Stuttering

Stuttering is a disorder of the speed tone of speech as a result of contraction of the muscles of the speech apparatus.The causes of stuttering are currently divided into 2 groups: the cause of inclination and the causal cause.

Contents [Close]

• The reasons for the propensity include the following
• There are 3 types of muscle contraction during the speech act
• Stuttering is divided into three levels
• Smoking is divided into the following types according to the duration
• Psychotherapeutic effects
• Didactic methods

The reasons for the propensity include the following

• Neuropathic illness of parents.
• neuropathic features in the smoker himself.
• hereditary disorder.
• damage to the brain at different stages of development, under the influence of many negative factors.

In the group of causative causes we can distinguish anatomical-physiological mental and social causes.

• Anatomical and physiological causes: physical disorders with encephamitic effects, injuries, organic disorders of the brain, poisoning and other diseases that weaken the central speech apparatus, complete disruption or extreme fatigue of the nervous system, measles, sweating, vomiting, runny nose, sore throat, wheezing diseases, dyslalia, dysarthria, and imperfect development of the vocal apparatus in cases of incomplete speech.
• Mental and social causes: short-term instantaneous trauma, long-term traumatic trauma, chronic conflict experiences, long-term negativity in the form of stress or unresolved, general distressing conflict situations emotions, very heavy oppression of the mind, strong, sudden onset of pain that causes a sharp ineffective effect, a state of panic and extreme joy, speech improper formation in childhood, excessive speech in a young child acquaintance with materials, straining, polyglossia, knowing some different language at an early age usually leads to stuttering in some language. Imitating the stutterers, such mental induction is divided into two forms: the sluggish child begins to stutter involuntarily by listening to the speech of the stuttering person, he imitates the active stuttering person, teaching from snoring to snoring.

Constant reminding, calling for discipline can lead to neurotic and psychopathic states, along with disrupting a child’s higher nervous activity and causing stuttering; the teacher’s mistreatment of the child, excessive harshness, cruelty can serve as a motivator for the occurrence of stuttering.

At present, the symptoms of stuttering are divided into two groups that are close to each other:

• biological (physiological)
• social (psychological)

Physiological symptoms include tension of the organs involved in the formation of speech, disorders of the central nervous system and physical health, general and speech movements. Mental symptoms include speech disorders and other disorders of emotional speech. use and other mental aspects.There are 3 types of muscle contraction during the speech act

• clonic
• tonic
• mixed

The study of the unstable rate of stuttering provides an opportunity to substantiate the notion of determining the indicators of correct speech in relation to the preserved speech activity and the different levels of complexity of the speech situation. important for basic correction tasks in a phase. The appearance of stuttering is also characterized by various disorders of general and speech motor skills. They can be in the form of violent and voluntary detention. Smokers use such gestures in order to mask or alleviate their difficult speech. The social basis of stuttering is such a mental basis, on the basis of which the "perception of the weakening of speech" emerges. Feeling unwell is one of the main factors in the development of neurotic disease.The more a sick person pays attention to his or her symptoms, the more severe it becomes. As a result, the condition becomes so severe that the patient can not get rid of it, the symptoms of the disease distract him, as a result of which the symptoms develop further and the patient's attention is drawn to himself. Researchers dealing with stuttering have different views on the concept of attention deficit: attention is a special feature of attention, perception of a defect, having an idea about it, having a different emotional attitude towards it.

It is important to find norms that represent the true complexity of the different levels that are noted in the defect. As a rule, you can use 3 options for the emotional attitude of the stutterer to his shortcomings and 3 options for the use of willpower against them. In this regard, it is appropriate to introduce the term "attention to the disease" to divide people who stutter into three groups.

• Zero level of attention to the disease: children do not think about it and do not worry, as if they do not feel their defect. The hesitation, the thought of his own mispronunciation, makes no attempt to rectify the defect.
• Moderate level of attention to the disease: high school students and adolescents worry about their shortcomings, are ashamed of it, hide their stuttering, go to the use of various tricks, try to have less contact with others. They know they are stumbling, they experience a series of inconveniences after it, they try to mask their shortcomings.
• A pronounced degree of attention to the disease: in stuttering, anxiety about a defect becomes a constant deep sense of its own imperfection, in which every action is analyzed through the concept of a speech defect. They focus their attention on speech defects, suffer from deep stuttering, are prone to focus on the disease, suspect the disease, panic before speaking, and suspect people, situations, and so on.

Stuttering is divided into three levels

• Mild stuttering - stuttering when a person is nervous or speaks fast.
• Moderate stuttering - a person is calm, speaks easily in normal situations, stutters less, there is a strong stuttering in emotional moments.
• Severe stuttering - a person stutters throughout the entire speech, with constant distracting movements.

Smoking is divided into the following types according to the duration

• Constant - is manifested directly in various speech forms and situations when stuttering occurs.
• Wavy stuttering - stuttering sometimes decreases, sometimes increases, but does not disappear completely.
• Repetitive - stuttering disappears and reappears, i.e. recurrence occurs, reappears after speech without prolonged free hold.

In the first case, these are therapeutic measures, in the second - pedagogical measures, and in the third - the effect of treatment and pedagogical processes on the stutterer in different situations. Therapeutic means of stuttering have been used at different levels and forms since ancient times. the method was used from the first century AD to the middle of the nineteenth century until ideas about its ineffectiveness and danger were confirmed.Psychotherapeutic effectsWith the emergence of views on stuttering as a neurotic impairment, some authors have begun to prioritize its elimination through psychotherapeutic effects.Didactic methodsProponents of didactic teaching of correct speech in stuttering have suggested a different and gradually complex system of speech training that covers both individual elements of speech and speech in general. A modern comprehensive approach to stuttering is different for different aspects of stuttering mental and physical condition. treatment, exposure through pedagogical treatment by various means and methods of specialists. The whole set of pedagogical treatments can be divided into two groups, depending on the nature of the impact on the stuttering: treatment-rehabilitation and pedagogical correction. Therapeutic-rehabilitation work carried out by the doctor includes the following main tasks: nervous system and physical Strengthening and rehabilitation of the condition, elimination and treatment of deviations and pathological manifestations of their mental and physical condition. Pedagogical corrective work carried out by a speech therapist includes the following main tasks: . The speech therapist organizes the joint medical-pedagogical work of the necessary specialists who can apply their methods and tools in influencing the stutterer.