Plan:
1. The formation of ideas about nature. In the ancient countries of sharks, in ancient Greece and Rome, in Central Asia.
2. The period of metaphysics in the development of natural science. A general description of the metaphysical period, the Linnaean system.
3. The theory of JB Lamarck about the evolution of the organic world.
4. Darwin's works. Basic rules of Darwin's theory.
1. The theory of evolution is a science that teaches the laws of historical development of living beings from the moment life appeared on earth to the present day. The great British scientist Ch. Darwin founded. However, this idea was put forward by several naturalists and philosophers before Darwin.
Although the doctrine of the historical development of the organic world was created at the end of the 1th century, some information and ideas about the evolutionary doctrine go back to very ancient times. Ideas about the emergence of the organic world depend in many ways on the level of knowledge of living nature. Imaginations in natural khaki appeared in ancient Egypt, China, and India several thousand years before Christ.
In the XNUMXth century BC, Egyptians knew many types of medicinal and cultural plants. They planted several types of grain crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. The Egyptians raised cattle, horses, goats, donkeys and pigs. The ancient peoples of India cultivated many cultivated plants, bred cattle, pigeons, dogs, and for the first time domesticated chickens and elephants in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries BC. Here materialistic ideas are much more developed than in Egypt. The first observations on the development of the bud also belong to the ancient Indians.
Natural science was somewhat developed in ancient China. K\X crop rotation has been introduced. Some achievements in tillage and irrigation of the land were included in the ashes. 3000-4000 years ago, the method of selecting new breeds of animals (horses) and varieties of plants was used.
The ancient shark cultural heritage had an impact on the development of science and culture of ancient Greece. For this reason, in the works of Feles and Alaksimon, one of the natural philosophers of Ancient Greece, along with the shark religious legends, a new socio-economic practice developed on the basis of natural knowledge was expressed.
Aristotle made a great contribution to the development of natural science in ancient Greece. He created the basis of classification of animals. Solishtrima presented the first ideas in the field of anatomy, embryology.
Although knowledge about nature was much more developed during the renaissance compared to the works of the Middle Ages, the metaphysical worldview prevailed in the works of XU-XU111. Therefore, it is recognized that nature is a random collection of things and phenomena that have become separated from each other and have no interrelationship, and the process of development in it has been denied.
2. The artificial system of plants and animals was developed by the famous Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus. In his scientific work, he tried to create a precise and easy-to-understand system of plants and animals. According to him, the main unit of systematics is the species: species are grouped into genera, genera are grouped into genera, and genera are grouped into classes. Binary nomenclature was introduced into systematics by Linnaeus. The group of predators was combined with other groups of animals into the class of mammals.
Linnaeus systematized the plants known to science at that time and divided them into 24 classes. Systematization of flowering plants was based on the structure of their generative organs. In particular, he organized dusters according to their number. However, according to the natural system of the present time, they belong to different classes.
Linnaeus was well aware that the system he created was artificial. Therefore, he tried to create a natural system. Linnaeus also systematized animals. In this, their blood circulation and respiratory system took root. In his system, all animals are divided into 6 classes. Mammals, birds, amphibians (reptiles, living in water and on land), fish, insects, worms. Unlike the current classification, it was not from simple to complex, but from complex to simple.
By the second half of the XNUMXst century, in the sciences of zoology, anatomy, and embryology, it was not limited to the description of organisms, but they began to be studied in relation to their functions and environment. The study of the personal-individual development of organisms creates streams of epigenesis and preformism in science. The theory of epigenesis was founded by English scientist Harvey. He studied the embryonic development of birds and mammals and noted that not only birds, but also mammals develop from eggs.
In the 11s and 60s of the 70th century, the Dutch scientist Swamerden observed the metamorphosis of insects and noted that organs are already present in them. He criticized the Epengenesis flow and defended the Preformism flow.
3. Before Darwin, the French naturalist MB Lamarck (1744-1829) first created the theory of evolution of the organic world. Although he first put forward the idea of evolution in his work "Introduction to Zoology", he made it into an evolutionary theory in his work "Zoological Philosophy" published in 1809. According to him, simple beings arise spontaneously from inorganic nature. Later, under the influence of the external environment, they change, improve, become complicated and become highly structured organisms. Lamarck was also involved in animal systematics. According to Lamarck's concept, all living things have an internal desire to improve and complicate their structure. This is idealistic thinking.
Lamarck admits that species actually exist in nature, that changes in the organic world occur very slowly. Although Lamarck's body laid the foundation for the theory of the evolution of the universe, it could not explain the driving factors of evolution.
4. In order to understand the conditions under which Darwin's evolutionary theory was created, it is necessary to get acquainted with the condition of English capitalism in the first half of the 1931th century. Factors that played a role in the emergence of Darwin's theory were social conditions, achievements in natural sciences and the trip on the ship "Beagle" organized in 1936-XNUMX.
5. After returning from the trip, Darwin worked on the theory of evolution for 20 years and published it in 1859 in his work entitled "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection", i.e. "The Survival of Adapted Species in the Struggle for Survival". Darwin's main contribution was that he revealed the forces driving evolution. The materialist explained that the occurrence of adaptations and their relative distribution depend not on the influence of external natural forces, but on the influence of natural laws. He overthrew the metaphysical notions that species are immutable and created by God.
BOOKS
1. AT Gafurov. "Darwinizm" T.: "Ukitchich", 1992.
2. M. Tukhtayev, A. Khamidov. "Fundamentals of ecology and nature conservation" T.: 1994.
3. Biology. Bibliografichesky spravochnik, K. : "Naukova dumka" 1994
4. IP Sokolova. "Biology". M.: "Vusshaya school" 1987.
5. K. Willi. "Biology". Perevod s angliyskogo izdaniya "Mir", Moscow: 1968.
6. TX Kholikov, N. Sh. Sharofiddinkhojayev et al. "Biology". T.: "Abu Ali ibn Sina" 1996.
7. TB Hoffman-Kadashnikov, DF Petrov. "Genetics in Common with Biology". "Medicine" T.: 1970
8. EV Semenov, SG Mamantov, VP Kogan. "Biology". M.: "Prosvesheniye" 1984
