In 1918-1939, the countries of Asia and Africa were China and India

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In 1918-1939 Asian and African countries XItaly and India

PLAN :

1. Peculiarities in the development of Asian and African countries.

2. China's post-war situation.

3. Great National Revolution.

4. The rise of Chan Kaishi's rule.

5. Civil war of 1927-1937.

6. Japanese aggression.

7. The situation in India after the First World War.

 

Before the First World War, Asia and Africa consisted mainly of colonial countries. In the years of the First World War, profound changes took place in the countries of Asia and Africa. The population of the colonial countries also participated in the ranks of the armed forces of the Entente. The advanced strata of the colonial nations were looking forward to independence after the war. However, the Paris Peace Conference did not live up to this hope.

Nevertheless, the situation in Asian and African countries has changed compared to the beginning of the century. This change was also connected with the emergence of Soviet Russia (later USSR) on the world political map.

The profound socio-political changes that took place in Russia had a great positive effect on the national liberation movements. The forces of national liberation grew in the colonies. The spontaneous national-liberation struggle turned into a conscious struggle.

In the countries of the Near and Middle East, in China and India, the struggle for national liberation continued vigorously. For example, 1918-1923—The struggle for freedom in Turkey ended with victory. Secular Republic of Turkey was established.

The struggle of the Afghan people against the British colonialists ended with victory in 1919. Afghanistan became an independent country. In 1921, the Soviet-Afghan friendship treaty was signed.

At the same time, the Soviet state considered the issue of improving relations with neighboring countries as a component of the "future world revolution".

Even after the First World War, China was a backward, semi-colonial country, and it had 450 million people. More than XNUMX people lived there. It was divided into the sphere of influence of great powers. The main part of the country's industry, transport, banks and foreign trade was in the hands of foreign companies.

These factors made China weak in the fight against the expansion of developed countries. The revolution that took place in 1911-1913 could not solve one of the main issues - the unification of China into a single state.

In 1918, there were two major forces of revolutionary struggle in China.

One of them was the Kuomintang (National Party of China) headed by Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925), a great representative of the national liberation struggle, and the other was the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

In 1921, Sun Yat-sen was elected as the country's president. However, the great powers did not recognize this election and Sun Yat-sen's government. Sun Yat-sen promoted the "Saving China" program. This program would not have been possible without the help of foreign countries. Great powers refused to help. According to the "9-nation agreement" adopted at the Washington conference, they established their rule in China.

In 1923, Sun Yatsen joined the Chinese Communist Party. He knew that it would be easier to get help from Soviet Russia if he did so. In January 1924, the Kuomintang and the CCP formed a nationwide united revolutionary front.

In the spring of 1925, students demonstrated in Shanghai. However, the British police fired at this demonstration. This incident prompted the start of a strong movement against foreign invaders in China. This movement entered the history of China under the name "May 30 movement".

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, the leadership of this party passed into the hands of Chiang Kai-shek. All classes of Chinese society participated in the revolution. In October-December 1, Chiang Kai-shek's government launched a military campaign against the militarist government located in Guangdong province in the northern part of the country. Thus began the civil war in China. In 1925, 1926 provinces were occupied. In March 7, Britain and the United States sent armed forces to China to help Chiang Kai-shek. On April 1927, the Chiang Kai-shek government was fully resolved in Nanjing.

After the seizure of central power, there was a split between the main leading forces of the revolution - the Kuomintang and the CCP. This was caused by the different views of the Kuomintang and the CCP on the revolutionary tasks of China.

The CCP demanded to continue the revolution, to establish the hegemony of the proletariat, which is few in China, to intensify the agrarian revolution, to confiscate the property of the owners, to nationalize all banks, mines, railways, and large enterprises.

The conflict between these two political forces led to a civil war that lasted for 20 years (until 1949) and thus ended the united national revolutionary front.

The Kuomintang tried to strengthen the central government, introduced state intervention in the economy. Created the state sector in the economy. In addition, a number of social reforms were carried out in order to achieve internal political stability. The positive spirit of the Labor Act has served to improve the condition of a small number of the working class. However, the agrarian issue was not resolved. The rule of large landowners in the village remained.

In 1928, the duty payment procedure for foreign goods was restored. This also protected the domestic market.

The Kuomintang "began to prepare for war against the CCP" and soon an attack on its armed forces began. In 1930-1934 there were 5 marches. USA 90 mln. The dollar helped. Used 300 aircraft. During this period, the number of the armed forces of the CCP was 300 thousand (the armed forces of the CCP were called the Red Army). From 1927 to 1936, the CCP fought to establish a Soviet-style revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat and peasants in China and established such a form of government in the provinces it occupied.

In September 1931, the Japanese army attacked Xitai. This attack halted Chan Kaishi's efforts to unify China

put In three months, Japan in the northeast of China I million. Kv. Km. occupied the area and established a state there on March 1932, 1, which was called Manzhou-Go. It was ruled by a puppet government led by Pu I, the last emperor of the Manchu dynasty (Manchurian rule was overthrown in 1912 by a revolution led by Sun Yat-sen). 30 mln. The population, 37 percent of iron ore reserves, 95 percent of oil, and 4 percent of trade and the embankment passed into the hands of the Japanese.

In 1935, Chan Kaishi appealed to the Soviet state for help in the fight against Japanese aggression.

The Soviet state expressed its readiness to help, but for this it set the condition of stopping the civil war and not conducting punitive operations against the Chinese Communists. In June 1937, a cease-fire agreement was signed between the Kuomintang and the CCP. In this way, a single anti-Japanese national front was created in China.

The Sino-Japanese war, which lasted from the summer of 1937 to the fall of 1945, began.

Japan officially declared war on China on December 1941, 9, where it maintained its dominance until the end of the war.

During the war, the British government promised India self-government after the war. In fact, Great Britain did not want to part with India, which was the richest part of the empire.

On April 1919, 13, in Amritsar, the capital of Punjab, British troops fired at a public protest meeting.

 Great Britain decided to rule India in 1919. Accordingly, a 2-chamber management system was established. 50% of deputies were appointed by the viceroy. 1,5 percent Indians got the right to vote.

The Indian National Congress (INC), a powerful political organization leading the national-liberation struggle of the Indian people, opposed the use of force in the struggle. Mahatma Gandhi (1915-1869), the great son of the Indian people, has been the head of the National Committee of the Communist Party of India since 1948. During his leadership, the way of struggle based on peaceful, non-violent form of non-use of force won in HMK.

In a situation where peasants formed the basis of Indian society, the path chosen by M. Gandhi was the only correct path. 1919-1922 is the first stage of M. Gandhi's non-violent non-cooperation, civil disobedience movement.

In the autumn of 919, the parliament of HMK decided to boycott the election according to the law introduced by the British authorities. As a result, the election actually failed.

The boycott also meant not buying English goods, giving up honorific titles and positions introduced by the British, not attending official receptions, not studying in English schools, refusing English courts, and not paying state taxes.

Calcutta jute factory workers, Bombay weavers, Madras workers, and Jamshedpur railwaymen joined the liberation movements of 1919-1922. Some of these actions led to victory, albeit a small one. The working day of Bombay weavers was reduced from 12 hours to 10 hours. The wages of metallurgists were increased by 15-20 percent.

In 1923-1928, the British, who temporarily suppressed the freedom movement, slightly improved their weakening situation. During this period, the Indian economy grew faster than during the war years. The number of factories increased by 1,5 times and reached 7515. Great Britain's capital in India is 1 billion. The pound has arrived. In 1928, he collected 74 million from irrigation facilities in India alone. A profit of Rs.

The freedom movement grew. Together with the Simon Commission, M. Nehru, J. Nehru groups drafted the Constitution of India. The words of complete independence were introduced into it. A number of radical demands were made to the British, but they did not comply. As a result, the struggle for independence intensified, and in a situation where bloody conflicts began to escalate, M. Gandhi tried to turn the flow of all speeches towards civil disobedience.

The British introduced a state monopoly on salt. As a result, the price of salt rose to such an extent that the Indians could not afford it. Indians were doomed to eat food without salt. This was equivalent to the physical degradation of the population. Gandhi also started taking salt from the sea with people. The British wanted to stop this movement. Against this, in 1930, the second phase of the Indian Civil War began. In response, the colonial administration imprisoned more than 60 people (including M. Gandhi and his close comrades). He declared HMK to be outlawed. But when these failed, on March 1931, 5, the British colonial administration was forced to sign an agreement with HMK. According to him, the British authorities undertook to stop repression and release political prisoners.

1. Gandhi agreed to start negotiations around the "round table" with official London. HMK presented a document entitled "On the basic rights and duties of citizens of India" to the conference dedicated to the Indian problem in London. In practice, this document was the basis of the Constitution of the future independent Republic of India.

The document introduces democratic freedoms in India; recognition of equality of castes and religions; re-partition of India into administrative parts taking into account the religious factor; introduction of the minimum wage; limiting the rent paid for land; tax reduction and other similar demands were put forward. Naturally, the British colonialists did not accept these demands. As a result, the work of the conference failed

However, Great Britain was forced to introduce a new electoral law in India. In the elections held in 1937, HMK won 11 out of 8 states and formed its own government in them.

During the Uriish years, the condition of the Indian people worsened. Rice became 5 times more expensive. The working day was extended to 12 hours. 2 mln. Served in the Indian Army and Navy. India 0,5 mln. He fed Anglo-American soldiers.

Control questions.

1. After the war, China was influenced by which countries?

2. What were the two major parties of the Chinese revolutionary struggle?

3. When did Japan invade China?

4. In what years did the civil war take place?

5. Who led HMK from 1915?

6. When did the rebellion against the salt tax take place?

 

Basic expressions.

CCP - Communist Party of China Chan Kaishi - the leader of the Kuomintang Party since 1925.

Sun Yat-sen - the first president after the Chinese revolution of 1911-1913.

Kuomintang - Chinese National Party.

Mahandas Karamchand Gandhi – (1869 – 1948) belonged to the merchant caste.

1. Family received legal education in Britain.

Test questions.

1. Who led the Kuomintang after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925?

2. A) Mao Zedong. B) Background Sect. S) Chan Kaishi.

3. When did the Chinese Civil War begin?

4. A) 1925. B) 1926. S) 1927.

5. What state did Japan establish in China on March 1932, 1?

6. A) Japanese - Chinese country.

7. B) Manzhou - Go

8. C) the Chinese Empire.

9. When did British introduce salt tax in India?

10. A) 1865. B) 1915. S) 1930

Remember these names:

Mahandas Karamchand Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru.

 

                 References.

1. World countries. Annotated dictionary. Tashkent - 2006.

2. G. Hidoyatov. World history. Tashkent - 2005.

3. M. Lafasov. Usmanov. World history. Tashkent - 2006.