The development of social and philosophical thought of the Middle Ages is connected with the name of the thinker Abu Nasr Farabi, and his support for human perfection is of great importance in the field of education. After the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle, Farobi, who made a name for himself in the East with his vast knowledge and breadth of thought, is called a great thinker - "Muallimi Sani" - "Second Teacher".
Abu Nasr Farabi (full name Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Uzalik ibn Tarkhan al-Farabi) was born in 260 Hijri (873 AD) in Shosh - Farob (Utror) near Tashkent in the family of a military officer. There is information that after receiving primary education in Farob, he received education in Shosh, Bukhara, and Samarkand. But due to the fact that scholars from different parts of the caliphate came to Baghdad, the great cultural center of the Arab caliphate, and it became a major scientific center, Farabi also went to Baghdad with the desire to learn. In Baghdad, Farobi urta studies the science of the century and various fields of science. For example, he was taught Greek by Abu Bashar Matta (Matta ibn Yunus), medicine and logic by Yuhanna ibn Khaylon (Jilon). In general, Farobi studied mathematics, logic, medicine, astrology, music, natural sciences, law, linguistics, poetics, studied various languages in Baghdad.
Some sources say that Farobi knew more than 70 languages.
Abu Nasr Farabi is considered an encyclopedic scholar. Researchers note that he created more than 160 scientific works.
Farabi lived in Damascus from about 941. He works as a watchman in a garden on the outskirts of the city and spends a poor life doing scientific work. He lived in Aleppo in 943-967. He was in Egypt in 949-950. Sung returned to Damascus and died there in 950. He was buried in the "Bab al-Saqir" cemetery in Damascus. According to narrations, one person caused Abu Nasr to study wisdom and philosophy. It is said that the reason for this was that the person poured out some of Aristotle's books to him, telling him to leave them here and then take them away. The alliance falls on the books, they agree with Abu Nasr's day and go to sleep, as a result, he becomes a mature philosopher. Indeed, Abu Nasr Farabi was a scientist who made a great contribution to the development of science in the last century. Farabi carried out scientific work in all fields of natural, scientific and social knowledge. Farobi left behind a rich scientific legacy. He created works in various fields of philosophy, music, philology and other natural and scientific knowledge. So, Farobi says that in order for a person to achieve happiness, he must become a team leader who can make them happy. He is the ruler of the noble city by nature: 1 - he is healthy and does not feel any difficulty in fulfilling his duties; 2 - sensitive, shrewd nature; 3 - strong memory, 4 - sharp intellect, 5 - eloquent who can explain his thoughts, 6 - eager for knowledge, 7 - not excessive in eating, drinking, intimacy with women, on the contrary, he can restrain himself (gambling or other (from homes) to be far away from pleasure and happiness, 8 - who loves truth and truth, just and honest people, hates lazy people and sailors, 9 - knows the value of life and is respectful, 10 - does not chase after worldly wealth, 11 - righteous, 12 - determined , notes the importance of being persistent, courageous, and brave. Farobi wants to see these qualities in every mature person.
Farobi divides people into groups according to different signs in his noble community. In this, he says, it is necessary to pay attention to people's natural characteristics, abilities, intellectual abilities, and knowledge skills, not depending on their religious sect, nationality, or race. He writes in his work "Treatise about the roads to happiness and happiness" that "the duty of the state is to lead people to happiness." He - and this enslaves with the help of science and good morals. Farabi says that the state should be managed by a mature person; that is, he says that the leader of the community should be fair, wise, abide by the laws and be able to create laws, be able to foresee the future, and be considerate of others.
In his works devoted to education, Farobi thinks about the importance of education, what needs to be paid attention to, methods and methods of education. His social and educational views were expressed in such eras as "The City of Virtuous People", "On the Attainment of Happiness", "Ikhsa-al-Ulum", "The Origin of Sciences", "On the Meanings of Mind".
Even if Farobi taught about the integral unity of education and upbringing in his work, he separately emphasizes that each of them has its own role and characteristics in bringing a person to perfection.
Farobi expressed his opinion about the method of learning knowledge in his work "Happiness - About the Attainment of Happiness". He said that the science that needs to be known first is studied, this is the science of the foundations of the universe. After hitting it, it is necessary to study natural sciences, the structure and shape of natural bodies, knowledge about the sky. From him, he says, in general, the science of living nature, plants and animals is studied.
A pharaoh cannot reach perfection alone. He needs contact with others, their support or relationships. In his opinion, it is important that the educational process is organized by an experienced pedagogue and teacher. Because not everyone can separate happiness and events. He needs a teacher for that.
Farobi says that this can be achieved by focusing education on the right path. Because the purposefully implemented education and training brings a person to maturity both intellectually and morally, in particular, a person learns the laws of nature and society and follows the right path in life, has the right relationship with others, and follows the rules of society.
Therefore, Farobi believes that the main task of education is to educate a mature person who can meet the demands of society and serve this society.
Farobi is considered to be the scientist who defined education and upbringing for the first time. Education means teaching a person, providing theoretical knowledge based on explanation; According to the scientist, education is the teaching of theoretical virtue, norms of behavior and practical skills necessary for mastering a certain profession.
Abu Nasr Farabi says again: "Education means unification of theoretical virtues among peoples and townspeople, and education means unification of innate virtues and practical professional qualities among these peoples."
Education is only through teaching. "Education is practical work with experience, that is, the work of this people, this nation, which consists of practical skills - behavior, profession - learning and learning."
In his treatise "What you need to know before learning philosophy", Farabi describes the extent to which anyone who begins to acquire theoretical knowledge must be pure in manners: Let there be a longing for perfection, not for inappropriate feelings.
This can be achieved by purifying morals not only in water, but in reality (in practice). Thus, it is necessary to purify the soul, soul, and spirit of a person who avoids errors and mistakes, who begins to understand the path of truth (in the sense of a speaker - swimming, thinking).
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Moral virtues are understood as knowledge, wisdom and reasoning, conscientiousness, humility, putting the interests of the majority above all else, truth, striving for spiritual excellence, justice. But the worst of these qualities is that every person should be educated and enlightened. That's why Farobi considers the concept of ethics as ethics based on thinking, which is inextricably linked with reason. From this we can see that Farabi interpreted morality not as an expression of moral standards, but also as a result of people's mental activity. Farobi analyzes the issue of intelligence in his treatise "On the Meanings of Mind" and says that the science of logic plays an important role in his teaching on intelligence. He noted the commonality between the science of logic and grammar, and the relation of logic to the mind is like the relation of grammar to language. It is said that just as grammar educates people's speech, the science of logic trains the mind to lead thinking in the true way.
Farobi became famous as a major musicologist of the last century with his multi-volume work "The Big Book of Music". He explained the science of music from a theoretical and practical point of view, and considered music as a means of strengthening human health and educating human morals. His legacy in the field of music is of great importance in the history of music culture.
Farobi's views on educational methods and tools are also valuable. Beautiful qualities are formed in a person in two ways - education and upbringing. Education combines theoretical qualities, and education combines innate qualities - theoretical knowledge and practical profession - skills and moral qualities. He says that education is done with water and learning, and education is done with practical work and experience. Har shows that when the two are combined, maturity is expressed, but that maturity is based on the extent to which knowledge and practical skills are acquired.
Farobi says that if the theoretical foundations of all sciences are studied in education, spiritual and moral rules, etiquette standards are studied in education, and professional skills are acquired.
This important task is carried out by experienced educators using various methods of education. Pharoabi implies the implementation of educational work in two ways.
When it comes to "practical virtues and practical arts (vocations) and the habit of doing them", this habit is formed in two ways: the first of these - with the help of satisfying words, inviting and inspiring words, the habit is formed, skills are created, Courage, desire in a person is transformed into action.
The second way (or method) is the way of coercion. This method is used in relation to unruly, stubborn townspeople and other desert peoples. Because they are not the kind of people who are willing to go back and forth. If one of them begins to study theoretical knowledge, his virtue will improve. Such people should not be forced if there is no aspiration to master the professions and fine arts. Because the purpose of educating the people of the city is to make them possessors of virtue and to turn them into artists
Therefore, Farobi put forward the methods of encouragement, habituation, and coercion in education. Both methods ultimately aim to bring a person to perfection in all aspects.
In conclusion, the basis of Farobi's pedagogical teaching is the philosophical view that the formation of a perfect human being is social in nature, that is, perfection is achieved only in society, in the process of mutual relations.
In the maturation of a person, the interrelationship of both mental and moral education is of great importance. It is noteworthy that the methods of education recommended by Farobi have not lost their importance even in the present era.
Review questions:
What was the social order during the time when Abu Nasr Farabi lived.
Abu Nasr Farabi about the classification of sciences.
What works of Abu Nasr Farabi on education and training do you know?
