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AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF TURKEY (TASSR) - an autonomous republic formed by the Bolsheviks after the establishment of the Soviet regime in Turkestan in October 1917 and entered the RSFSR (1918-1924). The area is 1 mln. 324 thousand 994 sq. km. The population is more than 5 million people (1922). The administrative center was the city of Tashkent.
On April 1918, at the 20th Congress of Soviets of the Turkestan region (April 1 - May 30, XNUMX), the Russian Soviet Federation was established under the name Turkestan Soviet Republic (TSR). In this session, its highest bodies: the Central Executive Committee of the Republic of Turkestan (Turkestan MIK) and the Council of People's Commissars of the Republic of Turkestan (Turkestan XKS) will be formed. The republic bordered the countries of the USSR, the USSR, Kazakhstan ASSR, Afghanistan, Iran and China.
The Communist Party of Turkestan, established in June 1918, played an important role in the political life of the republic. Although the highest executing and managing body is the USSR Central Committee, but in practice the power was in the hands of the Turkestan Commission, the Turkestan Bureau of the RKP(b) Central Committee of the RSFSR in Tashkent, later the Central Asia Bureau of the RKP(b) Central Committee of the Central Asia (Sredazbyuro), the Turkestan Front. . Until 1920, representatives of the local nation were not included in the supreme leadership of the republic. Later, T. Riskulov, N. Torakulov, Q. Otaboev, A. Rahimboev, I. Khidiraliev, R. Islamov, N. Aytokov became the leaders of the USSR.
At the end of November 1924, as a result of the national-territorial demarcation in Central Asia, the TASSR was abolished, and its territory was included in the newly formed Uzbekistan SSR, Turkmenistan SSR, Tajikistan ASSR, Kyrgyzstan Autonomous Region, and Kazakhstan ASSR.
Khorazm People's Soviet Republic (USSR) (1920-1924) - After the General Governorate of Turkestan was abolished and the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Republic was established in its place, the Bolsheviks began to try to introduce (more precisely, export it) the "people's revolution" on the Russian model to the khanates in Turkestan. For this purpose, on February 1920, 2, an artificial revolution was carried out in the Khanate of Khiva, the power of the last Khan of Khiva, Said Abdullah Khan, was overthrown, and on April 1920, 26, the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (USSR) was announced. With an area of 62.200 square kilometers and a population of 550 people (1920), a 15-member government of the People's Supervisory Council of the USSR was formed (chairman P. Yusupov). A new Constitution was adopted in the USSR, and extensive socio-economic and political reforms began to be implemented. However, these reforms were blindly implemented not based on the current socio-political situation, but on the basis of the Bolsheviks' model and instructions, and in most cases gave the opposite results. As a result of the demarcation of the administrative-territorial state in 1924-25, the USSR was dissolved and incorporated into the newly formed UZSSR.
BUKHARA SOVIET PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC (FSSR) - The Republic established on September 1920, 2 on the model of the Bolsheviks after the overthrow of the power of the emir in the Emirate of Bukhara. In September 1921, the Constitution of the USSR was adopted. Extensive socio-economic and political reforms began to be implemented in the USSR. However, since these reforms were blindly implemented not based on the existing socio-political situation, but on the basis of the model and instructions of the Moscow Bolsheviks, in most cases they gave the opposite results. In 1924-25, in connection with the demarcation of the administrative-territorial state in Turkestan, the USSR was dissolved and included in the newly established Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan.
Demarcation of the national-territorial state in Turkestan — An event held by the Moscow Bolsheviks in 1924-1925 in order to destroy the eternal unity and integrity of Turkestan peoples. "They divide and conquer!" It was a policy implemented in order to strengthen the control over the peoples of Turkestan who share history, religion, culture and fate by giving each of them the status of an independent republic. Despite the fact that local statesmen (T. Riskulov, S. Khojanov, S. Asfandiyorov) appealed to Moscow several times that Turkestan is a single, whole and it is not advisable to violate its integrity, their initiatives were not taken into account. As a result of the national territorial delimitation, the Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist Republic (UzSSR), the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (TSSR), and later the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan were established in Turkestan.
Uzbekistan SSR — As a result of the delimitation of the administrative-territorial state carried out by Moscow's instructions in 1924-1925, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan was established on February 1925, 13 in Bukhara at the 1927st Congress of All-Uzbek Soviets. Although the Constitutions of the USSR, adopted in 1937, 1978 and 1925, state independence and the right to self-determination of Uzbekistan were written down, the political, economic and spiritual life of Uzbekistan was completely controlled by the "Center" and the Communist Party. That is why the years 1991-XNUMX, when the USSR existed, are considered the years of dependence in historiography.
Totalitarianism (lat. totalis - whole, all, full) - a temporary and transitory political order, one of the forms of state management, based on unconditional submission to the sole authority of one person, social class or group (for example, a military group). In countries where the totalitarian form of government has been introduced, state authorities have complete control over all spheres of public life. Political freedoms are stifled and mass media are censored (state control). Free speech is banned and repressed.
Although socialism is called the most democratic, legal and people-friendly society in history in theoretical works, propaganda and propaganda tools, life has shown that it is one of the forms of totalitarianism. In the XNUMXth century, the totalitarian system during the dictatorship of Nazis in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, Franco in Spain, Mao Zedong in China, and Pinochet in Chile caused as much damage to social and political life as the dictatorship of the proletariat in the process of building socialism in the former USSR caused such harmful consequences.
Compartia (Comfort) - The party that took control of all spheres of social, political, cultural, ideological and ideological life in the former Soviet state. This party was known as RSDRP in 1898-1917, RSDRP (b) in 1917-1918, RKP (b) in 1918-1925, VKP (b) in 1925-1952, CPSS in 1952-1991.
1st secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan
V. Ivanov 1925-1927
N. Gikalo 1928-1929
A. Ikramov 1929-1937
U. Yusupov 1937-1950
A. Niyazov 1950-1955
N. Muhitdinov 1955-1957
S. Kamolov 1957-1959
Sh. Rashidov 1959-1983
I. Usmonkhojaev 1983-1988
R. Nishonov 1988-1989
I. Karimov 1989-1991
Authoritarian political regime (lat.au(c)toritas - power, influence, attention, reputation) - making the public obey the personal and state authority unconditionally. Authoritarianism in state management is based on the absolute power of one person (monarch, dictator, genius). Usually, authoritarian management is contrary to the principles of democracy. In it, power is exercised based on the personal authority and prestige of the head of state.
Bureaucracy (fr.bureau - chancellery, cabinet, Greek. kratos-rule) - a method of managing the state and society by administrative command, separated from the people, without reckoning with them. In bureaucratic management, the promises made to the people remain only on paper and are never fulfilled in practice. This red tape and corruption permeates all aspects of social and economic life, starting from administrative management structures. The orders of the government and higher organizations appear to be fulfilled on paper, even if they are not fulfilled in practice. The indicators and achievements reflected on paper are not implemented in life.
In the former Soviet state, bureaucratism is a feature of the capitalist society, although lofty slogans were put forward that bureaucracy is not allowed in the socialist system, but the original forms of bureaucracy flourished in the Soviet society.
collectivization (collectivization) - the policy of the Soviet government in 1929-1933 in order to end the class of owners in agriculture. According to it, the lands belonging to private entrepreneurs and self-employed peasant farms were confiscated for the benefit of the state, and state farms (sovkhoz) and collective farms (kolkhozes) were established in their place. Zamindars whose husbands were taken away, rich peasant farms, and self-sufficient landlords were declared enemies of the people by the officials of the internal affairs because they could oppose collective farming. Those who were "eared" were exiled to the uninhabited deserts and forests of Ukraine, Siberia and Kazakhstan. The collectivization carried out "for the workers" turned out to be more harmful than successful for the country's economy. Because this event was completely contrary to the several thousand-year-old historical tradition of the Uzbek people related to land ownership. That is why protests against collectivization in most cases took on a political tone.
OGPU (United State Political Administration) — the state security protection office that operated under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1923-1934. Then it was included in the NKVD and renamed as the General Directorate of State Security.
Ears — peasants and landowners who fought for their rights in the villages were called mushtumzolars- kulaks (Russian "kulak") by the Soviets.
Ear farms — before the revolution, large peasant farms used hired labor in agriculture. Such large farms began to develop especially quickly due to the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. They were businessmen-entrepreneurs who managed their farms in the village based on the requirements of the market economy. Farmers working on such farms were mostly interested in the fruits of their labor.
After the revolution, such farms were persecuted and repressed as the support of the tsarist government in the countryside and the oppressing class of the hardworking peasants. As a result of the policy of collectivization that began in 1929, kulak farms were completely abolished by the beginning of the 30s.
Chairmen of the Soviet of People's Commissars of the USSR:
F.Khojaev 1925-1937
A. Karimov 1937
S. Segizboev 1937-1938
A. Abdurakhmanov 1938-1946
Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministersare:
A. Abdurakhmanov 1946-1950
A. Mavlanov 1950-1951
N. Muhipgdinov 1951-1953; 1954-1955
U. Yusupov 1953-1954
S. Kamolov 1955-1957
M. Mirzaahmedov 1957-1959
O. Alimov 1959-1961
R. Kurbanov 1961-1971
N. Khudoyberdiev 1971-1984
G. Kadyrov 1984-1989
M. Mirqasimov 1989-1990
Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers under the President of the USSR:
ИKarimov 1990 from 1 November
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the UZSSR:
Y. Okhunboboev 1925-1937
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR chairpersons:
Y. Okhunboboev 1937-1943
A. Mominov 1943-1947
A. Niyazov 1947-1950
Sh. Rashidov 1950-1959
Yo. Nasriddinova 1959-1970
N. MatchoNew 1970-1978
I. Usmonkhojaev 1978-1983
O. Salimov 1983-1986
R. Nishanov 1986-1988
P. Habibullaev 1988-1989
M. Ibrahimov 1989-1991
Appendix 10
Administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan
| Provinces | Organization
done the date |
Hududi | The population
(thousand people) |
Districts
dormouse |
Ma'muri
Markazi |
| Bukhara | 1938 January 15 | 40,3 | 1385,3 | 11 | Bukhara |
| Samarkand | 1938 January 15 | 16,8 | 2595,4 | 16 | Samarkand |
| Tashkent | 1938 January 15 | 15,6 | 4455,1 | 15 | Tashkent |
| Ferghana | 1938 January 15 | 6,8 | 2597,7 | 15 | Ferghana |
| Khorezm | 1938 January 15 | 6,1 | 1278,9 | 10 | Urganch |
| Andijan | 1941 March 6 | 4,2 | 2121 | 15 | Andijan |
| Namangan | 1941 March 6 | 7,44 | 1863,9 | 11 | Namangan |
| Surkhandarya | 1941 March 6 | 20,1 | 1670,4 | 14 | We sweat |
| Kashkadarya | 1943 January 20 | 28,6 | 2079,1 | 14 | Karshi |
| Syr Darya | 1963 February 16 | 5 | 652,1 | 9 | Guliston |
| Jizzakh | 1973 y. December 29 | 20,5 | 928,3 | 11 | Jizzakh |
| Navoi | 1982 April 20 | 111 | 771,1 | 8 | Navoi |
| Karakal-ton | 1925 February 16 | 166,6 | 1462,3 | 15 | Nukus |
| Uzbekistan | 1925 February 13 | 447,4 | 27 млн | Tashkent |
New cities established in Uzbekistan
| Angren - 1946
Andijan - IX century Asaka - 1938 Happiness - 1947 Bekobad - 1945 Beruni - 1962 Besharik - 1983 Beshkent - 1977 Boysun - 1975 Bulung'ur - 1973 Boka - 1967 Boston - 1979 Wobkent - 1981 Gagarin - 1974 Gazli - 1958 Gulistan - 1961 Dashtabad - 1974 Denov - 1958 Friendship - 1971 Jarqo'ton - 1973 Jizzakh - VX centuries Jomboy - 1977 Friday - 1973 Zarafshan - 1972 Ishtihan - 1943 Kalas - 1976 Kattakurgan - 1865 Book - 1934 Kogon - 1929 Case - 1971 Kosonsoy - 1973 Mangit - 1973 Margilan - XNUMXth century Marjonbulok - 1976 Thank you - 1974 Mubarak - 1974 Moynok - 1963 Navoi - 1958 Namangan - 1610 Nukus - 1932 Nurabad - 1975 Nurota - 1976 |
Almalik - 1951
Olot - 1960 Akkurgan - 1973 Aktash - 1967 Ohangaron - 1966 Ohunboboev - 1975 Parkent - 1926 Pakhtaabad - 1975 Farmer - 1977 Piskent - 1981 Pitnak - 1974 Poyarik - 1926 Capital - 1980 Pop - 1972 Rishton - 1926 Romiton - 1926 Soldatsky - 1967 Syrdarya - 1971 Talimarjon - 1975 Takhyatosh - 1953 Termiz - VII century Toytepa - 1973 Toragorgon - 1974 Tortkul - 1873 Urganch - 1929 Urgut - 1973 Uzguduk - 1978 Uchkurgan - 1969 Fergana - 1877 Khalqabad - 1966 Haqqulabad - 1974 Khanabad - 1972 Khojaly – 1926, Khojaabad – 1981 Bucket - 1973 Chimboy - 1926 Chinoz - 1972 Chirakchi - 1980 Chirchik - 1935 Chortoq - 1976 Chust - 1969 |
Shahrisabz - 1929
Shahrikhan - 1970 Sherabad - 1973 Shirin - 1972 Shorghun - 1973 Shumanoi - 1975 Shorchi - 1976 Yaipan - 1974 Yakkabog - 1954 Yangiyol - 1934 New Target - 1975 Yangiabad - 1957 Qamashi - 1974 Karmana - 1966 Opposite - 1926 Kiziltepa - 1972 Karavulbazar - 1958 Karakol - 1951 Karasuv - 1990 Kuva - 1974 Kuvasoy - 1951 Kumkurgan - 1971 Call - 1962 Kokan - XNUMXth century Korgontepa - 1976 Ghazalkent - 1964 Gallaorol - 1973 Galasia - 1982 Gijduvan - 1972 Guzor - 1977 Hamza - 1974 |
Concentration camps - places of mass detention of civilians or prisoners of war without trial or questioning. Unlike ordinary prisons, concentration camps are established in times of war, in cases of totalitarian terror or colonial rule. Incarceration in concentration camps does not have the content of criminal punishment and does not aim to rehabilitate the guilty. The first concentration camps were established by the Spanish in 1895 when the revolt against the colonialists began in Cuba. Concentration camps were established in Russia in September 1918 by the decision of the RSFSR Committee on Red Terror. Later, they became special camps, and during the period of repression in the 30s, 40s, 50s, they became known as GULAG. The main purpose of keeping in concentration camps was the mass destruction of political treasures.
Repression (Lat. repressio - oppression) - the procedure of torture, punishment, persecution, repression, oppression used by state authorities.
Political repressions — implementation of reactive cleaning works in the state administration. In the process of such repressions, the rights and freedoms of citizens are violated, and illegal deprivation of liberty and life is allowed. Repressions in the former Union in 1937-38, 1947 and 1950 were carried out in this reactionary direction.
Shouvinism (French "chauvinisme" - violent nationalism) - the term "chauvinism" that appeared in France at the beginning of the XNUMXth century (derived from the name of the soldier N. Chauvin, who was a bright supporter of Napoleon Bonaparte's wars of aggression), is now also used in the sense of the manifestation of national extremism.
Especially dangerous is the chauvinism of the great state. Because it means the ideological, political, and economic dominance of certain political forces, leading nations in multinational states, based on the idea of superiority and superiority over other nations.