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United States of America in 1918-1939
PLAN
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Consequences of the First World War for the United States.
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The economic situation of the USA in the 20s.
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F. Roosevelt's "new way".
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Foreign policy.
The USA entered the First World War in April 1917. He took part in military operations in Europe from the summer of 1917. US monopolies sold huge amounts of weapons and food to European countries. During the war, the monopolies of the United States cost 35 billion. They saw net income in the amount of dollars. At the same time, European countries had to borrow a large amount from the USA.
US foreign trade turnover in 1914 was 2,3 billion. If it was in dollars, this figure was 1920 billion in 8. Got to the dollar. Export is 4 billion more than import. The dollar was over. Almost 50 percent of the world's gold reserves have accumulated in the US treasury.
By 1920, the United States accounted for 47 percent of world production. In this way, the USA has become the world's leading country, financial center and powerful support of the world market.
The wealth accumulated by US monopolies has grown year by year. However, the standard of living of the working people did not grow in line with the wealth. As a result, workers began to fight for their rights. The number of people who took part in this struggle in 1919 was 4 million. More than 44 people were employed and they demanded a 48-XNUMX hour work week.
In 1918, the US government adopted the "Provocation Act". The document made it a crime to express any negative opinions about the current system in the country. Those charged with such charges would either pay a fine of 10 dollars or be imprisoned for 20 years.
In 1920, about 10 progressive figures were arrested on suspicion of dissident thinking. Among the trade unions, activists of the American Federation of Labor (AMFI) and opponents of the policies of the official leadership were also persecuted.
Thus, in the second half of the 20s, dissident and left-wing organizations were abolished in the USA.
The economic growth of the United States has been accelerated by the use of the latest technical equipment, the conveyor system, and the wide application of standardization and modernization methods on a new technical basis. As a result, in 1927, 7 mln. One car was produced. In this way, manufacturing became the driving force behind the development of American society.
In the USA, the new social philosophy has found its expression in life to a certain extent. At the end of the 20s, the number of cars was 28 million. formed. This meant that almost every American family could own a car. Many other consumer goods were also produced. Sale of goods on credit was widely introduced.
Agriculture remained in dire straits. In the 1920s and 1930s, the number of farms decreased. Their debt is 15 billion. Got to the dollar. The main reason for this was that agricultural products in the country were mainly imported from foreign countries.
In the autumn of 1929, an economic crisis began in the USA. This crisis spread to other countries and it became a global economic crisis. The crisis was caused by overproduction. The economic crisis caused the most damage to the United States. That is why it was called "The Great Depression". For example, due to the crisis, industrial production in the USA decreased by almost 50%. 10 thousand banks broke. About 130 trade and industrial firms went bankrupt.
At the beginning of 1933, the number of unemployed in the country was 17 million. Kishini was established. This was the highest rate in US history. There was no unemployment insurance law in the country.
President Hoover (1928-1932) allocated 3,5 billion dollars in order to prevent the bankruptcy of government enterprises. Established a financial reconstruction corporation with a capital of USD 500 million. Dollar provided funds. His goal of the goods was not enough.
In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt won the presidential election in the USA.
He left a name as the most popular president in the history of the United States. According to the Constitution of the USA, one person can be elected president twice in a row, when it came to F. Roosevelt, from the point of view of the time, it was necessary to violate this requirement of the Constitution. He was elected president four times in a row.
He was able to create a comprehensive plan to save the United States from the economic crisis and maintain its greatness, and he implemented it with full of life. This entered the history of the USA under the name of F. Roosevelt's "new way". The new way was a way to carry out large-scale reforms in the American economy.
In 1933, the Law "On the Restoration of Industry" was adopted. This law introduced the system of state management of industry.
The state created a special committee of social affairs to combat unemployment. This committee was entrusted with building roads, repairing schools, and building sports complexes. 8 million through this. The unemployed were provided with a job. Special camps have been established for unemployed citizens aged 18-25 from poor families. They were given free education, and these unemployed people were trained in the necessary specialties for new branches of industry.
On May 1933, 12, the US Congress passed the "Aid to Farmers" law. According to the law, the purchase prices of agricultural products were increased. In turn, farmers had to sign an agreement with the state to reduce the number of arable land and livestock. Farmers who did so were rewarded. Farmers' debt was transferred to the state account or its payment was suspended for an indefinite period.
In 1935, Congress passed the Wagner Act. According to it, workers have the right to conclude a collective agreement. At the same time, workers were given the right to strike. Harassment for participating in the strike was prohibited.
The New Way has consistently raised additional taxes on the incomes of the wealthiest families to improve the lot of the masses. Thus, F. Roosevelt's "new way" created the largest system of human rights and constitutional guarantees in the world. As a result, the highest standard of living in the world was provided in the USA. "New way" brought to the USA the fame of a great, flourishing, socially and economically perfect country.
In the foreign policy of the USA, there was a struggle between two currents, that is, supporters of isolationism and internationalism. Supporters of isolationism were opposed to active US foreign policy. They preferred to deal mainly with internal problems. Supporters of internationalism believed that the United States should be an active participant in world politics. In the end, this stream won.
The Paris Armistice Conference also strengthened Japan's position in the Far East. These were the actual failures of US foreign policy. That is why the US Congress did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles. In order to maintain its influence in Europe, the USA managed to sign a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921.
The USA tried to keep Western Europe under its financial influence. In this, he placed great hopes on the "Daues Plan" (1924). This plan effectively restored Germany's military power. We would not allow them to turn the power of Germany into a powerful state again. In 1929, Dawes' plan was replaced by "Yung's plan". This plan made Germany's reparations payment terms even easier.
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During the Roosevelt period (1932-1945), the international position of the USA was further strengthened. On November 1933, 16, the USA recognized the Soviet state and established diplomatic relations with it. In the eyes of the nations of Latin America, the United States announced the slogan of "good neighborliness" in order to mask the essence of its foreign policy in this region.
Between the two world wars, the United States became the richest country in the world. Giant companies such as "Ford", "General Motors", "DuPont", "Polat Trust" have become stronger.
Control questions.
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How was World War I for the United States?
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Evaluate the economic situation of the United States in the 20s.
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What is the essence of F. Roosevelt's "new way" policy?
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When did the USA recognize the USSR?