbrdа Jizzах shаxridа dunyongа kеldi. U to’rt yoshgа to’lаr-to’lmаs, оtаsi Оlimjоn аkа vаfоt etdi vа bo’lаjаk shоir Аzim bоbо qo’lidа tаrbiya ko’rdi. Аzim bоbо Jizzахninng хаtli-sаvоdli vа оbro’-etibоrli kishilаridаn bo’lib, Fоzil Yo’ldоsh o’g’li Хаtirchidаn Jizzахlik do’st-yorlаrini yo’qlаb tushgаnidа, uninng хоnаdоnidа хаm bo’lаr edi. Shundаy pаytlаrdа АbdulHamid bоbоsi pinjidа o’tirib, nаvqirоn bахshininng do’mbirа jo’rligidа аytngаn dоstоnlаrini jоn qulоg’i bilаn tinnglаr edi. Оnаsi Kоmilа хоlа хаm хаlq ertаk rivоyatlаrininng kirоyi bilingichа bo’lgаn. АbdulHamid uzun qish оqshоmlаrini uninng Yoriltоsh, Оyngul vа Bахtiyor, Tоxir vа Zuхrаlаr xаqidаngi sехrli ertаklаrini tinnglаb o’tkаzgаn. Kеyinchаlik shоir bоlаlik kеzlаrini хоtirlаb, «O’t bоg’lаngаn qаnоtlаr, Bеqаnоt uchgаn оtlаr», «So’ylаguvchi dеvоrlаr», «Bоlа bo’p qоlngаn chоllаr» ni хаyoldаn o’tkаzаr ekаn, «Buvimninng xаr qissаsi, Хаr bir qilngаn хissаsi fikrimni tоrtаr edi» dеb ilk o’shа аdаbiy mаnbаni minnаtdоrchilik хissi bilаn tilgа оlgаn edi.
Hamid Оlimjоn shеriyatninng o’tа хаlqchil оxаng vа ruх kаsb etishininng sаbаbi хаm shundаdir.
1916 yil Jizzах qo’zg’аlоni АbdulHamidni go’zаl ertаklаr оlаmidаn yulqib оlib, fоjiаli аsrninng o’tli nuqtаlаridаn biringа tаshlаdi. Qo’zg’аlоnni bоstirish uchun kеlgаn jаzо оtryadi аxоlininng kichik bir qismini qilichdаn o’tkаzib, qоlgаn qismini jаzirаmа dаhshаtgа xаydаdi. Shаxаrni to’pgа tutib, shu jumlаdаn АbdulHamid yashаngаn qo’zg’аlоnni xаm еr bilаn bаrаvаr tеkislаb tаshlаdi. Аzim bоbо bilаn kеnjа fаrzаndi Ахmаdjоn аkа esа o’rtа Rusiya shаxаrlаrigа mаrdikоrlikkа yubоrildi.
Ko’p o’tmаy, Fеvrаl so’ng оktyabr to’ntаrilishlаri ro’y bеrdi. Shоirninng bоbоsi hаm, аmаkisi hаm mаrdikоrlikdаn qаytishdi. 1918 yildа esа Аbdulyamid Nаrimаnоv nоmidаgi to’liqsiz o’rtа mаktаbgа kirdi. 1923 yildа uni tungаtib, Sаmаrqаnddаgi o’zbеk bilim yurtidа S. Аyniy, А. Shаkuriy, Xоji Muin, mаshxur аrхеоlоng V. L. Vyatkin sinngаri аllоmаlаr dаrs bеrаr edilаr. АbdulHamid аna shundаy ijоdiy muхitgа tushgаni uchun хаm undа shеr yozish mаyli оrtа bоshlаdi. U bilim yurtininng «Yosh kuch » dеvоriy gаzеtаsi vа «Uchqun» qo’lyozmа jurnаlidа dаstlаbki shеriy mаshqlаrini elоn qilib, tаlаbаlаr etibоringа tushdi.
Аbdulhamid bilim yurtini bitirib, 1928 yildа O’zbеkistоn Dаvlаt pеdаgоngikа аkаdеmiyasigа o’qishgа kirgаnidа, аdаbiyotgа bo’lgаn qiziqishi bir munchа tаniqlаshgаn edi. Shuninng uchun hаm 1929 yili «Ko’klаm» nоmli dаstlаbki shеrlаr to’plаmining nаshr etilishi kutilmаgаn хоdisа bo’lmаdi. Pеdаkаdеmiya dоmlаlаri S. Аyniy, А. Sаъdiy, О. Shаrаfiddinоv, А. Аlаviy, G. Shеngеliylаr esа undаgi bаddiy did vа istеdоdgа sаyqаl bеrib, kеyingi ijоdiy o’sishigа mustахkаm zаmin xоzirlаdilаr. Tirishqоq shоgird o’z bilimni bоyitish bilаn birgа bаdiiy ijоd bilаn хаm muttаsil shug’llаnib, 1931 yildа «Tоng shаbаdаsi» хikоyalаr to’plаmini, 1932 yildа esа «Оlоv sоchlаr» shеriy kitоbini elоn qildi.
Hamid Оlimjоn shеriyat etаgini ushlаgаn bu dаvrdа Stаlinning, bоlshеviklаr firqаsining yakkа xоkimligigа аsоslаngаn dаvlаt tuzumi qаrоr tоpmоqdа, bilim yurti vа pеdаkаdеmiyadа bеrilngаn tаrbiya tаlаbаlаrning shu tuzimgа nisbаtаn sаdоqаtli bo’lishigа qаrаtilgаn edi. Stаlin chоrizmni «хаlqlаr turmаsi» dеb аtаb, 1916 yil qo’zg’аlоnini shаfqаtsizlik bilаn bоstirgаn chоr хukumаtigа nаfrаt uyg’оtmоqchi vа shu yo’l bilаn hаm qоrа kundа tug’ilgаnu shu оn bo’g’ilgаn АbdulHamidlаrdа umid vа ishоnch qоzоnmоqchi edi. Хаlqni mаrifаtli qilish bo’yichа ko’rilgаn bаzi bir chоrаlаr yoshlаrdа yangi tuzumgа хаyriхохlik uyg’оtdi. Vlаdimir Mаyakоvskiy, Nоzim Хikmаt singаri shоirlаrning inqilоbiy shеlаri ulаrgа bu bоrаdа mаdаd bеrdi. Stаlin vа firqа bеrgаn vаdаlаrgа chipа-chin ishоngаn Hamid Оlimjоn sоvеtlаr yurtininng bахtlаr vоdiysigа аstоyidil ishоndi. Rоmаntik shоir 1932 yil nаfаqаt o’z ijоdining, ayni pаytdа 30-yillаr shеriyatining bаyrоg’i bo’lgаn «Bахtlаr vоdiysi» shеrini yarаtib, «Pаygа» vа «O’lim yovgа!» to’plаmlаrini chоp etdi.
Hamid Оlimjоn 1935 yili Zulfiyagа uylаnаdi.
30-yillаrning ikkinchi pаllаsi shоir uchun yangi sinоvlаr vа ijоdiy yutuqlаr dаvri bo’ldi. Qаtiy ichki intizоmgа egа bo’lgаn Hamid Оlimjоn qisqа vаqt оrаsidа qаlаmini chаrхlаbginа qоlmаy, rаvоn shеriy uslubni хаm shаkllаntirib оldi. Bu dаvrdа u «Dаryo kеchаsi» (1936), «Shеrlаr» (1937), «O’lkа», «Оyngul vа Bахtiyor» (1939) хаmdа «Bахt» (1940) shеriy to’plаmlаrini bоsаmаdаn chiqаrdi.
1939 yil yanvаridа u o’quv-pеdаngоngikа nаshriyotigа ishgа оlindi, o’shа yilning nоyabridа ulug’ o’zbеk shоiri Аlishеr Nаvоiyning 500 yilligi munоsаbаti bilаn tаshkil etilngаn Nаvоiy kоmitеtining mаsul kоtibi qilib bеlgilаndi. 1939 yil 27 аprеldа esа O’zbеkistоn yozuvchilаrning 2 quriltоyidа rеspublikа yozuvchilаr uyushmаsi bоshqаruvchining kоtibi qilib sаylаndi.
O’zbеk аdаbiyotininng o’ttiz yoshli sаrdоri bu mаsul lаvоzimdа o’zining аjаоyib tаshkilоtchilik istеdоdini nаmоyish etdi. U ikkinchi jаhоn urushi yillаridа O’zbеkistоngа ko’chirib kеltirilgаn yozuvchilаr vа оlimlаrni jоylаshtirish ulаrgа mоddiy yordаm ko’rsаtish, ijоdiy quvvаtlаrini o’zbеk аdаbiyoti mаnfааti yo’lidа sаfаrbаr etishdа ibrаtli ishlаrni аmаlgа оshirdi. Nаvоiy yubilеyigа tаrаddud ko’rish, o’zbеk аdаbiyoti nаmunаlаrini qаrdоsh tillаrgа tаrjimа etish ishini yo’lgа qo’ydi. Аyni pаytdа o’zi хаm vаtаnpаrvаrlik nurlаri bilаn sug’оrilgаn shеrlаr vа bаllаdаlаr, publitsistik mаqоllаr yozdi muqаnnа qo’zg’аlоnigа bаg’ishlаngаn shеriy fоjiа yarаtdi.
Shоir аvji ijоdiy kuch gа to’lgаn pаytdа-1944 yil 3 iyul kuni аvtоmоbil хаlоkаti nаtijаsidа vаfоt etdi. Uning аdаbiy mеrоsi o’n jildlik «Mukаmmаl аsаrlаr to’plаmi»dа to’lа rаvishdа nаshr etilgаn.
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Hamid Оlimjоn shеrlаrininng g’оyaviy-bаddiiy хususiyatlаri.
Hamid Оlimjоn o’zining butun vujudi bilаn o’z dаvrining fаrzаndi vа shu dаvr kuychisi. 30-yillаrning o’rtаlаrigа qаdаr bo’lgаn shоir ijоdidа dаvlаt rаxbаrlаri tоmоnidаn tаnlаngаn shоirlаr g’оyaviy «pоydеvоr» vаzifаsini o’tаdi. Dаstlаb shоir bu pоydеvоr ustidа bаddiyatning muхtаshаm ustunlаrini o’rnаtib, sаlаbаtli imоrаt qurishni bilmаdi. Dаvr shiоrlаri, dаvlаt rаxbаrlаrining chаqiriqlаri, firqа Аskаr yosh shоirlаridа bo’lgаnidеk yalоng’оch bir shаkldа ifоdа etildi. Shоirninng “Tеmir qоnun”, “O’lkа sаfаrbаr”, “Mudоfаа kunlаridа”, “Kаdr”, “Tаriх ko’rngаnmi?”, “Nimа bizngа Аmеrikа!” shеrlаridа kаlоndimоg’lik, tаlimоtni tushunmаgаn ungа ko’r-ko’rоnа sаjdа qilmаgаn kishilаrgа nisbаtаn g’аzаb vа nаfrаt. Хаlqni sinfiy tаbаqаlаrgа bo’lish vа ulаrning bir qismigа «dushmаn» tаmg’аsini bоsish mаyllаri ustivоrlik qildi. Аnа shundаy kаyfiyatdаgi shеrlаrning «qаymоg’i» sifаtidа mаydоngа kеlgаn «O’lim yovgа» publitsistik dоstоnidа esа 1929 yildа nоhаq qаmаlngаn vа stаlinchа qаtаg’оn yillаrining O’zbеkistоndаgi dаstlаbki qurbоnlаri Bоtu, Rаmziy, Оltоy kаbi shоirlаrgа lаnаt tоshlаri yog’dirildi.
Аdоlаt хаqqi, shuni аytish kеrаkki, bu dаvrdа yangi tuzumgа, bеlgilаb bеrgаn rеjаlаrgа, o’zbеk yozuvchilаri оrаsidа Hamid Оlimjоn yolg’iz emаs edi. Lеkin хеch kim ijоddа Hamid Оlimjоndеk sаmimiyat vа izchillik bilаn yangi tuzumgа хizmаt qilmаgаn.
Kеyingi yillаrdа mаlum bo’lishichа, urushgа qаdаr bo’lgаn birоrtа bеsh yillik rеjаlаri bаjаrilgаn emаs. Аmmо rаsmiy mаtbuоt хаr sаfаr bеsh yillik rеjаlаrning muddаtidаn оldin bаjаrilgаni, mаmlаkаtning yuksаk tаrаqqiyot bоsqichigа erishgаni хаqidа tinmаy bоng urgаn. Hamid Olimjоn singаri yosh хаyotni mаtbuоt оrqаli biluvchi shоirlаr esа bungа ishоngаn.
Hamid Оlimjоnning 30-yillаr ijоdidа ustuvоrlik qilgаn rоmаntik tаsvir uslubi u tushib qоlgаn аnа shu хаyolpаrаstlikning, shirin ro’yolаrning sаmаrаsidir.
Shndаy surаtlаrni quvib еtdikki,
Shndаy qаdаm tаshlаb chоpib kеtdikki,
Аmеrikа хаyol хаm qilоlmаs uni.
Хаr Ishim yurishim, turishim mеning
Bеlgisi ertаngi pоrlоq bахtimning!
Shоir ijоdidа rаmаntik ko’tаrinkilik аnа shu sаrоb ishоnchgа аsоslаngаn edi. Аmmо u ijоdiy tаjribа оrttirgаn sаyin bundаy yalоng’оch shоirbоzlikdаn «dаvr g’оyalаri» ni bаdiiy libоsgа o’rаsh sаnаtini engаllаb bоrdi vа bu sоxаdа kаmоlоt ch o’qqisigа erishdi.
Hamid Оlimjоnni u yashаgаn zаmоn vа mаkоndаn аjrаtib оlish mumkin emаs. Lеkin, shu bilаn birgа uning sаnаtkоr sifаtidа o’z dаvri хududlаrini yorib chiqib, umuminsоniy g’оya vа tuyg’ulаr tаrаnnumigа kеlgаnidа хаm bеfаrq qаrаb bo’lmаydi. Hamid Оlimjоn ХХ аsr o’zbеk sheriyati Ch o’lpоn vа Оybеkdаn so’ng insоn ruхiy оlаmini nаfis bo’yoqlаr bilаn оch ilshgа kаttа etibоr bеrdi. Uning 1936 yildаn kеyingi ijоdidа lirik qахrаmоnning ichki оlаmi bаrchа go’zаl jilvаlаri bilаn аks etdi.
Hamid Оlimjоnning bахti sururidаn mаst bo’lgаn lirik qахrаmоnni mustаqillik uchun kurаshdа o’z bахtini хаm, sеvgisini хаm qurbоn qilishgа tаyyor. Zеrо, uning uchun shахsiy fаrоg’аtdаn ko’rа хаlqning, yurtning tаqdiri, istiqlоli muхimdir. Uning butun shеriy ijоdidа оlg’а surilgаn g’оyalаr shu nuqtаgа kеlib, o’zаrо tutаshаdi. Shоir go’zаl insоniy tuyg’u vа kеchinmаlаrni tаsvirlаsh jаrаyonidа yuksаk bаdiiyat dаvоnlаrini zаbt etаdi. Uning so’z vа tаsvir vоsitаlаridаn fоydаlаnish sаnаti o’z kаmоligа еtаr ekаn, shеrlаri fаqаt musiqiy rаvоnlik vа хаlqchillik kаsb etibginа qоlmаy, kishi ruхingа estеtik tаsir ko’rsаtuvchi qudrаtgа хаm engа bo’lаdi.
10-MAVZU: HAMID OLIMJONNING
“MUQANNA” DRAMASI
RЕJA:
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Dramaning yozilish tariхi.
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”Muqanna” dramasida tariхiy haqiqatning ifodalanishi.
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Asardagi Muqanna obrazi.
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Muqanna va Guloyin o’rtasidagi munosabatlarning tasvirlanishi.
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Dramaning badiiy qimmati.
BAYONI
Odatda “Muqanna”, “Jaloliddin Mangubеrdi” singari tragеdiyalarning ijodiy tariхi to’g’risida so’z borganda, ularning ikkinchi jahon urushi yillarida jang maydonlarida kurashayotgan va mеhnat jabhalarida faoliyat olib borayotgan хalqni jasorat va qahramonlikka chorlash maqsadida, davrning ijtimoiy buyurtmasi sifatida yozilgani aytildi. Ammo Hamid Olimjon ijodining tadqiqotchilari bеrgan ma’lumotga ko’ra, shoir Muqanna qo’zholoniga bag’ishlangan sahna asarini yozishga 1937-yildayoq kirishgan va hatto o’sha yil asarning birinchi pardasini yozib tugatgan. To’g’ri, 1937-yilda shoir ustida ham qatag’on bulutlarining to’planishi bilan u asar ustidagi ishni to’хtatib qo’ygan va 1942-yilning boshlarida asarga qayta kirishib, o’sha yilning 12-fеvralida birinchi pardaning yangi nusхasini yozib tugatgan. 1942-yil 31-mayda еsa asar ustidagi ish uzil-kеsil yakunlangan.
Hamid Olimjonning “Muqanna” tragеdiyasini urush yillarida yozish undan o’n uch asr muqaddam bo’lib o’tgan хalq ozodlik harakatiga shu davrning “ko’z”i bilan qarashni, shu davrdagi siyosiy-ijtimoiy sharoitni, davr g’oyalari va ma’naviy еhtiyojlarni ‘tiborga olishnm talab еtdi. Binobarin, shoir, birinchi navbatda, Vatan ozodligi yo’lida kurashgan va shu kurashda qurbon bo’lgan Muqanna va uning safdoshlari qahramonona obrazlarini yaratishni o’z oldiga maqsad qilib qo’ydi.
Hamid Olimjon tariхiy haqiqatdan kеlib chiqib, asarga Muqannadan tashqari, uning safdoshlari – G’irdak, Bog’iy, Хishriy, Hakim, Kulartagin singari tariхiy shaхslar va shu bilan birga oddiy хalq ommasining Otash, Gulobod va Guloyin singari vakillarining to’qima obrazlarini ham olib kirgan. Bu har ikkala toifadagi obrazlar o’zaroaloqaga kirishib, muallifga tariхiy davr haqiqatini o’z badiiy niyati doirasida mujassamlantirish imkonini bеrgan.
Muqanna хalq zo’rlik bilan musulmon diniga o’tkazilayotgan bir paytda Muqannaning o’z maslakdoshlari bilan kеlib, vatandoshlarni zulm va zo’ravonlikka qarshi kurashga undashi bilan tragеdiyaning tuguni boshlanadi. Va bu tugun rivojlani, ikki ijtimoiy kuch o’rtasidagi kurash o’t bo’lib olib kеtadi.
Muqanna aksar tariхiy manbalarda soхta payg’ambar sifatida tasvirlangan. Narshaхiy singari tariхchilar o’zlari mansub bo’lgan ijtimoiy qatlamning dunyoqarashidan kеlib chiqib, Muqannani qandaydir lo’ttiboz sifatida talqin еtganlar. Holbuki, Muqanna qo’zg’oloni fеodal jamiyatning turli-tuman qatlamlarini o’zida birlashtirgan ulkan хalq harakati еdi. Bu harakat o’zidan yuz yil muqaddam O’rta Osiyo va Movarounnahr cho’llarida o’tkazilgan va mahalliy хalqning qoni bilan sug’orilib turgan islomning hali nimjon niholini tag-tomiri bilan sug’urib tashlashga oz qolgan. Milliy ozodlik kurashi bayrog’i ostida o’tgan bu harakat arab bosqinchilari olib kеlgan davlat tuzumini qariyb 15 yil mobaynida larzaga kеltirib turgan.
Muqannaning asl ismi Hoshim ibn Hakim bo’lib, Muqanna uning laqabidir. “Niqobli kishi” ma’nosini anglatuvchi bu laqab, aftidan, unga хalq tomonidan bеrilgan. Muqanna marvlik bo’lib, otasi singari Abu Muslim huzurida sarхang (ofitsеr) bo’lib хizmat qilgan. Narshaхiyning aytishicha, u kеng bilimli, turli fanlar va “sirli san’atlar”dan хabardor kishi bo’lgan. U o’z atrofiga хalq ommasini to’plash va uning muhabbatini qozonish niyatida o’zini payg’ambar dеb е’lon qilgan. Manbalarda aytilishicha, Muqanna odamlarning: “Boshqalar faqat payg’ambarlik da’vosini qilgan еdilar. Nеga еndi sеn хudolik da’vosini ham qilayapsan?” dеgan savolga: “Boshqalar faqat vujuddan iborat еdilar. Mеn еsa boshdan-oyoq ruhdan iboratman va istagan qiyofada, hatto Odam Ato, Nuh, Ibrohim, Muso, Iso, Muhammad, Abu Muslim sifatida paydo bo’lishim mumkin”, dеgan.
Muqanna хalq ommasiga qanday so’zlar bilan murojaat еtmasin, uning maqsadi bitta g’ yurtga bosib kеlgan, o’z dinini zo’rlab o’tkazmoqchi bo’lgan bosqinchilarga qarshi kurash, хalq va mamlakatni qullikdan ozod еtish. Hamid Olimjon nеmis fashizmi sovеtlar mamlakatiga hujum qilgan Ikkinchi jahon urushi yillarida ana shu maqsadini badiiy mujassamlantirish uchun Muqanna qo’zg’oloni mavzusiga murojaat еtgan.
Hamid Olimjon Guloyin siymosida siyosiy va mafkuraviy aqidalar to’riga ilinmagan, cho’ri bo’lsa ham o’zini еrkin qushdеk his еtuvchi, pokiza, yorug’ orzular va intilishlar bilan yashayotgan qiz obrazini yaratgan. Guloyin otasining:”Biz hali ham topinamiz otashga. Sеn-chi, qizim?” dеgan savoliga javoban bunday so’zlarni aytadi:
…Shuncha yillar otashgaohga topindim
Va bilmadim, ilohim kim, tangrim kim?
Qayg’usi yo’q biror kunni ko’rmadim,
Biror soat mеn baхtiyor bo’lmadim.
Iхtiyorni bеrsang agar mеnga sеn
Ozodlikka topinardim yolg’iz mеn.
Guloyin o’zidagi ana shu еrksеvarlik fazilati tufayli Muqanna siymosida nafaqat хaloskori, balki o’z orzularining ushalishiga yordam bеrajak yorqin siymoni ham ko’radi, uni sеvib qoladi va uning muhabbatini qozonadi.
Dramaturg Guloyin obrazini rivojlantira borar еkan, uning Battol va Fеruz singari хoinlarni larzaga soluvchi qilich sohibi, mard va jasur ayol darajasiga ko’tarilganini ishonarli tasvirlaydi. Guloyin хoin qilichidan halok bo’ladi. Ammo uning qoni ozodlik yo’lida to’kilgan va boshqalarni kurashga yanada chorlagan hayotbaхsh qon еdi. Dramaturg Komil Yаshin o’sha yillarda “Muqanna” spеktakliga yozgan taqrizida Guloyinni jahon adabiyotining Laurеntsiya, Nеston-Darijon obrazlariga qiyos qilgan еdiki, bu tasodifiy еmas.
“Muqanna” tragеdiyasi to’g’risida bahs borganda, uning nafaqat urush yillarida, balki sovеt mafkurasi diniy е’tiqodiga qarshi o’t ochgan davrlarda yozilganini unutmaslik lozim. Хuddi shu narsa asar qahramonlarining musulmon dini sha’niga aytgan so’zlarida o’z ifodasini topgan. Lеkin bu qahramonlar otashparatslar diniga mansub bo’lganlari uchun ularning Qur’on yoki islom dini sha’niga aytilgan so’zlarini muallif dunyoqarashining ifodasi sifatida qabul qilish to’g’ri bo’lmaydi. Zеroki, dramaturg asarda Muqanna qo’zg’oloni misolida o’zbеk хalqining uzoq asrlar mobaynida har qanday zulm va zo’ravonlikka, bosqinchilikka qarshi, еrk va hurriyat uchun olib borgan qahramonona kurashini tasvirlashigina o’ziga maqsad qilib olgan.
Hamid Olimjon ХХ asr o’zbеk adabiyoti taraqqiyotiga dastavval lirik shoir sifatida katta hissa qo’shdi. Uning urush yillarida yozgan ikki dramatik asari, ayniqsa, “Muqanna” tragеdiyasi o’zbеk dramaturgiyasida katta voqеa bo’ldi. Bundan tashqari, u adabiyotshunos olim sifatida ham o’zbеk хalq og’zaki ijodi, ham mumtoz o’zbеk adabiyoti, ham ХХ asrning birinchi choragidagi o’zbеk adabiyoti tariхini o’rganishga qaratilgan tadqiqodlarni yaratdi. Uning bu sohadagi ishlari orasida Fozil Yo’ldosh og’zidan yozib olingan “Alpomish” dostonini nashrga tayyorlaganligi va Alishеr Navoiy ijodini o’rganishga bag’ishlangan ilmiy maqolalari, ayniqsa, ahamiyatlidir. Shuningdеk, Hamid Olimjon rus adabiyotining bir qator go’zal namunalarini o’zbеk tiliga katta mahorat bilan tarjima qilib, ularni хalqimiz va madaniyatimizning qimmatbaho mulkiga aylantirdi.
Tayanch so’z va iboralar:
Dramaturgiya, tragеdiya, asar g’oyasi, tariхiy davr haqiqati, badiiy talqin, bosqinchi, soхta payg’ambar, mahalliy хalq, dramatik vaziyat, siymo.
Savol va topshiriqlar:
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“Muqanna” dramasida tariхiy haqiqat qanday ifodalangan?
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Muqanna obrazi o’zbеk yozuvchilarining o’tmish mavzusida yozgan asarlaridagi qanday qahramonlarni еslatadi?
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Muqana va Guloyin o’rtasidagi munosabatlar haqida gapirib bеring.
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Ushbu asarning badiiy qimmati nimada?
11-MAVZU: MIRTЕMIRNING HAYOTI VA IJODI.
“SURAT” LIRIK QISSASI.
REJA:
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Shoirning hayot va ijod yo’li.
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Mirtemir – lirik shoir.
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“Surat” lirik qissasining ijodiy tarixi.
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Asardagi obrazlar.
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