Administrative structure:It is divided into 31 regions.
Major cities: Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Bekasi, Medan, Tangerang, Depok, Semarang.
Currency: Indonesian rupee.
Geographical location: It is located in Southeast Asia, in the Malay Islands and in the western part of New Guinea. Its shores are washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its land borders are with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor. The territory of Indonesia consists of seventeen thousand islands.
Date: The name of the country is derived from the Indian and Greek words "nesos" - island, meaning "island of India". The name was first mentioned in XNUMXth century sources.
Indonesia is one of the oldest cradles of culture. Scientists believe that people lived here even millions of years ago. The first states began to form in the III-I centuries BC. However, the first known state in the country's history, Qutay, dates back to the 1239th century AD. Formed on the island of Sumatra in the late XNUMXth century, the borders of the Srivajaya state united several islands. This kingdom ruled until the fourteenth century and controlled the entire island of Sumatra, Java, and most of the islands of Malacca. In the Shrivajaya and in the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries, the small states that ruled the region came under the strong cultural influence of India. In XNUMX, Raden Vijay, the local ruler who defeated the Mongol khan Kublai, founded the kingdom of Majapahit. By the end of the fourteenth century, the kingdom of Majapahit had covered most of present-day Indonesia.
In the XNUMXth century, Islam began to spread in the region. In the XNUMXth century, the principality of Pasay, located north of the island of Sumatra, became the first Muslim state in the region. Mataram, Bantam, and Demak, which replaced the Majapahit kingdom in the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries, also gave Islam the status of a state religion. By the end of the XNUMXth century, Islam had become the main official religion in the region.
From the 1602th century, European invaders reached the lands of present-day Indonesia. The area was famous for its delicious herbs and spices. Demand for these products increased in the market, and the invaders sought to gain control of the spice trade. The Portuguese were the first to do so. In the seventeenth century, a number of European countries joined the struggle. Among them, the Netherlands began to actively move. In 1780, the Dutch founded the East India Company. The company gradually conquered the eastern and western parts of present-day Indonesia. The occupied territories were transformed into a governor-generalship called the "Dutch East Indies." The company expanded its borders to include several independent states in the region. As demand for spices fell in Europe, the company shifted its income from coffee, sugar, tobacco, Nile paint, and taxes. After the Anglo-Dutch War of 84–XNUMX, the East India fell into crisis. In Indonesia, although the company's dominance was abolished, it was replaced by the Dutch government, and there was no change in management.
In 1811, the colony came under British rule. However, the struggle for dominance in the region did not stop, and countries such as the Netherlands, Britain and France were always involved. Protests among the local population also intensified and turned into a national liberation movement. Budi Utomo, founded in 1908, and Sarekat Islam, founded in 1911, promoted independence. The East India Company was forced to reconcile with the local population and in 1918 formed a government body called the People's Council. This council had the right to advise the Governor-General on financial matters. He had been a lawmaker since 1925, but any law was passed with the consent of the governor-general.
Between 1943 and 45, there were uprisings against Japanese rule in various parts of Indonesia. As a result, on August 1945, 15, Japan officially recognized its defeat.
On August 1945, 17, the Indonesian Independence Commission declared the country's independence. In 1946, the Netherlands renounced the country's independence and occupied Jakarta. After that, the Indonesian capital was temporarily moved to Jakarta. A peace agreement was reached with the intervention of the UN. However, in December 1948, the Netherlands resumed hostilities and captured the city of Jakarta. After that, the capital was moved to Bukittingi. The United Nations was re-established, and in November 1949, along with Indonesia, the United States of Indonesia was formed, covering part of the territory occupied by the "East India". However, the United States did not last long, and in February-May 1950, it voluntarily became part of the Republic of Indonesia. On August 1950, 6, Indonesia was declared a unitary state. In April 1956, the Indonesian government decided not to recognize the agreements, which were difficult for Indonesia.
Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950. National holiday - August 17 - Independence Day (1945). He established diplomatic relations with Uzbekistan on May 1992, 23.
Economy. Based on agriculture and industry. According to the National Competitiveness Classification, in 2010 it ranked 44th in the world. Annual economic growth of 6,1% is the 50th largest in the world. The modern agro-industrial model of economic organization was formed in 1980-1990. During these years, the government has implemented a number of reforms aimed at improving market relations, improving production and services, and increasing the efficiency of the credit and financial system. The Asian financial and economic crisis of 1997-1998 caused great damage to the country's economy. Its complications persisted until 2004-2005. By 2007 alone, the effects of the crisis had been fully reversed, with annual economic growth reaching 6 percent.
The main industries are food, chemicals, textiles, tobacco, machinery and equipment, and paper. Most small businesses and family workshops operate in the light and food industries. The mining industry is largely owned by state-owned national companies. On average, more than 1,02 million barrels of oil are extracted per day. 85,7 billion cubic meters of natural gas are processed annually.
Agriculture accounts for more than 14 percent of the country's gross domestic product. 38% of the population works in this field. Thirteen percent of Indonesia's territory is agricultural, one-third of which is irrigated. The country is one of the world's leading producers of a wide range of agricultural crops. In particular, the world's first cassava, oil palm, sago palm; It is the world's second largest producer of sweet potatoes, cocoa, peppers and rubber plants.
Agriculture has grown rapidly over the last two decades. For example, in 2009, 64,4 million tons of rice were grown, ranking third in the world. It is noteworthy that in the 1980s, Indonesia was barely self-sufficient in rice.
Population of. It is the fourth most populous country in the world. 57,5 percent of the population lives on the island of Java. The island covers only seven percent of the country's territory and is one of the most densely populated areas on the planet. 44% of Indonesians live in cities. As of 2010, the country's eleven cities had a population of over one million.
About three hundred nationalities live in Indonesia. The majority are Javanese (40 percent of the population), Sunda (15 percent), and Madura (about 4 percent). The official language is Indonesian.
Dini. Eighty-eight percent of the population is Muslim. There are about a million, mostly Sunnis and Shiites. In 2011, a Sunni-Shia religious council was established in Jakarta to promote brotherhood and understanding between the two sects. 8,7% of the population believe in Christianity. There are also Hindus, Buddhists and representatives of the local religion.
Islam spread to Indonesia in the early XNUMXth century thanks to traders from West India. There are also reports that Muslim Arab traders came here long ago, in the XNUMXth century. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Islam spread and permeated all spheres of life.
The Istiqlol National Mosque in the capital, Jakarta, was built to mark the country's independence. Opened in 1978, the mosque is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia. It can accommodate one hundred and twenty thousand worshipers at a time. Two hundred and forty thousand Indonesians perform the Hajj every year. There are six hundred universities in the country, one hundred and thirty of which are Islamic.
Orifjan Madvaliyev
Published in the 2012th issue of "Hidoyat" magazine in 9.
