Medicine is a set of knowledge and practical measures in the field of maintaining and strengthening human health, prolonging life, prevention and treatment of diseases. Medicine plays an important role in the theoretical and practical activities of mankind. Everyone wants to maintain and strengthen their health, as well as recover quickly when they become ill. The application of modern methods in the detection, prevention and treatment of the disease has saved human life, as well as the treatment of previously incurable diseases.
But it cannot be said that medicine has achieved all the goals it set for itself. There are still cases of premature death and premature aging among people who do not live long and suffer from serious diseases and its negative consequences. It is known that a person's health depends in many ways on him, because the disease is often caused by a person's lifestyle, inability to protect their health, inadvertent exposure to harmful factors and non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, malnutrition.
The state and level of development, content and methods of medicine are determined, first of all, by the social system and material conditions. The medical sciences are closely linked with the natural sciences such as general biology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, as well as physics and chemistry. Medicine has come a long way in its centuries-old history. It is mainly concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, study of the causes and mechanisms of its development, as well as the development and improvement of measures aimed at maintaining and strengthening the health of each individual or the whole community. consists of a great deal of knowledge and experience.
The origin of modern medicine covers a long historical period and different views, and the basis of knowledge about various diseases, their treatment and prevention will depend on the experience and observations of the ancient masses. Medicinal buds have been around since the time man appeared. "Medical activity is on a par with the first man," wrote IP Pavlov.
I period. Medicine of the period in which primitive man lived. The excavation of primitive human settlements and tombs, the study of some ethnic groups that are still in the simplest stage of development due to the specificity of the historical period, serves as a source of knowledge about the disease and its treatment in the distant past. Thousands of years of observation and experimentation, passed down from generation to generation, have given rise to medicine. Randomized treatments and remedies such as pain relief, cessation of bleeding, recording were beneficial. With the pain left by the tool used, the bleeding stopped, or the recorded patient felt a little relieved, people gradually became accustomed to seeking help from the doctor who performed the procedure.
Empirical treatments found for the treatment and prevention of the disease became commonplace in primitive man, resulting in the gradual formation of folk medicine. These include the use of medicinal plants and natural factors (water, air, sun), minor surgical procedures (removal of foreign bodies, hemorrhage), etc. 'lgan.
Phase II. Medicine in a Slavery Society. In the slave society, more emphasis was placed on massage, water treatments, physical training, and so on. Surgical methods have been performed, such as caesarean section (removal of the fetus by tearing the abdominal wall and uterus) and other less serious surgeries. The contribution of Hippocrates (460-377 BC), the father of medicine, in the formation of the art of medicine of this period was enormous, he described the external signs of many diseases, the influence of lifestyle, environment and climate on the origin of the disease. With his teachings on temperament and body type types, he laid the foundation for an individual approach in treating and diagnosing the patient.
Of course, the treatment at that time was not yet scientifically based, the treatment was not based on a clear knowledge of certain organs and their physiological function, but was determined by changes in four different types (mucus, blood, yellow and black bile) in the body. The first studies of the structure and function of the human body appeared as early as the third century BC. Alexandrian rulers Gerophilus and Erasistratus dissected the corpse and conducted various experiments on the animals.
The services of the Roman ruler Galen in the development of medicine are immense. He collected data on anatomy, physiology, general pathology, therapy, obstetrics, hygiene, pharmacology, and tried to put medicine into a scientific system.
Round III. Medicine in medieval development. In the Middle Ages, medicine in Western Europe was virtually undeveloped scientifically. During this period, the position of the Christian Church in society increased. Prayer was considered to be a more effective remedy than medicine, and dissection of the body was considered a grave sin. Nevertheless, practical experience in medicine continued to accumulate during this period.
In the Middle Ages, the science of medicine began to develop in the East, including Central Asia. Many of the medical works written in Greek, Sanskrit, and other ancient Oriental languages, including the pharmacological works of Aristotle, Dioscorides, and Galen, were translated into Syriac and Arabic during this period. Well-known physicians and judges such as Abu Hanifa ad-Dinavari, Abu Mansur Somoni, Muhammad ibn Yusuf Ilaqi, Muhammad ibn Bahrom Colonisi, Ali ibn Umar Najibuddin Samarkandi with their scientific works and practical work on the causes of various diseases, their prevention and treatment, as well as pharmacology. They made a great contribution to the development of medicine in the East.
The works of the famous physician of the East, encyclopedist Abu Bakr al-Razi (865-925) in the field of medicine, in general, played an important role in the development and enrichment of world medicine. The 25-volume book of al-Hawi (Al-Jami 'al-Kabir and Qad urifa bi-l Hawi), a scholarly treatise on medicine, is still popular in Western and Eastern medicine. Abu Rayhan Beruni's (973-1048) work "Medicine in Medicine" ("Kitab al-saydana fi-t-tib") was the greatest achievement of medicine of that time. This work became the basis of Central Asian pharmacology.
The great medieval physician and encyclopedist Abu Ali ibn Sina (Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali) (980-1037) was known in the West as Avicenna. Ibn Sina's work in medicine connected his name with this field of science for centuries. The great contribution of the scientist in the development of medicine is that he has sorted and organized the data collected over the centuries in the field of medical science by various representatives of the people, and enriched them with his own experience. generalized on the basis of the rule. This is evidenced by his "Laws of Medicine" and the position and fame of this work in the history of world medical science.
Ibn Sina's scientific work advanced the medicine of that time for centuries, and in some fields, even brought it closer to modern medicine. In the time of the scientist, the teachings of ancient scholars, especially Hippocrates, Galen Diascorid, and others, were a priority in this field. Ibn Sina became known as an acute diagnostician. Some of his diagnostic methods have not lost their relevance even now. Percussion has been used, in particular, to differentiate ascites and flatulence, and to detect fever. This method was rediscovered 600 years later by the Viennese physician Leopold Auenbrugger (1722-1809) and put into practice another 50 years later. The scientist studied the cases of blood spitting and types of respiration in depth and used them in diagnosis.
Ibn Sina pays great attention in the differential diagnosis of various diseases and in determining the general condition of the body to the signs obtained by looking at the pulse, urine and feces. For example, he diagnoses diabetes based on the condition of the urine, including the sweetness in it. The presence of sugar in the urine in diabetes was discovered in 1775 by the English scientist Dobson. For the first time in the history of medicine, Ibn Sina distinguished between plague and plague, emphasizing that patients with infectious diseases should be kept separate from others. Correctly described the symptoms and course of diseases such as meningitis, peptic ulcer, jaundice, pleurisy, leprosy, ulcers, measles, mumps, anthrax.
In the treatment of patients, the scientist says, it is necessary to pay attention to three things - the order (diet), treatment with drugs and the use of various medical measures (blood sampling, canning, leprosy, huqna, etc.). In the treatment of disease, nutrition, that is, diet, is considered an important factor and provides a dietary regimen for each disease. Ibn Sina stressed the importance of personal hygiene, sleep and exercise in the treatment of the disease. His method of treating one disease by invoking another is noteworthy. For example, he finds it helpful to treat a seizure with a four-day fever. Austrian psychiatrist
Wagner-Yaureg (1857-1940) was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for his treatment of malaria using malaria.
Ibn Sina conducted in-depth research in the field of pharmacology. He completed the formation of a new pharmacy that emerged in the Muslim East on the basis of the pharmacy of ancient scholars. The use of medicines such as sana, camphor (camphor), rovoch, tamrhindi (Indian date) in medicine, and the preparation of many medicines on the basis of sugar instead of honey are also the services of Ibn Sina. Its methods of collecting, storing, and processing medicinal plants are very close to the methods in modern medicine. Provides the need to take into account the patient's client (hot, cold, wet, dry), age, climatic conditions when prescribing the drug.
More than 30 of Ibn Sina's works on medicine have survived, including a medical encyclopedia such as the Law, as well as various volumes of Urjuza fi-t-tibb (Medical Urjuza) devoted to certain theoretical and practical issues of medicine. »),« Daf al-madorr al-kulliya an-al-abdon al-insaniya »(« Removal of all damage to the human body »),« Kitab al-qulanj »(« Book about qulanj »),« Article fi -n-nabz »(« Article on pulse »),« Risola fi-l-boh »(« Treatise on sexual power »),« Risola fi event al-musofirin »(« Treatise on the event of travelers »),« Risola fi hifz as-sihha ”(“ Treatise on Health ”),“ Treatise on fi-s-sikanjubin ”(“ Treatise on Sikanjubin ”),“ Treatise on fi-l-fasd ”(“ Treatise on Blood Transfusion ”), He also has treatises such as Risala fi-l-hindabo (The Treatise on Sachratqi).
Sultan Ali Tabib Khurasani's "Guide to the Treatment of Diseases" ("Dastur al-iloj") and the physician of Herat Muhammad ibn Yusuf Yusuf al-Haravi also wrote a number of medical works and practical works, Abdul Ghazi Khan ibn Arab Muhammad Khan Khorezmi He made a significant contribution to the development of medical science in the XV-XVI centuries with his medical works, including "Beneficial medicines for man" ("Manofi 'al-inson").
IV period. Medicine in the capitalist era. In the 1628th and XNUMXth centuries, medicine flourished in Western Europe. The founder of anatomy, A. Vezali, by scientifically examining the corpse, scientifically substantiated the structure of the human body and the function of the organs. The English physician W. Garvey laid the foundation for physiology by creating the doctrine of the human circulatory system (XNUMX). As a result of the development of physics, the microscope was invented and the opportunity arose to study the delicate structure of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
In the second half of the XVIII century and the beginning of the XIX century, due to the development of methods of objective examination palpation, percussion, laboratory diagnostics, applied medicine developed. The method of comparing the results of clinical examinations used in the XVIII century with the data obtained from the autopsy revealed that the symptoms of the disease depend on changes in the structure of organs and tissues. On the basis of these studies, later pathological anatomy and histology emerged.
Al-Karuki Hazaraspi, a Khorezmian physician who lived in the second half of the XNUMXth century and the beginning of the XNUMXth century, described various diseases of the human organs and their treatment with drugs; The famous physician Mahmud Hakim Yaypani Hoqandi added his personal medical experience to the achievements of oriental medicine up to his time, such as lungs, heart, mammary gland, stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, bladder. he worked on the treatment of patients with sore, swollen, rashes, mustache-sick, wounded and wounded, with a broken bone, poisoned, bitten by poisonous animals.
Especially in the late XIX and early XX centuries, medicine in this direction developed rapidly. IM Sechenov's "Brain Reflexes" (1863) played an important role in the formation of worldviews in doctors and physiologists. Russian scientists SP Botkin, IM Sechenov, IP Pavlov, GA Zakharin (developed a method of collecting information from the patient in the diagnosis of the disease), AA Ostroumov theoretically described the laws of the central nervous system and the functioning of the whole organism. IP Pavlov's work on the physiology of the digestive system was awarded the Nobel Prize. His teachings on higher nervous activity had a great influence on the development of all clinical sciences.
Matvey Yakovlevich Mudrov (1776-1831) was one of the founders of the Russian school of therapists. He was the first in Russia to design patient questionnaires and medical histories, and developed a scheme for clinical examination of patients. MY Mudrov argued that the patient should be treated, not the disease, and advocated individual treatment for everyone, that is, individually. He believed that the main task of the doctor was to diagnose the disease and find out its causes, to carry out comprehensive treatment and preventive measures. He took an active part in the fight against the plague in Saratov and St. Petersburg. He died of plague in St. Petersburg.
Grigory Antonovich Zakharin (1829—1897) was the founder of the Moscow School of Therapists. In his works and clinical activities, he emphasized the crucial importance of human interaction with the environment. He developed a unique method of questioning the patient. Combining the inquiry method with other methods (techniques) of examination allowed him to know very accurately the anatomical changes in the patient's body. He used methods that were done with labs and instruments, and viewed these as complementary methods.
He found that treatment consisted of a combination of measures: living in accordance with the requirements of hygiene, climate therapy (climatotherapy) and medication. He introduced many innovations into the doctrine of tuberculosis. He introduced the treatment with koumiss in practice, scientifically substantiated the healing effect of physiotherapy methods.
Sergei Petrovich Botkin (1832-1889) - the founder of the physiological direction in clinical medicine. SP Botkin was the first to prove that in the study of the pathogenesis of diseases, it is necessary to study the physiological relationships of the organism. He was the first to determine that jaundice was included in the list of infectious diseases. At present, this disease is called Botkin's disease. SP Botkin put forward the rule that many pathological processes in the body take place reflexively along the neural pathways. He experimentally discovered the center of perspiration, the center of reflex action on the spleen, and was the first to express the idea that there are centers of lymphatic circulation and blood formation, specifically structured protein in various organs.
Alexei Alexandrovich Ostroumov (1844—1908) was a famous Russian therapist-clinician. He was the first to prove that the I tone of the heart is dependent on the valves in terms of its origin. Other studies have shown that there are both vasoconstrictor and vasodilator nerves in the walls of the arteries: he found that some tumors and sweat secretions are of a neurogenic nature.
Vasily Parfenovich Obrazsov (1851—1920) was a great Russian therapist-clinician. Developer of the method of examination of abdominal organs by physical method (palpation method). VP Obrazsov developed a method of direct tapping of the chest with one finger, which has become widely used in medical practice.
Hearing with the help of a stethoscope proved that undetectable sound changes in the heart can be detected by direct hearing (gallop rhythm normal III tone, etc.). In 1909, VP Obrazsov, together with ND Strazhesko, diagnosed a living person with coronary artery occlusion and described the clinical picture of myocardial infarction.
Maxim Petrovich Konchalovsky (1875—1942). His main works are devoted to pathology of the digestive organs, rheumatism and hematology. He believed that the disease was a disorder of the body's adaptation to environmental conditions. He was the first to describe the tow symptom seen in thrombopenia (1910).
Nikolai Dmitriyevich Strajesko (1876—1952). His research on circulatory pathology, his teachings on angina and myocardial infarction, rheumatism, sepsis, gastrointestinal diseases are especially popular. He developed the principles of physical diagnosis of diseases of the abdominal organs, perfected therapy with the diagnosis of colitis, ulcers, kidney and gallbladder diseases. A new classification of circulatory failure was developed in collaboration with VX Vasilenko.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Chernorutsky (1884—1957) devoted a great deal of time to the study of the role of constitutional features of man in the pathogenesis and clinic of diseases of the internal organs. He paid great attention to the problem of rheumatism, the study of the role of the nervous system, hereditary factors in the prognosis and prognosis of the disease: successfully developed the problem of allergies, studied the role of allergies in the pathogenesis of rheumatism, acute nephritis, serous pleurisy.
Georgiy Fedorovich Lang (1875—1948). His main works are devoted to the issues of cardiovascular pathology. In the development of the doctrine of internal diseases, GF Lang attached great importance to the functional changes of the nervous system and interpreted the origin of diseases from the point of view of IP Pavlov's physiological doctrine. He showed that functional changes in the cerebral cortex (especially its long-term overexertion) play a leading role in the development of hypertension. GF Lang developed a modern classification of cardiovascular diseases. He created a functional direction in hematology, from the point of view of this direction, a number of blood diseases, blood breakdown and formation processes are associated with disorders of nerve regulation.
Alexander Leonidovich Myasnikov (1899-1965) was a scientist who paid much attention to the most important problems of internal medicine: liver pathology, hypertension. AL Myasnikov's concept that hypertension is essentially an expression of a complex disorder of cortical dynamics and visceral interactions underlies a complex of modern treatment-and-prophylaxis measures. AL Myasnikov made a great contribution to the study of the problem of atherosclerosis, working with his colleagues on the issue of impaired cholesterol metabolism in this disease. He paid special attention to the complications of atherosclerosis, such as coronary insufficiency and myocardial infarction.
Vladimir Nikitich Vinogradov (1882—1964). He has been constantly improving the methods of examination, the principles of prevention and active therapy. For the first time he created a popular medical history scheme. VN Vinogradov was an incomparable diagnostician. He was the first in his clinic to use minute blood volume determination, bronchoscopy, gastroscopy, cardiac catheterization, the radioactive isotope method, and other diagnostic methods. VN Vinogradov was a real initiator of active methods of treatment with drugs. In the hospital he leads, chronic penicillin causes chronic septic endocarditis and croupous pneumonia, campalon, and B.12 vitamin was first used in dangerous anemia (Addison-Birmer disease), dicoumarin - in myocardial infarction, AKTG - in bronchial asthma, streptomycin, ftivazid and PASK in tuberculosis pleurisy.
In recent years, VN Vinogradov paid great attention to the pathology and problems of the cardiovascular system - hypertension, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, rheumatism. In this regard, VN Vinogradov established a physiological laboratory in the clinic he headed.
Vdavr. Medicine in the socialist system. The development of internal diseases in this period is associated with the names of leading experts in the field - VP Obrazsov and ND Strajesko (Kiev), MPKonchalovsky and DD Pletnev (Moscow), GF Lang (Leningrad). Well-known scientists have worked in the field of internal medicine: angina and myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease and circulatory failure, ulcers and diabetes, and blood diseases, among others. Cardiovascular diseases: VX Vasilenko, VN Vinogradov, I A. Kassirsky, AL Myasnikov, YM Tareyev have made a great contribution to the study of diseases of the respiratory organs, digestive, renal and circulatory systems. The study of cardiology problems is particularly important. The All-Union Cardiology Center of TFA is the only scientific center in this field. The development of cardiac surgery is associated with the names of AN Bakulev, AP Kupriyanov, BV Petrovsky, AA Vishnevsky, EN Meshalkin and others. NN Petrov and PA Gersen have made significant contributions to the development of oncology.
VI period. Development and progress of the science of "Internal Medicine" in independent Uzbekistan. Diseases that occur in humans, the clinical sciences that study their treatment and prevention are divided into therapy and surgery according to the main treatment method. These parts of medicine, in turn, are based on the study and treatment of diseases of certain organs and systems, the prevalence and specificity of certain diseases, as well as the basic methods of examination and treatment used. covers several areas. In particular, it was developed into therapy, cardiology, rheumatology, neurology, gastroenterology, hematology, endocrinology, geriatrics, phthisiology, neuropathology, psychiatry, spa, physiotherapy, physical therapy, medical radiology and radiology.
In Uzbekistan, the scope of medical research in the study of internal medicine has expanded. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina, rheumatism, ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, diseases of the digestive system (gastritis, colitis, enteritis, enterocolitis, etc.), hepatitis, chills, pellagra and other diseases The causes, spread, treatment and prevention of withdrawal were studied in depth. A new classification of internal diseases has been developed due to puncture biopsy, laparoscopy, radiohematography, detection of diseases of internal organs using special equipment. A complex method of finding giant parasites in tissues and the disease it causes - giardiasis - has been developed.
Diseases such as acute and chronic pneumonia, bronchial asthma are being studied with special attention. Much progress has been made in the study and treatment of diseases such as anemia and leukemia. Researchers MI Slonim, IA Kassirskiy, NVDanilov, AN Kryukov, MF Mirochnik and others later studied ZI Umidova, AH Khojayev, EI Otakhanov, NI Ismailov, AA Askarov, AS Mnushkin, MH Hamidova, RA Abdullayev, RA Katsenovich, OB Bahodirov, KB Bahodirov, GS Sulaymonova, KY Yuldashev, TM Qoriyev, RA Karaboyeva, XI Yanboyeva, AM Ubaydullayev, UA Askarov and others.
As a result of research on endocrinology (YH Turakulov, SA Masumov, PI Fyodorova, RK Islombekov, EG Kayumov, Sh.Sh. Ilyasov) diseases of the thyroid gland in some areas of the country (in particular, bull) decreased sharply. Endocrine glands, lipid metabolism and hemodynamics in people with pre-diabetes were studied. As a result of research and studies in physiotherapy and balneology, there are many local mineral waters and health resorts in the country - "Chimgan", "Chartak", "Tashkent" mineral water, Sitorayi Mohi Xosa. YK Muminov, ZA Dolimov, RA Katsenovich have made a great contribution in this area.
