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RUSSIA in 1918-1939
PLAN.
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Bolshevik communist society.
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Civil war and foreign intervention.
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The establishment of the USSR.
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Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
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Foreign policy of the USSR in the 20s and 30s.
The Bolsheviks called the new society they wanted to build a communist society. According to them: this society had to go through two stages in its development. The first stage socialism, and the second stage communism called
Socialism was the lower stage of communist society, and communism was the higher stage. It was created as a result of the high historical development of socialism.
On November 1917, 14, the Soviet government issued a decision to establish workers' control in private factories and factories.
The Supreme Council of National Economy was established on December 1917, 1 to manage the state sector of the national economy. This Council has been given enormous powers. In particular, he could confiscate, seize, and close any enterprise.
From the spring of 1918, the implementation of the decree "On Land" began. All land was declared state property. Tenant land ownership was terminated. The distribution of land to peasants began. The use of hired labor in tillage is prohibited.
This caused a sharp protest of the middle class (satisfied) and rich peasants (kulags - hired laborers in the cultivation of the land).
The kulaks, dissatisfied with the policies of the Soviet government, refused to sell their grain to the state at the price set by the state. As a result, there was a food shortage in the country.
From May 1918, extraordinary powers were granted to the food commissariat (ministry) in the country. Free trade in grain was banned in the country.
As early as 1918, 13 mln. pood of grain and 50 mln. hectares of land were seized. At the same time, the state began to build a soviet farm (sovkhoz), that is, an agricultural enterprise of the Soviet state, on the surplus land distributed to the peasants. Employees of the state farm were considered agricultural workers. By the end of 1918, the number of state farms was more than 3 thousand, and their land area was 2 million. it was about a dozen.
A full-scale civil war began in the summer of 1918 and lasted until the end of 1920. During these years, invasion campaigns of the Entente countries were also organized. That is why. The period from the summer of 1918 to the end of 1920 entered the history of the Soviet state as a period of civil war and foreign interference.
In January 1918, Romania occupied Bessarabia, taking advantage of the difficult situation of the Soviet government. In March-April, Great Britain, France, and the United States sent troops to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, Japan, the United States, and Great Britain to the Far East. Turkey occupied Armenia and most of Azerbaijan. British troops occupied a part of Turkmenistan.
Since 1919, the Soviet government introduced the policy of "military communism" in the country. Its content was the introduction of the so-called food razvyorstkast. Food distribution is the mandatory transfer of all surplus agricultural products from farmers to the state. The state needed grain to provide bread to the starving city dwellers (the workers who were the mainstay of Soviet power) and the Red Army.
On November 1918, 18, power in Siberia passed into the hands of Admiral AV Kolchak, a White Guardsman. He declared himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia. In January 1919, General Ye. K. Miller, general NN Yudenich in the north-west, AI Denikin's dictatorship in the south.
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At the beginning of 1920, the Soviet army under the command of S. Kamenev and MV Frunze defeated AV Kolchak's army. He himself was captured and shot. After AV Kolchak's army was defeated, the Red Army began marching towards the Far East in the spring of 1920. The Far East was occupied by Japan during this period. In 1922, the Red Army occupied the city of Vladivostok, and the Far East was cleared of White Guards and interventionists.
As a result of the civil war and foreign interference, Soviet Russia suffered great losses. For example, the damage to the national economy is 50 billion. amounted to gold soum. In 1920, industrial production decreased by 1913 times compared to 7, and agricultural production decreased by 3 percent. 8 million people died on the battlefields, as well as hunger and disease, white and red terror. a person died. 2 mln. a person left the country seeking political asylum. More than 75 thousand of them were advanced and talented intellectuals.
The Soviet government was forced to cancel the "military communism" policy, and in the spring of 1921, to replace it with a new economic policy. The main directions of the new economic policy were developed by the famous economist MA Lorin.
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Food tax was introduced instead of razvyorstka. This tax, firstly, was 2 times less than razvyorstka.
In the early years of Soviet power, nationalized small and medium-sized enterprises were returned to their owners. Private individuals were allowed to open such Enterprises. In addition, the rental of means of production was introduced.
Foreign capital was allowed to enter. They began to rent the enterprises of the Soviet state.
The operation of enterprises on the basis of economic accounting was introduced. This, in turn, allowed enterprises to gradually cover their costs and provide themselves with money.
Work-based pay was restored.
On December 1922, 30, the four republics united into a single state - the USSR - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These were: RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (united Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia). The Congress of their authorized representatives (the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR) adopted the Declaration and Treaty on the establishment of the USSR on December 1922, 30. In 1924, the Constitution of this new state was adopted.
Until 1940, this empire expanded at the expense of violating the rights of other nations. They divided Turkestan into 5 "states". Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan were formed here. Between 1925 and 1936, they included one of them "voluntarily" in the Red Empire. This empire consisted of 15 "independent", "equal among equals" republics. In fact, they were colonies within Russia.
In the 20s, the Soviet government began to implement a plan called building socialism.
In the history books of the former Soviet era, this plan is called "Lenin's plan for building socialism" and consisted of three parts: industrialization of the country, collectivization of agriculture, and implementation of the cultural revolution.
The 1925th Diet of the Bolsheviks (Communists) held in XNUMX announced the path of industrialization. Industrialization meant the process of creating large-scale mechanized production.
Between 1929 and 1937, a total of about 6 large sanost enterprises (600-700 per year) were built. By 1937, the Soviet state was the second largest producer of industrial products in the world after the United States.
In 1927, the XV Diet of the Bolshevik Party adopted a decision on the complete collectivization of agriculture.
As a result of collectivization, medium-sized peasant farms operating individually in the village were abolished, and in their place, farms producing agricultural products on the basis of collective (community) labor (called collective farms) were created.
The collective farm could not grow crops on its own. He could not sell the product voluntarily. That is why the former Red Empire could not provide its population with high-quality, necessary agricultural products and had to buy them from abroad. Collectivization was carried out by the use of cruel punishment.
As a result of forced collectivization, the production of agricultural products decreased sharply. As a result, there was a famine in 1932-1933 and 5 mln. More than XNUMX people died of hunger.
The main task of the cultural revolution was to end the cultural backwardness inherited from the old regime, to form socialist intellectuals, to subjugate culture to party politics, and to establish the dominance of a single ideology in society - communist ideology.
By the end of the 30s, the Soviet state was able to train the necessary number of pure specialists for the national economy, and in 1930, general compulsory primary education was introduced. In 1932, 8% of children aged 11-98 started attending schools. In 1934, 10-year education was introduced. By 1939, 81,2 percent of the population of the USSR was literate.
In 1922, Germany practically recognized the Soviet state, and trade and economic relations between the two countries began to develop.
In 1924, Great Britain recognized the Soviet state. Among the great powers, only the USA began to consider recognizing the red empire.
In 1925-1927, the Soviet government was able to sign treaties of neutrality and non-aggression with Turkey, Lithuania, Iran and Afghanistan.
The Soviet government condemned Italy's aggression against Ethiopia in 1935. He provided military and financial support to the forces fighting against the establishment of the fascist dictatorship of General F. Franco in Spain.
In 1933, the USA recognized the Soviet state and established diplomatic relations with it. In 1934, the Red Empire was accepted into the League of Nations.
On August 1939, 23, a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed between the Soviet state and Germany.
Thus, between the two world wars, the Soviet state was established and strengthened. The Bolsheviks built a new society. But this society was built with sword and blood. He wanted to revolutionize the world. He carried out repressions. He went to the spiritual abyss and colluded with fascism.
Control questions.
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What caused the civil war and foreign intervention in Russia?
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Describe the content of the "Military Communism" policy.
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Why was the Soviet government forced to cancel the policy of "military communism"?
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Explain the content of the new economic policy.
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When was the USSR founded?
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What is industrialization?
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Describe the tragic consequences of collectivization of agriculture.
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When did France, England and the USA recognize the USSR?