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Jalaliddin Manguberdi or Jalaliddin Menguberdi (Jalal id-Diniya wa-d-Din Abu-l-Muzaffar Mankburni ibn Muhammad) (1199—1231) - (since 1220) the last Khorezm king, Ala id-Din Muhammad II and his Turkmen wife The eldest son of Toys.
Jalaliddin takes the name Mekburni (or Manguberdi), which means "there is a spot on his face." The exact date of Jalaliddin's birth is unknown, his official date of birth is 1198.
Despite the existing traditions, Jalaliddin's younger brother, Uzlakhon, ascends the throne at the urging of his respected grandmother, the Kipchak queen Turkan Khotun, at the Gurganj Palace. Jaloliddin grew up in a military environment and mastered the martial arts early. Despite the fact that the treasury (now Afghanistan) is under his control, the father avoids conspiracies and keeps his son in front of him in Gurganj. Young Jalaliddin tries to reach the border, where there are constant battles with enemies.
Genghis Khan Upon learning of the planned invasion, Jalaliddin asked his father to place his army in the Syrdarya and meet the enemy there, but his father was convinced that the defensive walls and fortress would not allow the enemy to enter the country. 'decides not to. The Mongols invaded the city violently. First, 1220 years Buxoro, then Samarkand surrounded by. Seriously ill, Muhammad flees to the Caspian. He gathers his three sons, hangs his sword on Jalaliddin's waist, appoints him heir to the throne, and urges his other brothers to obey his brother. After Muhammad's death, Jalaliddin ascends the throne, but the Gurganj nobles disregard the new ruler and leave him out of the people's support.
Jalaliddin gathered an army of three hundred loyal Turkmen men and set out for Khorasan. Around Nisa, they meet an Mongol army of seven hundred men and easily defeat them. This insignificant victory encouraged the people of Khorasan against the Mongol invaders, as a result of which Genghis Khan sent his army to Khorezm and Khorasan, and Jalaliddin's younger brothers faced the army and crushed them mercilessly.
On his way to his bequest, Jalal al-Din allied himself with the deputy of Marv, Khan Malik, and his army of forty thousand men, the Turkmen khan Sayf id-din, and his army of forty thousand men. Near Kandahar, a united army destroyed the Mongols and reached Jalaliddin Ghazna.
Above Murgab, he is joined by Khan Malik, a former deputy of Marv, and Sayf id-din, a Turkmen khan. Arriving at the treasury, Jalaliddin soon gathered an army of ten thousand men and marched against the Mongols who had besieged Kandahar, crushing it. Upon hearing of the success of their ruler, the military commanders of the divided Khorezmian army began to gather in the Treasury, and soon, about 70 soldiers under Jaloliddin's command were gathered. He will be accompanied by his brother Amin al Mulk, Commander Timur Malik, Khan of Qarluq Azam Malik and Afghan teacher Muzaffar Malik. Genghis Khan was still unaware of the Khorezmshah's power and sent an army of 30 against him, led by Shiki Khutukhu.
The battle on the propeller
In the spring, Jalaliddin's army encounters Shiki Hutuhu's leading army in the village of Valian on the Ghari River. The Mongol army is almost completely destroyed: only a hundred soldiers survive. Then Jaloliddin made his way to the gorge, where he waited for the battle. Shiki Hutuhu directs his entire army here. The two armies meet in a rocky ravine between majestic rocks. The place was inconvenient for the cavalry, and both sides were compelled to refrain from action. Jaloliddin Temur ordered Malik to advance with the infantry archers. Despite the fact that the Khorezmians felt the weakness of the enemy, Shiki Hutuhu restrained himself on the first day, then climbed the rocks and began to shoot arrows at the Mongols from the top, inflicting heavy casualties on the Mongol army.
The next day, Jalaliddin's soldiers looked at the tree and noticed that the Mongol army had increased in number. In fact, Shiki Hutuhu would have ordered the reserve horses to pass the straw overalls wrapped in cloth. The attack on the left wing of the enemy side remains under a pile of bullets and spears. Shiki Hutuhu then orders the enemy to attack the circle. However, the rugged and rocky surrounding hills hinder the success of the Mongols. Jalaliddin saddles his warriors and launches an additional attack. The Mongols begin to flee from the sudden attack. The Khorezmshah warriors retreated and Shiki Hutuhu lost his half-army. (Afghanistan: History of Warriors from the Time of Alexander the Great to the Taliban. - M .: Publishing House Exmo.) Many researchers have suggested that the defeat of the Mongols in Parwan during Genghis Khan's transition to the West. it was their only major defeat in their wars in Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Jalaliddin was supported not only by his warriors but also by his people as a just and just ruler. After the defeat in Parvana, the Mongols left the territory of Afghanistan. In response, Genghis Khan decided to take part in a new battle against the Khorezmshahs. However, as Jalaliddin was just preparing for a decisive battle with Genghis Khan, a quarrel broke out between the commanders who supported him, and the Kipchaks, Qarluqs, and Afghans left Jalaliddin.
After the defeat of the Mongols in Parvana, Genghis Khan himself marched against Jalaliddin at the head of other forces. He was captured on December 1221, 9, on the banks of the Sind River. Khorezmshah lined up his army in the shape of a crescent and blocked the river on both sides. The Mongols cling to the barrier and soon perish. The central part tries to overcome the obstacles, but many soldiers are killed. Jalaliddin orders his drowning to be completely submerged, and then throws himself on a large rock of the Indus River with his tulpar so as not to be captured. The 6 cavalrymen crossed the other bank of the Indus River and even managed to intimidate the Mongols with their weapons. In the battle, Jalaliddin's family is captured and killed, and he himself goes to Sindh. According to legend, Genghis Khan recognized the courage of the young sultan and told many of his sons: "Father and son should be like this." To pursue Genghis Khan, Balo sends an army led by the district beys named Noyon and Bourbon. However, upon reaching the city of Multan, the Mongols lost track of the sultan.
Knowing that the local Sind rana of the Shatra administration, located on Mount Jud, had appeared in his territory with Jalaliddin's remaining soldiers, he gathered 5 infantry and a thousand cavalry and marched against him. Suddenly, Jalaliddin himself attacks him. He personally shoots Rana, and his army disbands after a short battle. Until the beginning of 1224, Jalaliddin lived in India and began to march to Iran and Mesopotamia. For four years, Jalaliddin fought against the Mongols in India.
He gathers a new army of Turkmens and sets out for Western Iran - the Caucasus. 1225 Jalaliddin invades northern Iran from the south. Capturing Maragha without serious resistance, the sultan made his way to Tabriz and conquered the city. Otabek Uzbek fled to Ganzak, from where he went to the stronghold of Alinjo, where he died. In a short time, Jalaliddin's rule was recognized by Ganj, Barda, Shamkir and other cities of Arran. In 1225, Jalaliddin's army partially occupied Georgia and Armenia. On August 1225, 8, near the city of Dvin in Eastern Armenia, a battle took place between the Georgian-Armenians and Jalaliddin's army, which went down in history as the Battle of Garni. The Khorezmshah will win. He sent his ambassadors to the Georgians with an offer to make peace and march against the Mongol troops, but the princess refused from Rusudan. In 1226 he conquered Georgia and destroyed its capital, Tbilisi, destroying all the churches there. Only those who converted to Islam in Tbilisi will survive. During Jilaliddin's conquest of the eastern Caucasus, the Ildegizid state collapsed. The Shervarshahs also accept their subordination to Jalaliddin.
In 1227, near Ray, Jalaliddin defeated the Mongol army. In the same year, the Khorezmshah, called for help by the people of Isfahan, defeated the Mongols near the city of Isfahan. Jalaliddin holds two battles per page: against the Mongols in western Iran and against the Armenians and Georgians behind the Caucasus. But in 1228, the Roman Sultan Alouddin, united with the Kilik-Armenian king Getum I and the Egyptian sultan Ashraf, began a war against the Khorezmshah. Khorezmshah's army could not withstand this attack and was defeated.
Jalaliddin sent a letter to the Kipchak khans with a proposal to unite against the Mongol invaders, and in 1220 he received a reply letter from his sister, who was captured by Genghis Khan's son Joji and had one child. At school, he persuaded Jalaliddin to ally with the Mongols and offered him land near the Amudarya. But Jaloliddin did not respond to the letter.
Jalaliddin shows courageous resistance against his enemies. After the conquest of the fortress of Khilat in Iraq in 1230, the Khorezmian king was defeated in an attack by Mesopotamia and the alliance of the rulers of Asia Minor. The final blow to Jalaliddin's army was delivered by the Ugedei army of the Mongols led by Charmagan. Jaloliddin was severely wounded in battle, and then he tried to hide in the mountains of Kurdistan, where he was killed. The image of Jalaliddin becomes a legend, dedicated to the fairy tale "On the Wings of Courage" by writer Vasily Yan and other works.
Jaloliddin Manguberdi is one of the "national heroes". In 1999, the 800th anniversary of Jaloliddin's birth was widely celebrated in our country. Several statues dedicated to him have been erected in Uzbekistan, and a memorial complex dedicated to Jaloliddin Manguberdi has been built in Khorezm region.
In 1999, 800-sum commemorative coins dedicated to the 25th anniversary of Jaloliddin were put into circulation.
On August 2000, 30, the Order of Jaloliddin Manguberdi was established. With this order, he was awarded to the command, which showed high military skills, heroism and courage in defending the independence of the country, the borders of the homeland, the motherland and its protection, and made a significant contribution to strengthening the state's defense. incoming military personnel will be rewarded. On August 2003, 22, Khorezm region was awarded this order.
Jaloliddin Manguberdi is also revered in Turkmenistan, and his courage against the Mongols is still sung today.