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Philosophical outlook, its characteristics and main principles
Plan:
1. The concept of "Worldism", its essence and historical forms.
2. The content and directions of the philosophical outlook.
3. Development conditions and basic principles of philosophical outlook.
4. Tasks of forming a new worldview in Uzbekistan.
The concept of worldview. Each person has his own view of the world, his ideas and conclusions about life and the universe. It is these ideas, concepts, views and conclusions that determine the content of a certain person's relationship with other people and his daily activities. In this sense, worldview is a system of views, imaginations, and knowledge about the reality that surrounds a person, the essence, structure of the world, and its place in it. Worldview is the most general way of imagining, perceiving and knowing the world.
The form of worldview specific to one person or individual is called individual worldview. A set of worldviews specific to a group, party, nation, or the entire society is called a social worldview. It can be said that the social worldview comes from the combination of individual worldviews. It is necessary to take into account general and specific forms of social outlook.
On the basis of daily life experiences, views, concepts, ideas are formed in society and people, which have a simple, self-developing (spontaneous) essence. This is a self-developing (spontaneous) form of worldview. It is often called life philosophy.
The scope of the philosophy of life is very wide and includes simple forms of manifestation of consciousness, as well as rational and healthy thoughts. A unique type of life philosophy or a simple practical worldview is formed by views formed under the influence of knowledge and experiences in various spheres of human activity. This is what is meant when it is said that "everyone has his own philosophy". Therefore, the worldview in its everyday mass forms has a deep and insufficiently grounded spontaneous character. Therefore, in many cases, everyday thinking is unable to properly explain and evaluate important issues. For this, it is necessary to scientifically analyze and know the world.
The principle of historicity of worldview. Worldview is formed in a certain period. In this sense, any worldview has a socio-historical nature and is created in the course of people's lives, practical activities, lives, influence on nature and work. The existence of a different worldview of a social group, society and generation in each period also shows that this concept has a historical essence.
The historicity of the worldview is also that it develops in a certain dialectical process. Its forms change, its historical appearance is constantly renewed.
It is known that in the early stages of human development, the world view was extremely simple. If they didn't find it, then the great scientist of ancient times, Archimedes, who discovered that any body has the ability to squeeze out the amount of love equal to its size, would not have left the bath naked and said "Eureka!", that is, "I found it!"
Worldview gradually improved in accordance with the development of society. The discoveries made in the field of science in the later periods of development show that the world view of man has deepened and his scope of knowledge has expanded. Here, the tradition of inheritance is clearly visible: the worldview of each era, Koyasi retains the best, first and positive spiritual qualities created in the past. On this basis, the worldview, which has new principles, will also improve. A clear example of this is the development of science and technology, from the simple bus to space rockets.
Philosophical outlook. The content of this concept is manifested in the attitude of a person to the world, events and events, to people and their activities, to many concepts such as life and its content, understanding, understanding, framing of them.
Philosophical outlook is formed and developed under the influence of daily activities, worldly, religious, scientific knowledge, life observations and social education. All aspects of social existence are reflected in science. It is natural that emotions, intelligence and thinking play an important role in the formation of worldview. Its formation depends on the emotional experiences and moods of people, and the mood of a person reflects his life conditions, social situation, national character, cultural level, personal destiny, age and circumstances. The spirit of the times, the mood and aspirations of social forces are also expressed in the outlook of a certain era. For example, today's need to strengthen the independence of Uzbekistan has a great impact on the formation of the independent worldview.
Philosophical outlook has a complex structure. It consists of specific knowledge, future goals and goals, natural and social science achievements, religious ideas, talents, trust, belief, thought, character.
Faith is very important among them. It is one of the foundations that make up the content of worldview. Faith arises from a deep belief in the validity of a person's thoughts and dreams, the validity of his dreams and hopes, and the conformity of his activities and behavior to common goals and requirements. It determines the personality, will and activity of a person, controls them, motivates a person to be active and effective.
Emotions and reason play an important role in the philosophical outlook. Feeling is the emotional-spiritual aspect of the worldview, and understanding the world is the mental form of the worldview. Emotions are manifested in various forms, such as joy, happiness, enjoyment, satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life and work, excitement, anxiety, nervousness, loneliness, weakness, depression, regret, regret, and the fate of one's homeland. The home of all these brings the world to rest. And liking the world is the basis for its intellectual understanding and the formation of a certain worldview.
The human mind forms and improves the scientific outlook on the basis of its inherent qualities and imagination. The characteristics and thoughts, knowledge and beliefs, aspirations and moods, dreams and talents characteristic of each person are integrated into the structure of the worldview and reflect the world as a whole. The formation of a whole, integrated worldview starts from childhood and continues until the end of a person's life. This situation represents one of the main principles of individual worldview.
In Koyat, knowledge is of great importance in the formation of a philosophical outlook. Knowledge has all the hallmarks of a worldview. But knowledge and worldview are not exactly the same thing. Understanding the world is the basis for the emergence of knowledge. Knowledge is formed in the human mind in the process of emotional and intellectual cognition, it is the basis of worldview, its integral part.
Knowledge comes in the evaluation of a phenomenon or thing under certain conditions, and it is in this process that it becomes a worldview. In the process of such assessment, certain interests are always taken as a basis. Therefore, the social outlook expresses the interests of various social groups, and sometimes becomes a field of struggle for their realization.
In order to achieve its goals, a party or a group tries to occupy a place in the general social worldview characteristic of the whole society or to change it in favor of its interests. In general, the easiest and easiest way to achieve a goal in life is to be able to change the worldview of people for the benefit of society.
Philosophy has always been a worldview. Because it was born out of the need to find answers to many questions: why was life given, what is the purpose of coming into the world, and what are the ways to spend life meaningfully. Philosophical worldview is distinguished by its theoretical foundation and thoroughness. In this sense, it also serves as a general method for another discipline or field of activity.
If the theory is the result of the knowledge process, the method means the way to achieve this knowledge or to implement it. Philosophical theory can perform the function of method at the same time. In the turning periods of history, the main directions and goals of the changes are determined by comparing them with the principles of the philosophical worldview. In this case, a certain philosophical theory is accepted as a general method. For this reason, in such periods, attention to philosophical theories increases, and the importance of philosophical models of development paths increases.
For example, our country is implementing the path of development founded by Islam Karimov - the "¤zbek model" in terms of joining the world community and building a democratic state. The main essence of this way is to carry out reforms gradually, not in a revolutionary way. While proposing this year, the President focused on issues such as its essence and what results it has produced in history. This way of development is clearly imagined. That is, its historical and modern aspects, universal and regional features, importance of nakadar for the present and future of our country have been comprehensively studied. It is on this basis that the necessary conclusions are drawn and the main ways of applying them to life are shown.
We call this theory, on the one hand, our own and appropriate model of development. On the other hand, we consider it to be a general philosophical basis - a methodology that will fundamentally change the life of our country and determine its future, and make an important effort in the development of national worldview, consciousness and thinking. Because its principles determine the main directions of our development and at the same time serve as a methodological basis that has a strong influence on this process.
Since man is a conscious social being, his worldview is based on certain needs and interests. Therefore, any worldview is the embodiment of the Koyas, theories, knowledge complex, mental state and beliefs, and their manifestation, which express the attitude of a certain person, social group or class to existence based on their needs and interests.
Philosophical worldview, due to its essence, spiritual activity, it created certain directions of conscious, human attitude towards existence. For example, people's moral relations in society are expressed in moral worldviews, legal relations - legal, political relations - political, religious relations - religious, ecological relations - ecological worldviews. If we interpret this in a systematic way, it will look like this:
1. Moral.
2. Religious.
3. Legal.
4. Political.
5. Ecological.
6. Aesthetics.
The relatively independent forms of worldview that make up this system act in interdependence and interdependence.
The level of development of the worldview system corresponds to the development of society and represents it. In addition, the development of the nation in each historical period is reflected in its mentality and worldview. In other words, the worldview system and its characteristics determine the spiritual image of a certain person, social group, class and the whole nation.
The concept of "worldliness" is formed as a whole with feelings and concepts such as awareness of continuity, patriotism, national pride, historical memory, and spiritual maturity. Because the worldview is clarified by these spiritual and social phenomena, it becomes a historical source of universal human capacities.
Historical forms of philosophical worldview are the legal result of human development and have been manifested as a moral criterion of the development of society. In the early stages of development, people's attitude towards nature and their social life was expressed in various legends and myths. They thus formed a mythological worldview. The constant celebration of good in the struggle between evil and goodness testifies to the humanistic content of the mythological worldview. In particular, examples of Uzbek creations in the process of the civilization of the Uzbek people in the form of narratives, legends and other genres still show the spiritual appearance of our nation in history. They are surprising the world today. For example, the example of our ancient heritage - in the Avesta, the symbol of good - Ahuramazda and the symbol of evil - in the example of the history of the struggle between Ahriman and Ahriman, in the end, goodness still shines, that is, light shines over darkness. .
The mythological worldview came from the desire of the people of ancient times to create suitable living conditions for themselves. Struggle for goodness and truth In the legends and narratives expressed by the Koyas, the specific state of mind of the nation, faith in the future, love for the homeland, and the desire for human perfection are expressed in the form of artistic tools and legendary heroes.
The mythological essence of worldview seems to be very woolly and primitive at the time of today's scientific and technical development, human intelligence has been greatly increased. But legends and narratives with their strong appeal and humanistic Koyas are still an effective and effective factor in educating people in the spirit of virtues.
Religious views. In the structure of a certain worldview, religious and theological views gain special importance. They have certain foundations, like other forms of worldview, because they come into existence with the faith of man.
While the mythological worldview is based on the recognition of mythical forces, the religious worldview is based on belief in divine powers. That's why this form of worldview is determined by the mood in the human heart:
- emotional and mental states;
— belief;
— expression of faith in actions.
At the same time, these constitute the main principles of the religious worldview.
Religious worldview has fulfilled certain social tasks in every era. "The fact that religion, including the religion of Islam, has been stable for thousands of years is a proof that it has deep roots in human nature and that it fulfills several unique tasks. First of all, religion, which is a specific branch of the spiritual life of society, group, and individual, absorbed universal moral standards, revived them, and turned them into mandatory rules of behavior for everyone.
Absolutization in any way in the life of the society, including the importance and significance of the religious worldview, can cause negative consequences. This is especially evident in the current era, when religious fundamentalism and extremism have become a serious threat to humanity.
With the strengthening of science, technology, and worldly sciences in the present era, it is necessary to emphasize that "Religious worldview, thinking, and attitude to the world that surrounds a person, and to people like Uzi, are not the only way. The worldly thought, the worldly way of life has developed while having the right to live side by side with it."
Religious worldview is studied by the philosophical science called theology. Theology has created its own perfect system of analyzing issues such as the relationship between the universe and man, the meaning of life, the problem of life and science with the concepts of theology and religious beliefs. Today, among the main tasks of the religious worldview, its regulative activity is the most important, eliminating the conflicts of life. In general, the role and importance of religion in raising a mature generation is enormous and it is increasing more and more.
The main directions of the philosophical outlook. Each of the worldview system and its relatively independent directions can be considered as a clarified (concrete) form of philosophical reflection. Philosophical worldview, to put it simply, is a system of knowledge that expresses a person's attitude to the universe, man and existence. If we approach it from the point of view of the essence of human existence, depending on the extent to which its material or spiritual aspects are absolute, we can see that there are materialistic and idealistic orientations in its structure.
If we generalize the relationships expressed to existence and its properties from the point of view of existence, existence, change and development, we will see that there are a number of worldviews such as metaphysical and dialectical, sophistic and synergetic. These are purely theoretical-philosophical issues, and we will discuss them in the sections "World and Man", "Philosophical Understanding of the World".
Philosophical worldview is not a separately formed (mechanical) combination of the system of scientific views on existence, but a system based on their general concepts. In the structure of the philosophical worldview, the following principles appear:
- the interdependence of different worldviews is increasing;
— in the process of the formation and development of a particular worldview, the importance of the attitude towards a person is increasing;
- national worldview emerged as a form of universal worldview and its component.
These general principles of the philosophical outlook serve as a methodological basis for any concrete forms of outlook.
At the same time, it also has its own principles: