In 1898, one of the people's uprisings, which terrified the colonial tsarist authorities, took place in Andijan. This uprising is led by 42-year-old Muhammad Ali Halfa Madali Eshon, a disciple of Eshon Sultankhan Tora from Andijan, the capital, known as "Dukchi Eshon". Dukchi Eshon, the son of Muhammad Ali Halfa Sabir, was born in 1856 in the village of Chimyan, 25 kilometers south-west of the city of Fergana.1 His descendants are of poor originhgan. Muhammadali was a very smart and polite boy. Due to the poverty of his family, he could not study at school. But he studied independently and became literate. Next to his father, he worked as a cradle-maker, yik-maker, and as a carpenter. That is why they called him "Master". He moved with his family to a Tajik village in Mingtepa at the age of 10. Muhammadali entered the service of the famous Sultan Khan, who gained fame in this area and was respected even in the Kokhan Khanate, and with his hard work, intelligence, manners and piety, took a place among the sons of Eshan. Sultan Khan Tora also had land on the right bank of the Karadarya River in Poitug. When he moved here and lived for 3-4 years, he brought Muhammadali here with him. Sultan Khan died in 1882. Before his death, he wrote and sealed a letter about "Eshonlik" to his disciple Muhammadali. In 1886, at the age of 30, when Muhammadali went to Makkah Mukarrama, he announced himself as Eshan. According to his confession, when he returned from visiting the grave of Prophet Muhammad in Madinai-Munawwara, he saw his old man in a dream. He said to Muhammadali, when you go to your country, make peace for ten years, give food and shelter to the hungry and naked, and then declare a war against the infidels.
Muhammadali Halfa, who announced himself as Eshan, starts cooking food in a big pot every day and feeding the naked and orphans. At first, he will do this work by taking a loan. Later, Eshon's reputation rose to such an extent that he paid off his debts and began to cook 150-200, and sometimes 400-500 people every day. In addition to being a Muhammadali halfa Eshan, he had knowledge of medicine. Eshan's reputation among the people is growing very fast. His murids were not only in the Fergana valley, but also in Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and other distant places.
Tsarist Russia's colonial policy of coercion and injustice against the people is the main reason why Muhammadali Khalfa led the people's struggle. A year before the beginning of the uprising, Eshan wrote a letter to the Turkish sultan. In the letter, Eshan wrote that after the Russians conquered the Khanate of Kokhan, moral corruption increased among Muslims, deviations from the rules of the Sharia occurred, and corruption, alcoholism, and drug addiction began to peak. In addition, Eshan emphasized that the Russians forbade collecting zakat for the poor, going on pilgrimage, banning old endowments and not introducing new ones. asks to demand. "I am afraid that the Russian government's disrespect for Sharia will incur the wrath of God," says Eshan at the end of this letter.
A few days before the beginning of the uprising, some local officials came to Eshan and put their seals on the petition or oath prepared by Eshan. This petition stated:
"Allah created eighteen thousand worlds out of nothing, gave a perfect image to man, raised him as the owner of all creatures, and Adam as a caliph. God created the whole world for our prophet, made him his closest person, and placed him on the throne, addressing him like this: "O prophet! It is a battle with non-believers and those who have returned from their faith. He promises paradise to those who are loyal to him and those who are closest to him. Choryarors advise the people that "Whoever sacrifices his property and life for the sake of Allah and the Prophet in the path of ghazavat, such people will be like us." They wrote a book to stop unfit servants and leave it to us as a souvenir. Therefore, we, who consider ourselves the servants of God and the ummah of the Prophet, are certainly allowed to declare ghazavot. First, we must win this holy war for the sake of Allah and the Prophet, and secondly, we must sacrifice our lives.
We, who have affixed our seals, put the word before us, swore by Allah and the Prophet, and entered into a contract with our caliph. After that, if we fall into the temptation of the devil because we have built a building for ourselves, or if we think and fear to save our sweet life, we go back on our promise and do not fulfill it, we will go to hell, let our faces be black in both worlds, and we will be ashamed and shameful on the Day of Judgment. Let's play.
We put our seal to confirm these words.
This oath was signed by twelve local officials and dignitaries.
In the evening of May 14, there will be a council in the house of Muhammadali halfa, in which people from different departments of Fergana region will participate. According to the plan announced by the Council Eshon, three cities in the valley - Andijan, Margilon and the military camp in Osh should be attacked on the same day. If this attack was successful, Kokan would be taken and the system of khanate would be restored in the valley. Then the colonists were expelled from Samarkand, Tashkent and Shymkent.
On the evening of May 16, there will be a council again in Eshon's house, which will be attended by about a thousand people. In this council, Eshan's fourteen-year-old nephew Abdulaziz (Musulmanqul) will be promoted to Khan, and it is said when the uprising will begin.
On May 17, a large number of people gather at the mosque in Tajik village for the evening prayer. Eshan addresses the people during the prayer.
"O honorable Muslims!" O brothers! You all know that our country is a Muslim country, the people are Muslim, the people are Muslim, the khan is Muslim, the rule of the Sharia is valid, and the order is invalid. Allah the Almighty knows the government, he torments the infidels, and he has come to our country. Khudoyar Khan was replaced by Kaufman, Umar Khan was replaced by Chernayuf. The Moscow khanate-white tsar reigned on the territory of the Fergana khanate.
Russia invaded our homeland. Then it invades our language. Gradually, it began to invade our religion, you know that the morality of Muslims has been corrupted. Less than thirty years after the arrival of Oris, Muslims got used to usury and did not distinguish between halal and halal. Our judges have become idols. In conclusion, our Sharia has become a disgrace, and Muslimism has become a stranger. Our freedom has disappeared, our independence has been destroyed, we have become intransigent, our word has become intransigent. Oh wow…
O Muslims, we are the cause of this. No one, neither man nor gender, agrees with this complication and condemnation. Brothers, if we stand alone, this infidel will only get worse. Woe to us.
Our generation of heroic wrestlers, who defended a great kingdom in history, will not tolerate this humiliation. Where is our courage, where is the wisdom of our ancestors, what happened to you?
...we have 400 scientists, all of them are Muslims, all of them are Turks, and all of them are named Muhammad. All are of the Hanafi sect. In this name, in one sect, in one cemetery, Turkestan, where so many scholars have gathered, is worthy of the attention of the readers. This is unprecedented in the history of the world, on earth, on the face of the earth. Turkestans should be proud no matter how much, brothers, we are the grandchildren of such an ancestor. Do you sleep in the sleep of the dead?! Now the residents wept bitterly and declared that they obeyed Eshan's orders. To calm their emotions, Hazrat Eshan continued:
- O Muslims, O servants of God, O Prophet's community! If you are true believers, Jihad is required of you, Jihad. Belief, we will fight in the way of God, if we die, we will become martyrs, and if we kill, we will become geese. There is no way to get rid of this Russian who is riding on our shoulders until he does Jihad.
O believers, open your eyes! Be aware of ignorance! Let us take our rights from the disbelievers.
Brothers, let's get our freedom, our homeland, let's build a government in our country. For this, we need energy, effort, and jihad, it's time for jihad!
Then he sends a messenger to the nearby villages, and with the orders of Hazrat Eshan, Jihad is announced. The shepherds shout that whoever is a Muslim should be present for Jihad before this evening."
People come armed to the evening prayer. But few of them were armed with swords and rifles, most of them carried machetes, clubs, hoe, and panshah. During prayers, they lean their weapons against the wall of the mosque.
After the prayer, everyone shouted "Jihad! Jihad! "Jihad!" he began to shout. In a short time, this sound will cover the whole village.
At one point, the gate of the Eshon courtyard was opened, and a white horse was led out of it. Muhammadali halfa: "Bismillahir rahmanir rahim, baniyati jihad!" he gets on the horse. After that, the rebels will go on the road.
There were about six hundred people gathered. But not all of them were horsemen. That's why horsemen ride pedestrians. The rest go on foot or in a cart. The number of rebels is gradually increasing. The crowd gathered under two flags, the first flag was headed by Mulla Ziyovuddin Mahsum. Eshon, a horseman wearing a blue tunic and a white turban, was leading the group of crazy children. Rebels led by Dukchi Eshon attacked the military garrison located in the city of Andijan, killed 23 Russian soldiers, wounded 24, and captured 30 rifles. The "Eshan Riot" will soon spread to almost the entire Ferghana Valley. In Kuva, Asaka, Shakhrikhan, Aravon, Osh, Margilan, Namangan, Syrdarya and other places, the people are taking action. "Siz bilgan Dukchi Eshon" by publicist journalist Alinazar Egamnazarov1mThe following story is told: "The uprising was supported not only by the people of Andijan, Margilan and Osh uezds, but also by the people of Namangan uezd and Yettisuv region. The movement in Avliyoota is led by Eshon, named Shodibek halfa. He gathered more than a hundred people, after the passes are cleared of snow, they move towards Andijan. Five days after the military marched towards them from Namangan and Andijan, Shodibek and his 23 companions were caught.
In Namangan, the deputy head of the uezd, the head of the military, Bushen, secretly traveled the mountain paths, searched several villages and killed 29 rebels, including four leaders. From them came the Petition on the initiation of ghazavot and the letter of Muhammadali halfa, as well as the petition about the establishment of a Muslim state and the selection of the city of Namangan as its capital.
During these days, there were armed clashes between mirshabs and local residents in Prezhivalsk and Pishpek districts, and at the Hovos railway station in Syrdarya region."
The uprising was brutally suppressed and the local people were massacred under the pretext of the uprising.
In connection with the departure of Baron Vrevsky to St. Petersburg, Lieutenant General Korolkov, who is temporarily acting as the Chief Military Governor of Turkestan, sent the following message to the General Staff of the Russian Ministry of Defense:
"The military governor of Fergana informs that Eshon Muhammadali halfa declared a ghazot in Margilan district yesterday evening and went to Andijan with his companions consisting of a thousand men. The rebels cut the telegraph wire and attacked the camp of the 20th battalion in the morning. During this attack, 21 soldiers were killed and 10 were wounded. The insurgent group retreated leaving 11 dead and 8 wounded people. The military governor of Ferghana sent a company of the 20th battalion and a team of hunters from Margilan to Andijan by railway, and he himself left with 13 Cossacks on a dirt road. According to some reports, the casualties on our side are even more, and the Russian residents of Andijan are confused because of an unprecedented incident here. I instructed to take precautionary measures in the troops and cities and to subordinate all the troops of the Fergana region to the military governor during riots, as well as to return the Orenburg regiment from the meadow. Lieutenant General Korolkov".
Military Minister Lieutenant-General Kuropatkin immediately took this telegram to His Majesty the White Tsar and described the measures to suppress the uprising. The tsar approved these measures, and on this basis a telegram was sent to Dukhovsky, the newly appointed commander of the military forces of Turkestan, on the basis of immediate instructions to Korolkov. In it we read the following:
"The General Staff of the Ministry of Defense is the Asian part
May 1898, 21, No. 25724
On May 18, Lieutenant-General Korolkov sent to the Governor-General of Turkestan and the commander of the troops of the Turkestan Military District, "After the information given to His Majesty the King based on the urgent telegram known to you, His Highness, on May 21, Lieutenant-General Approving Korolkov's instructions, they order me to order your Excellency the following:
1) You, Your Excellency, go to the place of duty right now.
2) Let Lieutenant General Korolkov go to Fergana and investigate the people who allowed the attack on the Russian troops, find out to what extent local residents and officials are guilty, and how the troops behaved.
3) Lieutenant-General Povalo Shvikovsky, the military governor of Fergana, and the head of Andijan uezd should be removed from their positions.
4) The head of the 1st Turkestan Regular Brigade, Major General Ionov, should be sent to Ferghana and be assigned the task of temporarily commanding the troops stationed in the region; and let him lead the military units that will be involved in catching those who are guilty of attacking our camp and fighting against them if new groups appear.
5) At the discretion of General Ionov, two soldiers of the 2nd Ural Cossack Regiment should be sent from Samarkand to Fergana under the leadership of the commander of this regiment, Colonel Zhigalik.
6) Strengthen the composition of the Pamir post.
7) In case of riots in the mountains and regions, measures should be taken.
8) It should be shown to the relevant leaders that those who are guilty of attacking our troops should be punished in an exemplary manner, and the temporary command of the troops of the Turkestan region should be given the right to approve the verdicts of the field court.
9) Major-General Tchaikovsky, head of the 2nd Caspiorti Rifle Brigade, should be sent to the new Margilon to temporarily fulfill the position of the military governor of Fergana. Colonel Chernyaevsky, head of Samarkand uezd, and lieutenant colonel Krylov, head of Tashkent city uezd, should be appointed as his assistants.
10) Generals Ionov and Tchaikovsky should be given 600 soums, colonel Chernyaevsky and lieutenant colonel Krylov 300 soums, two sotnya officers and regimental commanders sent to Ferghana should be given travel allowance in the amount of half a year's salary.
While informing your Highness for execution of the above-mentioned orders of His Highness, I have the honor to inform you that the above-appointed persons and two lieutenants of the Ural regiment were instructed to leave immediately.
Tsar Nicholas II gave instructions to severely punish the rebels as an "example". Based on this instruction, the trial of the rebels will last for 3 months. Initially, 447 people will be tried and about 800 people will be called to testify. "Andijanskoe delo" made up 20 volumes of the military court proceedings chaired by Major-General Terentev. 380 people were sentenced in this court case. In the judgment we read the following: "...in accordance with Article 17 of the Code of Laws on Punishment and Correction of Criminals, introducing martial law on the basis of Articles 18, 31 and 249 of the Law on Strong Protection The son of Eshon Muhammadali halfa Muhammad Sabir, 45 years old, son of the former head of Kulla district, Goyibnazar Artiqkhoja, who was brought to the military court. ), 45 years old, Turks: Subkhanqul Arabboev, 52 years old, and Butaboy Gaynoboev, 36 years old, Sarts: Rustambek Sotiboldibek son, 33 years old, and Mirzahamdam Usmanboev, 44 years old, saw work. The court considered the case and found the defendants guilty of the following cases: 1) Muhammadali Eshan was accused of inciting armed insurrection among the inhabitants of many cities and regions of the country, thinking of overthrowing the Russian authorities in the country. The 18th Turkestan main-regular battalion, who declared a ghazavot (holy war) and led them with a group of criminal partners on the night of May 20 of this year, stood in the camp in Andijan city with weapons in hand. attacked companies 4 and 5; Goyibnazar is accused of conspiring with Muhammadali Eshan to raise a rebellion against the Russian authorities in the country and to declare war, using his position as the head of the Kulla department to - persuading other local people to participate in this case, helped the plan succeed, led a part of the criminal group during the attack on the Andijan garrison camp, before the group left the village of Kulla in his house killed and beheaded Safron Bishkov, a nighttime priest; 3) Subkhankul Arabboev was accused of colluding with Muhammadali Eshan to launch a rebellion against the Russian authorities and to declare a state of war in the country, and to have participated in the attack on the camp of the Andijan garrison, in which one of the group led the part; 4) The son of Rustambek Sotiboldibek was accused of being Muhammadali Eshan
Official information about the Andijan uprising and its participants
took part in the conspiracy and promised to help in advance, and using the fact that his shop was near the Andijan garrison camp, he delivered information that would ensure success when the camp was suddenly attacked, he personally participated in this attack and led others; 5) Mirzahamdam Usmonboev is accused of colluding with Muhammadali Eshon and personally participating in the attack on the Andijan camp; 6) Botaboy Gaynaboev is accused of colluding with Eshon and personally participating in the attack on the Andijan garrison camp.
The court decided to determine the nature of the criminal act and determine the punishment according to the law. , is to commit rebellion and, therefore, will be deprived of all property and sentenced to death.. Based on Article 244 of the Law on strong protection, with the introduction of martial law (prevention of crime and according to article 17 of Book XXII of the 1869nd edition of the Collection of Military Laws of 2, the court sentenced all the defendants to death and hanged all of them. determines the type to be killed. Based on all the statements, the court will decide: convicted Eshon Muhammadali, son of Goyibnazar Artik Khoja (can be called son of Artik Sufi), Subkhanqul Arabboev son of Rustambek Sotiboldibek, Bo Taboy Gaynaboev and Mirzahamdan Usmanboev should be deprived of all their property and six of them should be hanged for rebelling against the Supreme Authority.
Physical evidence in the case: 1) the blood-spattered green flag of the Ghazovot; 2) a red target on a stick; 3) Confiscated weapons seized from convicted and all their accomplices; the rest of the physical evidence is as follows: the contract on the holy war, the Korans, etc., should be withheld until the investigation is completed.
According to articles 1128-1155 of the Military Court Charter, the court costs should be collected from all the convicted in equal amounts, so that if they cannot afford it, they should be paid from the treasury. The loss of the families of 20 killed servicemen of the 22th Turkestan regular battalion is 200 soums per year for each family that lost a breadwinner, 4% of the annual income is converted into capital, and at the same time 5000 soums per family in accordance with Article 1868 of the Military Code of Laws. to be recovered from those convicted and their heirs according to Article 2, Clause I, Book XXII of the 62nd edition of the year1
The Chief Military Governor of Turkestan, Duhovsky, ordered that the main culprits of the uprising be hanged and buried in the citadel of the city and a toilet be built on top of it. This decision was changed recently. The area where the scaffolding was built was quite uneven. The insurgents were buried here, and the unslaked lime was then covered with earth. Then the whole area was flattened so that it would not be known where the executed were buried.
When General Duhovsky arrived in Andijan, about 10 people had to meet him at the railway station square. Then the general asked the head of the uezd why these people are bowing down and facing the ground, the head of the uezd said to him: "Your Highness, this common people is black-faced in front of the Russian government, confessing their sins, folded their hands and bowed their heads. he answered. After greeting a group of Jews and Armenians standing with bread and salt, General Duhovsky sat down and headed towards the decision. Such humiliation remained a strong wound in the hearts and minds of the population. Even, in 1925, at the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Uzbek SSR, he remembered that terrible humiliation of 1898:
"...Fergana has experienced extremely difficult times in recent days. In 1898, the poor people of Fergana were condemned to kneel with their heads bowed to the ground for three days, because a general, one of the White Tsar's officials, came here.2
362 people were shot dead by the court verdict, 341 people were imprisoned for different terms. 16 people were exiled with their families to distant and terrible Siberia. The center of the uprising, Mingtepa, Tajik Kashkar villages were continuously bombarded for three days and turned into kultepa. Villages were arbitrarily burned down without trial, innocent citizens are not included in this calculation.
Alinazar Egamnazarov writes in his above mentioned article, "According to the stories of the old people living in Marhamat, the next day when additional military forces arrived in Andijan, they went to work, went to the village of Oqshi, and shot a man they met on the way. A woman had four adult sons. Tsar soldiers shot all these four brothers. The Motherland went crazy, unable to bear this tragedy."1
Tsar authorities did not forget to reward the soldiers who served in suppressing the uprising and killing the rebels, and the representatives of the local people who sold the nation and the country to the Malays. Karabek Hasanov, who warned the head of Osh uezd about the uprising, will be awarded with a gold medal and a lifetime pension of 300 soums a year. Deputy of Izboskan, staff-captain Og'abekov, who showed bravery in the capture of Muhammadali Halfa, was awarded the 4th degree of the Order of St. Vladimir, his young men Yaqub Ibrahim son, Musa Masodig son had the inscription "For bravery". Deputy Lieutenant Karsheladze was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree and a silver medal with a St. George's ribbon on the chest and a sum of one hundred soums. Mikhailov, the head of the Andijan military garrison, was a lieutenant colonel and became a colonel. Ten ordinary soldiers will also be awarded.
Especially those who killed Dukchi Eshon will be shown great mercy. The Muhammadali halfa was tricked by the Kadirkol chieftain and general Matyakub in the Charbog village on the Arslanbob road, located in the territory of the current Bazarkurgan district of the Jalalabad region.
At that time, Dukchi Eshan said to the traitors of this nation, "Die mad when you both die. "Bite yourself to death with the hands you gave us to the Russians," he cursed. Matyaqub, cursed by the national hero, died less than five months later.
On June 1889, 12, the report of the Military Governor, Major General Tsiklovsky said: "Madyoqub Madrahimov, a resident of the Kokan village of Andijan uezd, was appointed to the position of manager of the Maygir department of this uezd for capturing Eshon with a thousand hills last year. After five months of service, he died on November 1898, 14. His wife and two children had nothing left to live on. Therefore, taking into account her services and the fact that her family has become extremely poor, I request you, Your Excellency, to consider that it is possible to assign a monetary allowance to this widow from the funds at your disposal. I gave 25 soums from the funds for
According to the information of the head of Andijan uezd, Madyoqub Madrahimov's widow is financially well-off, her husband left her 10 tenths of land, household furniture, and about 500 pounds of rice as an inheritance, the widow has two children, one of them It was said that Madrahimova should be paid 10 soums for the services of her late husband, not because of her financial need, but because she is serving in the Kokan rural department. Andijan uezd, Fergana region, Turkestan region, colonial administrators, officials, even the military minister of the Russian Empire personally assigned a pension of 5 soums to the family of Madyoqub Madrahimov for a period of 50 years. With this, the colonialists want to prove that "before the eyes of the people of Fergana, the Russian administration will adequately reward the service of its loyal people."1
After the uprising was brutally suppressed, the policy of relocating many Russian families from Russia to the country intensified. In his letter to Tsar Nicholas II, the Governor-General of Turkestan Duhovsky said: "Because the rebels killed 22 of our sleeping soldiers, 22000 of the rebels will be sentenced to death and 300 will be sentenced to death. "The place where the leader of the rebels lived was leveled and a Russian village of 200 families was built there." In the same way, local residents were moved from the villages of Hakand and Khartoum around Andijan, and their lands were given to Russian families. These lands were returned to their owners only in 1925-26.
So, even in the conditions of the colonial oppression of Tsarist Russia, our ancestors kept the historical traditions of our Erksevar people sacred and waged a legal and fair fight against the foreign invader.
1 The wider details of the Andijan uprising of 1898 are described fairly objectively and correctly in the work "Dukchi Eshon incident" (Samarkand, 1927) written by the son of Fozilbek Otabek. The son of Fozilbek Otabek was born in 1886 in "Devonaboy" village of Andijan, had Russian and Muslim education, was well-known as a journalist, actively fought for Jadidism and independence, was repressed in 1938. "The new history of Uzbekistan. The first book. Turkestan during the colonial period of Tsarist Russia was also covered in the works of Hamid Ziyayev.
