Contribution of Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Beruni to mathematics.
Abu Raikhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Beruni was born in the capital of Khorezm in 362 AH and 973 AD. Abu Nasr Iraqi takes care of his education.
In the first half of the 2th century, Khorezm was divided into two parts, one of them, that is, the southern part, was ruled by Shah Abu Abdullah Muhammad, and the second part, the northern part, was ruled by the emir of Khorezm, Ma'mun ibn Mukhammal. In 995, the struggle for the throne between these two rulers ended with the victory of Ma'mun ibn Muhammad. A single state of Khorezm was established. The defeat of Khorezmshah Abdullah had a negative impact on the people who were peacefully engaged in science in the city of Kot. Among these, 22-23-year-old Beruni stopped his scientific work and was forced to go to the city of Jurjon and Ray. In 995-997, he conducted observation and measurement work at the observatory in the city of Ray.
Beruni received his primary education in a village school, and grew up under the tutelage of the great astrologer and mathematician Abu Nasr ibn Iraq. He became known as a young astrologer at the age of 17. Beruni was fluent in Khorezm, Persian, Arabic, Greek, Sanskrit and Shayari languages. In the palace of Kobus ibn Vishmigir, the Governor of Jurjan, he had the necessary conditions for scientific creativity, and he began to write books based on the materials he gathered in his youth. In 1000, Beruni finished writing the book "Relics from ancient peoples". At the beginning of 1004, Beruni was invited to Khorezm by Ma'mun II and appeared in the palace as a close adviser of the horn. Beruni writes poems in Arabic. Beruni created "Monuments of Utmish", "Famous legends of Khorezm", "Geodeasia", "Mineralogy", "India", "Pharmacology", "Konuni Masudi" and other works. In the years 2-1010 ARBeruniy calculated geographical points of Akali and longitude. In 1017, he finished writing the book "The method of determining the movement of the Sun". "Ma'mun Academy" helped Beruni to conquer the science chukki. In the years 1016-1029, Bulmish-Rakhon created "Kitab at tavkhim", i.e. the preface to "The Art of Astronomy", and at the end of 1034, he created works such as "Kitab al-Saidoni". Al-Biruni wrote more than 1048 unique masterpieces. More than 150 of these books have reached us.
Until his last breath, Beruni devoted himself to studying, summarizing and explaining the knowledge created by mankind, while revealing the secrets of the world. In the last days of his life, Beruni wrote: "I had to live longer for one thing, if only to finish the unfinished works in my ashes and not to work hard." it was to strengthen those who were lost." But, my terrible son, merciless death did not allow the great scientist to achieve his goal. He died on December 2, 1048 at the age of 75 in the city of Ghazna.
In Beruni, people's patriotism, patriotism, genuine humanity, real scientific approach and conclusions are closely related. Abu Raikhan Beruni's views on the main issues of sociality, morality and manners were filled with a sense of humanity. He supported the friendship between the peoples and opposed the wars between the rulers. At the center of his social views is man, human society.
2. Its role in the development of science and culture in Central Asia.
2. Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Al-Beruni was a great philosopher, astrologer, mathematician, astrologer, pharmacist, geographer, historian, writer, famous pedagogue with his great services in the field of science and enlightenment. and was known as a Komuschi scientist who had deep knowledge of other sciences. The scientist's scientific legacy spread the light of knowledge to Europe, which was unexpected due to ignorance in the conditions of the last century. In particular, his works entitled "At-Tawkhim" and "The Law of Mas'ud" were read in schools during that period and later.
Beruni's scientific activity has a great influence on the generation after him. Omar Khayyam, N. Tursi, Chagmani, Ulugbek A. li Kushchi and others considered Beruni as their teacher. The first Beruni scholar, the German scientist E. Zachau, praised Beruni as "the only bay in the ocean of science." Therefore, Beruni's role in the history of the development of science and culture is great.
His detailed thoughts on education are of great importance in the study of the history of the ideas of Central Asian peoples on the science of pedagogy. The content and essence of the works of the great scholar Beruni, his universal thoughts on education have become an inexhaustible contribution to the treasury of culture and history. Thus, the scientific legacy of the great scientist Beruni, whose natural-scientific, socio-philosophical views are valuable for society and man, is of great importance in enriching and expanding the scientific thinking of workers and young people.
In Beruni society, the issue of justice in social life is of great importance. According to Beruni, many institutions and organizations in the society came out of necessity and are the result of mutual agreements between people. The scientist insists that the emergence of money, the creation of cities, the creation of handicrafts, the distribution of cocktails and cocktail products are based on the intelligence of a person, his type of occupation, and his profession. For Beruni, it is a burden more honorable and precious than a person. He demanded that people's daily behavior, behavior, water, heart, clothes, and the work done by people should be beautiful to everyone. Beruni's goal is to convey the beauty principle to the listener by repeating that it is created by the appearance of a person, his posture, behavior, facial expression. Beruni understands that there is a difference in character along with the natural difference in human morals, and he sees the fundamental difference between the first and the second. The great scientist and pedagogue ARBeruni lived and continues to be the pride of not only the Uzbek people, but also the people of Central Asia and the pioneers of the whole world with his great services.
Another famous scientist who lived and worked in the Middle Ages is the great encyclopedist Abu Raikhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Beruni (973-1048) from Khorezm. He was born on September 973, 4 in the ancient city of Kot (later Shabboz, now Beruni) of Khorezm. During this period, Kot was the capital of Khorezm and belonged to the Samanid state. Beruni's life and work can be divided into the following periods: childhood and teenage years, departure to Ray (now) and arrival to Jurzhan (now), the period of living in Khorezm in 1010-1017, the period of living in Kazan and the last years of his life. Astronomer and mathematician Abu Nasr ibn Iraq takes Beruni, who is younger than his father, and teaches him his knowledge with special dedication. In the first half of the 995th century, there were two independent rulers in Khorezm: South Khorezm Shah Abu Abdullah Muhammad (capital Kod) and North Khorezm Emir Ma'mun ibn Muhammad (capital Gurganj-Urganch). It ended with Muhammad's victory. The only Khorezm with Gurganj as its capital, and Ma'mun was declared Khorezmshah. The young scientist was forced to leave his homeland. In the city of Ray, near Tehran, they met Abu Mohammad Hamid Khujandi, an elderly mathematician and astronomer. Together with him, he conducts observation and measurement work at the observatory in the city of Ray (995-977 years), where he is interested in a large astronomical instrument made by Khujandi and named after Fakhr ad-Daval, the governor of Ray, named "Sudsi Fakhri", i.e. "Honorary Saxtanti". He describes his thoughts on improving this instrument in his separate work entitled "About the Honorary Saxtanti Bayon". In 997-998, he returns to Kod again. But in the years 998-1004, he served in the palace of Kobus ibn Vashmgir in Jurjon. Here he presents his first major work "Al-Osarul Baqiya" ("Memorials from ancient peoples") to Kobus.
In 1005, Abul Abbas Ma'mun (younger son) ascended the throne of Khorezm. He gathered scholars such as Ibn Sina, Abu Sahl the Messiah, Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Irak, Yaabu Hammar to his court. At the same time, Beruni will serve for 7 years.
In 1017, Ghaznavid conquered Khorezm and Beruni was sent to Kazan as a prisoner along with other scholars. Despite the difficult conditions, he continued his scientific work and wrote "Geodesia" in 1025. After Ghaznavi conquered India, Beruni traveled to India. There he studied Indian science and literary heritage, as a result of which he wrote the famous work "India" (1030). In the meantime, he wrote several works, one of which is "Determining the value of a sinic line drawn inside a circle using the property of its volume" (1027).
In 1030, Mahmud published "The book explaining the basics of the art of astrology" ("Kitab at-tafhim li sanat at-tanjim"), and in 1036 "Masud's Law on Astronomy and Astrology" devotes his son to Masud. He wrote "Minerology" in 1040 and "Pharmacognosia" in the last years of his life. He died in Ghazan in 1048.
The great encyclopedia scientist wrote more than 150 scientific works during his lifetime, 40 of which have reached us. Academician I.Yu. Krachkovskii says about his work: "It is easier to list the areas that are not interesting than to list the fields that interest me."
1. Describes the basic problems of arithmetic and algebra and describes the basic principles of the decimal and hexadecimal systems, abjad calculation, operations on whole and fractional numbers, methods of approximate solution of linear, quadratic and cubic equations.
2. When performing arithmetic operations on fractions by treating geometric quantities as numbers, it expands the concept of number to positive real numbers.
3. Fill in the definitions given by Euclid to basic geometric concepts and geometric figures and give them equally strong definitions.
4. When applying planemetry theorems to astronomy: determining the latitude of the place, determining the anogee of the sun, and others.
5. The system drawn inside the circle calculates the sides of polygons: 5<2 – 10<; 7< and 9< brings the calculation of the sides to a third-order equation and gives methods of approximate solution of this equation. In this case, he used the number up to 7 decimal digits of the number P. Gives 12 different ways to solve the trisection problem.
6. Stereometry: defines polyhedra, rotating bodies, conic sections, regular polyhedra and explains the basic concepts of stereometry.
7. It is the first to give the idea of spatial coordinates, while showing that the dimension is three and the movement of the planets. Shows the various constructions of astronomy and the practical problems that can be solved by them. Shows the best method of cartographic projection of the earth and celestial sphere.
8. Creates an independent systematic trigonometry based on the basic problems in plane and spherical trigonometry. Proves relationships between trigonometric lines. Proves a theorem as strong as the theorem of spherical cosines.
9. In the field of physics: correctly assessed various physical phenomena; The specific gravity of 9 types of metals, 18 types of liquid, 15 types of minerals - more than 50 substances in total was determined (it was the first in this field). Equilibrium conditions of liquids, the principle of operation of a siphon, the reasons for the eruption of springs and fountains, the nature of heat and its effect on objects, the properties of a machine, the properties of a lens, the appearance of light-matter (with speed), the dependence of water volume on temperature, etc. .
10. His opinions in the field of ethics and pedagogy are also noteworthy. Academician V. R. Rosen, for example, in his book "India" says: "This monument is the only one of its kind and has an equal weight in the entire ancient and medieval scientific literature of the West and the Arch... This work is religious, racial, national or class. with an impartial tankiz spirit, free from heresies and superstitions, fully armed with the most powerful weapon of the new science, i.e., the comparative method, watered with needs and warm tankid spirit... scope, in a word, the true spirit of science in the modern sense is felt."
