Administrative structure: It consists of 26 states and one federal district (capital district).
Major cities: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, El Salvador, Belu Horizonte, Fortaleza, Brazil.
Currency: real.
Geographical location. It is the largest country in South America in terms of population and area. It occupies almost half of the continent. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country on the American continent. It ranks fifth in the world in terms of area and population. It occupied the eastern and central parts of the South American continent. It borders all countries in South America except Chile and Ecuador. It is bordered by Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela to the north, Colombia to the northwest, Peru and Bolivia to the west, Paraguay and Argentina to the southwest, and Uruguay to the south. The length of land borders is 16 thousand km. The east coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. The length of the coast is 7,4 thousand km. Brazil is made up of several groups, including Fernando di Noronia, Rocas, Sao Pedro and Sao Paulo, Trindadi and Martin Vas.
The north of the country is occupied by one of the largest rivers in the world - the Amazon River Valley. The Amazon Basin is replaced by the Guyana Plateau in the north. Almost the rest of the country was occupied by the Brazilian Yassitags.
The climate is hot. The average temperature of the moon fluctuates between 16-29 ° C. Only in the high mountainous eastern regions does the average July temperature drop to 12-14 ° C, and the water may even freeze.
History. The country was called Terra do Brasil in the Middle Ages. Some attribute the name to a Brazilian tree found in the coastal areas of the country at the time and transported in large quantities to Europe. The Portuguese called this tree "pau brazil". From the twelfth century onwards, the Arabs began to bring to Europe the unique wood needed for painting, furniture, and musical instruments. This wood is called "Brazilian". It is derived from the Portuguese word brasa, which means "coal" or "coal coal". In fact, the pau brazilian found by the Portuguese in South America and the brazilian brought by the Arabs from their homeland were different trees.
Another hypothesis is that the name of the country is associated with the island of Brazil, mentioned in Irish mythology. Legend has it that the island is located in the Atlantic Ocean.
Brazil was discovered on April 1500, 24 by Pedr Alvarez Cabral. From 1533 the country was occupied by the Portuguese. They settled in the area for the next three centuries, trading first in precious timber, then in sugar cane, coffee, and finally in gold. The main labor force at that time was Indians, and after 1550 African slaves. Brazil was under the direct control of the King of Portugal. The king's successor was a captain-general, based in El Salvador, Brazil. In 1574 a law was passed forbidding the enslavement of the native Indians. This led to an increase in slave imports from Africa.
In 1763, Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the country. In 1806, King Juan VI of Portugal fled Napoleon and came to Brazil. When he returned to his homeland in 1821, his son Pedro succeeded him as interim ruler. On September 1822, 7, Brazil declared independence. Juan VI's son Pedro I became king of the country.
In 1888, slavery was abolished. During the reign of Pedro II, a republican system was established in 1889, and the country was officially renamed the United Republic of Brazil. In the late XNUMXth and early XNUMXth centuries, more than five million European and Japanese immigrants settled in Brazil.
During World War I, Brazil sided with the Allies and went to war. Jetuliu Vargas came to power in a coup in 1930. During his reign, the struggle against democratic and progressive forces began, and the country's economic and political dependence on the United States increased. In August 1942, Brazil sided with the countries against Germany and entered World War II. The defeat of Nazi Germany intensified the democratic movement in Brazil.
In the September 1955 presidential election, Social Democrat Juselinu Kubichek came to power. During his presidency (1956–60), foreign investment in Brazil's economy was allowed, a series of measures were taken to ensure the country's economic independence, the struggle to turn oil into a state monopoly, and the cancellation of the agreement on the sale of nuclear raw materials to the United States.
Between 1960 and 1980, the political situation in Brazil was less stable. There were resignations and coups. Until 1985, power was in the hands of the military.
Although the country faced a number of challenges and challenges in the late twentieth and early twentieth centuries, and a financial crisis in 1999, economic recovery and sustainable growth have been rapid. Now Brazil can easily be included in the list of developed countries of the world.
Brazil has been a member of the United Nations since 1945. He established diplomatic relations with Uzbekistan on April 1993, 30. National holiday - September 7 - Independence Day (1822).
Economy. It has become an economic leader in Latin America due to its agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, as well as its large labor force. Now the country's position in the world market is expanding. It mainly sells aircraft, coffee, vehicles, soy, iron ore, orange juice, steel, cloth, footwear, electrical appliances and sugar.
The country's economy varies from region to region. Production is mainly developed in the southern, south-eastern regions. The northeast is the poorest part of the country. But now a lot of foreign investment is coming in here as well.
Brazilian industry is multifaceted. It produces automobiles, steel, petroleum products, computers, airplanes and various consumer goods. The services sector has also risen to a higher level. In the early 1990s, the banking sector accounted for 16 percent of GDP. Although the banking system is currently being reformed, it continues to provide a wide range of services to local businesses and attract new customers. In particular, US financial firms often use the services of the country's banks. The Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro stock exchanges have a foothold in the global stock market.
In 2010, Brazil's GDP was $ 2,2 trillion. This means 7th place in the world. Agriculture accounts for 6,5 percent of GDP, industry for 25,8 percent and services for 97,7 percent.
Population of. The main population of the country is Brazilian. This ethnic group is one of the most mixed ethnic groups in the world. Brazilians are divided into the following internal ethnic groups: whites - 53,9% (Portuguese - 20%, Italians - 14%, Hispanics - 8%, Germans - 6,6%, Arabs - 5,3%), mulattoes - 38,5% , blacks - 6,2 percent, Asians - 0,5 percent, Indians - 0,43 percent. There is also a population of sambo (African Americans) and pardo (browns). However, there is no exact information on their total number.
Genealogical studies have shown that the Brazilian population has European, African, and Indian characteristics.
The official and most common language is Portuguese. Spanish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, English and Hindi are also used.
More than 86% of the population lives in cities.
Religion. Brazil leads the world in the number of Catholics. About 64% of the population is Catholic. About 22 percent of the population is Protestant. There are also those who believe in other aspects of Christianity and local beliefs.
According to the 2010 census, more than XNUMX people believe in Islam.
The first Muslims to come to Brazil were African slaves. Much later, the number of Muslims in these lands increased due to Arab immigrants from Syria and Lebanon. In 1910, there were an estimated XNUMX African African Muslims in Brazil.
In 1929, the first Islamic institution in the country, the Muslim Charity Society of Sao Paulo, was established. In 1956, the first mosque in Sao Paulo and throughout South America was opened. Later, Islamic charities were established in Curitiba, Paranagua, Rio de Janeiro, and Brazil. Among them, the centers in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro were distinguished by their large-scale activities. These cities have not lost their leadership in the spread of religion.
Forty percent of Brazilian Muslims now live in the Sao Paulo region. Offices of major Islamic organizations are also located here. The Brazilian Center for Islamic Culture estimated in 2005 that there were about XNUMX mosques in the country. Taking into account the migrants from Syria, Jordan and Lebanon and their descendants, the number of Muslims in the country reaches two million.
Orifjon MADVALIYEVprepared.
oriftolib.uz
Published in the 2014nd issue of "Islam Nuri" newspaper in 5.
