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By the end of the twelfth century, political struggles between various tribes and clans living in Mongolia were in full swing. Their tribal relations were particularly strong, and they lived mainly on nomadic cattle-breeding, hunting, and bartering. He was born in 1155 Temuchin In 1206, at a specially convened congress on the banks of the Onon River, Temuchin was proclaimed the Hakan of all of Mongolia, and thus the Mongol invasion began. In 1207-1208, the Enasoy (Enisey) basin, the northern part of the Ettisuv region, was conquered and the Uyghurs there were also completely subjugated. In 1209, Genghis Khan invaded the country of Tongut in northeastern China, taking large booty and many people as slaves and taking them to Mongolia. During the years 1211-1215, he first attacked China, inflicting heavy blows on the mighty Jin army, and then occupied Beijing. The Jin dynasty was overthrown and annexed to the Mongol state of Northern China. Genghis Khan, who established a powerful state in Mongolia, is now turning his attention to Central Asia.
The state of Khorezmshahs during the reign of Aloviddin Muhammad (1200-1220) Samarkand and captures Otrar from the Karakhanids, extending its borders to the distant Ghazna (southern Afghanistan) and subjugating Western Iran and Azerbaijan. Dashti enters the interior of Kipchak. More than 25 countries are reported to be dependent on it. As a result, Aloviddin Muhammad became too proud of his great achievements and declared himself "Iskandari Soni", ie the second Alexander.
It is no exaggeration to say that on the eve of the Mongol invasion, the Khorezmshah state had originally established a dual government. Although the king of the country was Aloviddin Muhammad, the mother of the second ruling king in domestic and foreign policy was the Turkon Khatun. After the death of Aloviddin Tekesh, the Turkon woman was now fully involved in the affairs of state and administration.
On the eve of the Mongol invasion, the country was in a state of depression and crisis. The ambassadors of Genghis Khan and Aloviddin went to each other in the ranks of trade caravans, and at the same time collected various necessary information and performed espionage tasks. On the eve of the Mongol invasion of the Khorezmshah state, such relations were established between two great historical figures, rulers, aimed at a comprehensive study of each other.
Military invasions of the Mongol invaders to Turan. Aloviddin Muhammad's military error, its consequences. Dissatisfied with the signing of the treaty with Khorezmshah, Genghis Khan sent 450 Muslim merchants from Beijing to the state of Khorezmshahs, led by Umar Haji al-Otrari, al-Jamal al-Margani, Fakhriddin al-Bukhari, 2-3 from each tribe. They had to deal with the selection and purchase of rare goods in the country of Khorezm for Mongolia. At the same time, it was possible that there may be people sent to the Khorezm state to gather information for future military campaigns. According to historian Nasavi, when the caravan arrived in Otrar, the mayor, Inolchikkhan (real name Goyirkhan), a cousin of the Turkic woman, saw the valuables in it, became greedy, and hastened to say that the caravan was acting as spies. sends a message. Khorezmshah sent an order to the governor to stop the caravan from entering the country. But believing in the protection of the Turkon woman, Inolchik commits a great tragedy, that is, by his order the caravan is captured, all the merchants and other people are executed. All the goods in the caravan will be confiscated. Coincidentally, a surviving camel manages to reach Genghis Khan and inform him of the tragedy.
The war between Genghis Khan and the Khorezmshahs began in 1219. The Mongol invaders rushed to capture Otrar with great force and courage. The siege of Otrar lasted more than 5 months and more than 80 soldiers took part in its defense.
During the fierce wars of 1219-1221, the Mongols conquered almost all the lands of the Khorezm state.
During 1221-1231, Jalaliddin, the son of Khorezmshah, inflicted heavy losses on Genghis Khan and his troops.
When Jalaliddin reaches the village of Ayndar near Mayofarikin, he is captured by Kurdish bandits. The Kurds will take away everything he has. Their leader locks Jalaliddin in a house and appoints a guard. At that moment, a Kurd found out about the incident and came to the house where Jalaliddin was staying. The man's brother was killed by the Khorezmians in the siege of Hilot, and he was seeking revenge. Despite the guard's resistance, the Kurd stabbed Jalaliddin to death without any weapons. The life of Jaloliddin, the incomparable hero who survived so many years of fierce battles and unparalleled battles, ends without glory. This event took place between August 1231-17, 20.
However, it is clear that at that time Khorezmshah Jalaliddin Manguberdi was the mountain on which the Muslims relied in the fight against the Mongols. However, his state collapsed due to internal conflicts between Muslim rulers. As a result of his untimely destruction, the Islamic world was hit by a new catastrophe of the Mongol invaders.
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