Khandamir (born 1473-76, died 1534)

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The Herat historian Khandamir (full name Giyosiddin Muhammad ibn Khoja Humamuddin ibn Khoja Jaloluddin Muhammad ibn Burhanuddin) was one of the scholars who entered the development of science in the early XNUMXth century with his works. There is almost no information about his life and work, except for a wealth of information written by his works and contemporaries.

On his mother's side, he was the grandson of the famous historian Mirkhand, the author of "Ravzat us-safo" ("Garden of Purity"). His father, Khoja Humamuddin Muhammad ibn Khoja Jalaluddin Muhammad ibn Khoja Burhanuddin Muhammad Shirazi, was one of the intellectuals of his time and was a minister of Sultan Mahmud Mirza Temur Temur (who ruled in Hisori Shodmon and Badakhshan).

It is believed that Khandamir was born and educated in Herat between 1473 and 1476. He is a historian with a thorough knowledge of history, literature and essays, and is known as one of the greatest scholars of his time.

The enlightened poet Mir Alisher Navoi played an important role in the formation of Khandamir as a scientist, he allowed the future scientist to use his very rich library, and at the same time supervised his scientific work.

According to the historian, he came to Navoi at a young age, first as a librarian and later as a director of his library.

After the death of Alisher Navoi, Khandamir became involved in political events in Khorasan and first served in Balkh at the palace of Badiuzzaman Mirzo, the eldest son of Sultan Hussein Boykaro. At the same time, Khandiamir was one of the envoys sent by Badiuzzaman to persuade the governor of Kunduz, Khisravshah, to take part in the defense of Khorasan from the impending attack by the army of Shaibanikhan (1500–1510), and he personally performed Badiuzzaman's special mission. During this period he was given the title of "sadr". After a while, Khandamir was sent there again on the instructions of Badiuzzaman to unite the governor of Kandahar in an alliance against Shaibanikhan. However, due to the death of Badiuzzaman's daughter, Khandamir was forced to cancel the voyage and return to Herat. In 1506, Shaibanikhan witnessed the conquest of Herat and participated in the conditions for the surrender of Herat, the center of Khorasan.

After the change of dynasty, Khandamir, a supporter of the Timurid dynasty, decided to leave Herat and from 1507 to 1510 he worked in the village of Basht in northern Afghanistan. As soon as the Safavid dynasty, its founder Shah Ismail (1407–1424), came to the throne of Herat, in 1510, Khandamir returned to Herat. After the death of King Ismail (1527), he completely abandoned Herat and moved to Kandahar, and in 1528 from there to Agra, India, to Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.

When Khandamir arrived in Agra, he became one of Babur's closest associates and in 1529 accompanied Bobur on his march to Bengal and the banks of the Ganges. After Babur's death, he was in the service of his successor Humayun (1530–1556), and in 1534 he accompanied him to Gwalior and took part in his expedition to Gujarat. At the same time, he wrote Humayunnama, for which he was awarded the title of Amir al-Muarrikhin (Emir of Historians). Khandamir died in 1534 while returning to Mandu with Humayun. According to his will, his body will be buried in the cemetery in Delhi - Nizamiddin Awliya, next to the poet Khusrav Dehlavi.

Khandamir had two children, one named Amir Mahmud and the other Sayyid Abdulkhan. Amir Mahmud was the author of a work on the history of the reign of Shah Ismail and Shah Takhmasp (1524–1576), dedicated to Muhammad Khan Sharafiddin Takali. According to Ravzat us-Safaviya (The Garden of the Safavids), this work was very popular among the scholars of that time.

During his lifetime, Khandamir wrote about thirteen works, eight of which have survived.

The historian's Ma'asir ul-muluk (History of the Hamasr Kings) was written at the request of Alisher Navoi and as a token of gratitude to him in 1498–1499. It contains proverbs about the good deeds of kings and ancient sages. These include narrations from Qayumars to Anushirvan, from Adam to Buzurgmehr, and about the Prophet Muhammad and the Imams. The author then goes on to describe the history of Kurdish kings and Turkish kings, as well as the history of the Umayyads, Abbasids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, and other dynastic rulers. The last part of the work provides information about the rulers, scholars and sages who contemporaries Hussein Boykaro and Alisher Navoi.

Khulasat ul-akhbar fi bayan ul-ahval ul-ahyor ("Summary of reports on the condition of good people") was written between 1498 and 1499 and is also dedicated to Alisher Navoi. It contains valuable information about the great constructions and excavations of Herat and its environs during the reign of Hussein Boykaro and Alisher Navoi, as well as about the poets, scientists, mathematicians, astronomers, musicologists, doctors and artists of that time.

Makarim ul-Akhlaq (Noble Behaviors) was also written as a token of gratitude to Alisher Navoi (but Navoi died and Khandamir did not have time to present the book to him). In "Makorim ul-akhlaq" Khandamir Navoi's high human qualities, noble morals, works, buildings built on his initiative, contemporary poets, scientists and nobles, as well as the socio-political situation in Khorasan at that time, the relationship between Navoi and Hussein Boykaro tells the story.

Khandamir's Dastur ul-Vuzaro (Manual for Ministers) was written at the request of Alisher Navoi in 1500 and was dedicated to Hussein Boykaro and his minister Amir Kamoliddin Mahmud. Nine years later, in 1509, the work was revised and expanded. From him to the history of the East in the VII-XVI centuries, including the ministers of Movarounnahr and Khorasan before the crisis of the Timurid dynasty, Genghis Khan's minister, later the Mongol viceroy in China, Mahmud Yalavoch from Khorezm and his son Chigataybek's minister in Movarounnahr.

The scholar's "Nomai nomi" ("Famous names") describes the events of 1522 (the work is also called "Inshoi Ghiyosiddin" or "Inshoi Ghiyosiy"). The book is about the science of essays (stylistics, rules of writing various letters and decrees), information about historical figures of different classes (kings, emirs, sadrs, judges, sheikhs, poets) in the East, samples of decrees and decrees of kings and khans, their order. also described. The value of the work is that the work deals with the origin of some important positions (propeller, munshi, mustafi, ihtisab (muhtasib), kalantar, mubashshir, hafiz), the rights and responsibilities of such holders.

An appendix to Mirkhand's "Ravzat us-safo fi sirat ul-anbiyo wa-l-muluk wa-l-khulafo" ("The Garden of Purity in the Lives of Caliphs, Kings, Saints"), written by Khandamir in 1522 (Vol. 7) and " There are "Geographical Additions" sections. The content of the seventh volume corresponds to the content of the second half of the third volume of the third volume of Khandamir's work "Habib us-siyar". The "Geographical Supplement" of the work began to be written by Mirkhand in about 1495, and in 1523 Khandamir finished writing its continuation. Its content also consists of the text included in Habib us-siyar, and we think it is better to study the events through Habib us-siyar.

Khandamir's greatest work, Habib us-siyar, was written between 1520 and 1524 and is dedicated to Minister Karimuddin Hoja Habibullah Sovaji, and is partially associated with the name of the minister. The play chronicles events from antiquity to 1524 in the Orient, particularly in Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Central Asia. The information in the third and fourth parts of the third volume, which reflects the general situation in Movarounnahr and Khorasan in the late XNUMXth and first quarters of the XNUMXth centuries, is of great scientific value due to its novelty.

Khandamir's Humoyunnoma, also known as the Law of Humayun, is dedicated to King Baburi Humayun Mirza of India and was completed in 1535. The novels introduced during the reign of Humayun during the reign of the Baburids in the work divide the situation into three classes; It is noteworthy that the government was divided into four administrations and Humayun's architectural activities.

Only the names of Khandamir's other five works are known. These are: “Asar ul-muluk wa-l-anbiya” (“Stories about kings and prophets”), “Akhbar ul-ahyar” (“News about good people”), “History of Muntahabi Wassof” (“Selection from the history of Wassof”) , Jawahir ul-Akhbar (Pearls of the News) and Gharaib ul-Asror (Interesting Secrets).

It is known from Navoi's works that Khandamir wrote poems under the pseudonym "Naqiy", but his collection of poems has not reached us, but some fragments are partially found in "Humoyunnoma", "Makorim ul-akhlaq" and others.

According to the above information, Khandamir created works on the history of Central Asia, Afghanistan and India, and at the same time made a worthy contribution to the treasury of world culture.