Oud is a very ancient musical instrument. Its earliest known form was found in Ayritom. It is reflected in the wonderful cultural monument of the first centuries of our era. Oud is an Arabic word with different lexical meanings. First of all, it is the name of a tree whose wood is black. Oud must have been originally made from this tree. Secondly, the expression "ud" is a known form of the expression "iyd", which means a holiday, a wedding, a celebration. In this case, cheerfulness can also come in the sense of a mood-giving word.
Some sources indicate that the original name of Oud was "Barbad". Barbad is made up of two words and comes in the meaning of Bar-qamat and bad-duck. Barbad is a musical instrument with a big belly and a short handle. It was named barbad because it looks like a duck. Barbad is indicated in many sources as the basis for the emergence of all stringed instruments. Its next most advanced form is the oud-sucking.
It is assumed that Oud lived until about the XNUMXth century. Later, other ancient musical instruments, which are out of use in Central Asia and can fulfill the characteristics and functions of the oud, begin to replace it.
Musical instruments of Central Asian peoples, including Uzbeks and Tajiks, are colorful. Of course, this shows that the culture of these peoples has been rich since ancient times, and has continuously developed.
The great scholars who grew up in Central Asia were al Farabi (X), Abu Ali ibn Sina (X-XI), Qutbuddin Shirozi, Safiuddin Urmawi (XIII-XIV), Abdul Qadir Maroghi (XV century), Abdurrahman Jami (XV century ), thinkers like Darvish Ali Changi (XVII century) devoted several topics of their works to the science of music.
Up to our time, the oud instrument has been used continuously in the Caucasian peoples, Arabs, Iranians, Turks and other peoples. In recent years, there has been an interest in musicians among the Uzbek and Tajik peoples, besides, on the initiative of the music lovers of our republic, the oud instrument has been studied more perfectly, that is, it has been added to the ancient musical instruments of our people. is going As we mentioned above, the great scientists, great poets of our classic literature, with a deep analysis of the art of music, have a positive effect on human health and soul, education, besides, it is an inseparable part of the beauty of human life and those who read it as a symbol.
Ancient uds were primarily two-stringed, called "zir" and "bam". Bam-below, zir-up thin string. Later it had three or four strings. And Al-Farabi installed the fifth string on it. Since then, the main strings of the oud instrument consist of five pairs of strings. The sixth string (consisting of one string) is added when playing some tunes.
We know from some music treatises that in ancient times the strings of the oud were made of silk. And the sixth string has been used for about the last few years. It has enriched the timbre, that is, the sound of the narrow oud instrument.
The composition of oudi
The oud instrument consists of a bowl, a handle, and a head. The bowl consists of several rib-like plates glued together. A wooden cover is tightly attached to it. In the lid there are three resonators-holes through which the sound vibrates, on which the strings are tightly connected.
It is firmly attached to the handle, and the veil is not attached to it. It will be pure, flat, like the stem of a bell. The head of the oud, designed for fastening and pulling the strings, is equipped with 11 woods (five on the right and six on the left). Where the head of the oud and the handle are connected, there is a shaytan kharak. It is the support of open strings. This is where the working part of the oud begins.
Adjustment of oud
According to the scientific treatises of art historians and music theorists, the tuning of the first, second, third, fourth pair of strings of the oud is a pure fourth. Only the lowest strings, i.e. fourth to fifth and fifth to sixth strings, are tuned in a major second interval.
The sixth string "ground" minor octave, fifth "lya" minor octave, fourth "if" minor octave, third "me" first octave, second "lya" the first octave, the first "re" second octave.
Despite the wide scope of the oud in general performance, our traditional performance style is not suitable to start a melody sentence from each note, which was reflected in our practical mastering. Considering these possibilities and the wide range of most of our maqam tunes, we made some changes to the oud sound. Keeping the sound of the oud strings between the first, second, third, and fourth pairs of strings from the top, we adjusted the fourth to fifth string interval to a pure fourth, and the fifth to sixth string interval to a major second. For example me,fa#, si,mi, lya va re. The tunes included in the textbook are also intended for this modified tune. When notating tunes sol clef (or treble clef) writing can give young professional musicians some comfort.
