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LOGICAL ISSUES
educational manual
INTRODUCTION
"If you know yourself, you know the world," said the great Greek philosopher Socrates. Man thinks all the time, both in everyday life and in scientific activity. But it is difficult to think correctly without knowing the science of logic.
Logic includes the legal, necessary connections and relationships in the world, order and consistency, the internal connection of thinking, gradual thinking, logical connections between different views, and makes a person not indifferent to anything, meticulous it teaches to look, to make an impartial assessment of every event, to think regularly and consistently and to be able to prove any reasonable opinion. By thoroughly studying the laws of logic and developing the ability to think independently, it becomes easy to make the necessary conclusions for practical life, to understand the spirit of the times, and to analyze events truthfully.
For the in-depth study of the science of logic, it is necessary to create educational literature that deeply expresses the essence of the national idea and ideology and is inextricably linked with life. At the XNUMXth session of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic, President IAKarimov emphasized that "the most advanced examples of national thought, national thinking and national ideology should be reflected in textbooks."
The instructional manual "Logical issues" is written based on the above requirements, it helps to develop the culture of logical thinking in students, to think correctly, to be critical of their own and others' opinions during debates. helps to relate, to be present, to understand the mistakes in the opinions of the interlocutor. It also forms the skills to determine the truth, defend it, use logical rules for justification, express one's opinion clearly and persuasively.
The importance of the science of logic in the educational process is incomparable. After all, at a time when science is rapidly developing, conducting scientific research and effectively analyzing data collected through scientific-theoretical experiments requires perfect knowledge of logic.
RULES FOR SOLVING THINKING PROBLEMS
The science of logic is one of the "difficult" sciences. Therefore, the way to successfully master it is to strengthen the acquired theoretical knowledge with practical training. This guide will be your closest assistant in this regard. One of the problems given in it is simple, another is solved through deep thinking, and still another is solved based on experience. In order to solve the problems of thinking, it is necessary to be aware of the rules of logical thinking and the science of logic.
Thinking begins with a person's ability to follow concrete evidence and draw general conclusions, to determine the causes of events and to foresee the future.
The thought processes are as follows:
1. First of all, the problem to be solved is identified. Because if there is no problem, a person does not think about anything. In order to solve the problem that needs to be solved, it is necessary to fully understand its essence, analyze the conditions of the problem, think about what is given and what needs to be found.
2. Knowledge (rule, argument, law, theorem, definition) necessary for solving the problem is used.
3. Hypothesis, that is, guesses are thrown in the middle, the most correct guesses are selected.
4. The problem is solved, the result is checked.
By solving thinking problems, reflecting, specific features of the students' worldview are improved, that is, the depth, breadth, sharpness, criticality, speed of thinking and independence of thought are important.
Intelligence is manifested not only in solving complex theoretical and practical problems, but also in very simple, ordinary daily activities of a person. In this regard, the story from the life of the Greek philosopher Democritus is instructive. One day, Democritus met a young man who was effortlessly carrying a large bundle of wood tied together with great skill. Democritus asks the young man to scatter the wood and tie it again as before. The young man complies with his request and deftly ties the wood. Then Democritus said, "Hey young man, you are the owner of such a great mind that you should be engaged in high things" and took him as an apprentice. Later, the woodcutter becomes a famous philosopher. He was Protagoras.
This teaching-methodical guide helps to improve the personal qualities of students, such as creating problem situations in their thinking activities, strengthening their desire to know everything. The manual will help students of higher and secondary special education institutions, those interested in philosophy, logic, as well as young teachers to use interactive methods of teaching in practical training.
1. "Logic is mental gymnastics." right?
2. "They are a people who cry at feasts, laugh during war, follow their leaders to all directions, are satisfied with cold and hunger, are resistant in war, patient with pain, and do not even know the name of peace and pleasure. All of them have the same spirituality and heart, and their food and clothing are without exception." In your opinion, this is an assessment of the state of the social class of the people?
3. Poems of Abu Abdullah Rudaki (884-954), the great poet of the XNUMXth century, the founder of Persian-Tajik classical poetry, are filled with high humanity, genius thinking, purity of feelings, folk simplicity, spirit of spirituality, and radiant freshness. fascinates. This quote from him is also a clear proof of our point:
He hears without ears, he walks fast with a lame one,
He speaks without a tongue, he has no eyes to see.
Sharp as a sword, walking like a snake,
His face is sad, like lovers.
What is described in this quatrain of Abu Abdullah Rudaki?
4. People named A., B., S., D., J. work in relation to each other. If A. carries out the plan, so will B. If B. does S., C. does D., D. does, J. does the plan. S. did not fulfill the plan. Which of them might have carried out the plan?
5. The football team consists of 11 players, their average age is 22. During the game, one player was injured and left the game. The average age of the remaining players was 21. How old was the player who was sent off?
6. How can a person who entered the field with a horse realize that he did something wrong and leave the field without harming the crop?
7. There is a city in the world that has experienced three revolutions, its winter is short, and in the summer you can read a newspaper at night without turning on the lights. There is no city in the North that can match it. What city is this?
8. Imagine. Clouds covered the air and it began to rain, but although there was a sound of rain, not a single drop fell on the ground. The ground is dry. How?
9. Three brothers inherited seventeen horses. In his will, the father distributed half of the horses to his eldest son, one third to his middle son, and one ninth to his youngest son. Sons could not share the inheritance. The judge decided the inheritance instantly. What event did the judge come up with?
10. The Abbasid caliph Ma'mun al-Rashid (died in 833) said: "The eye of Syria is Damascus, the eye of Rum is Kustantana, the eye of Iraq is Baghdad, the eye of Mowarunnahr is..." . Which city may the caliph have referred to as the eye of Mowarounnahr?
11. Why "seeing is better than hearing a hundred times"?
12. The inspector, who detained several people for violating the street rules, encouraged them to tell the truth and set a condition that "if the violator tells the truth, he will be fined XNUMX soums, if he lies, he will be fined XNUMX soums." Is it possible for any violator to get away with this?
13. Why "the fairy does not know what the old man knows?"
14. Three people are standing in front of the court. Each of them is a criminal or not a criminal. Knowing that the criminal always lies, and the person who did not commit the crime always tells the truth, the judge did not know which of these three people was a criminal and not a criminal. Using his experience, the judge questioned the first person. Of the remaining people, "Did the first interrogator confess that he was a criminal?" he asked. The second person said, "He confessed that he is a criminal." The third person said, "He didn't admit to being a criminal." Which of the second and third defendants do you think is not a criminal?
15. What can be placed in it?
16. What must be done to make seven identical apples equal to eight people?
17. Can a concept be both true and false at the same time?
18. A cow gives birth to a calf at the beginning of every year. If the calf has one calf at the beginning of the year every fourth year of its life, just like its mother, how many cows will the total number of cows be in 20 years?
19. Different laws were invented for people who committed crimes in ancient times. A king of a country invented an ancient method of punishment and many criminals got away with it. What method might the king have used?
20. Find the homonym of the words:
Language Star
Butterfly Snake
Scientist Horse
Yellow Ice
Smooth John
21. How to measure the height of a maple tree?
22. This building has eight doors. Behind each door are eight rooms. If you enter and look around the rooms, you will see a strange situation. The colors of the rooms are white and black respectively. What could it be?
23. Does the meat cook faster at the top of the mountain or at the foot of the mountain?
24. There is such a sea in the world where you can not only bathe, but also relax on the water, read a book, drink tea. Which sea is this?
25. Is it necessary to wait for wisdom teeth to come in?
26. There are no four things in the universe. Find them.
1. Pillar of Heaven.
2. ...
3. ...
4. ...
27. What should be done to multiply the desired number by 10?
28. What relation unites the following concepts?
house - yard - building
room - hotel
employed - unemployed
anger is ignorance
mind - heart - heart
at ease - calm - without worries
merchant - merchant
Rasha is a drop
alternative - equal - equal
astrology - astrology
elegant - subtle - gentle
perfect - perfect - perfect
mysterious - strange - miracle
river - sea - ocean
29. His grandfather is at such an age that his father is twice younger than his grandfather, his uncle is twice younger than his father, and his nephew is five times younger than his uncle. How old are they all?
30. Lycurgus, the founder of the Spartan state, considered the life of animals as his example, and the Russian king Peter I considered their life as an example. The French king Napoleon Bonaparte was surprised to see the first buds of the state system in the order, discipline and rules of their lives. What creature are we talking about here?
31. Compare the concepts:
thought - thought - thinker
kashf - discovery - mukoshif
account - accounting - accountant
32. Logically analyze this poem:
Don't be original, perfection is what it is.
There is, then it is mavh, that's why it is.
O man, who has prepared a bow and arrows for shooting -
You are far from him, that is why he is a prey.
"We are closer than the soul," he said.
Don't look for it from afar, because it is near.
33. Find the content opposite of the following concepts:
before, wise, friend, brave, happiness, healthy, free, yesterday, life, now, peace, big, cheerful, open, beautiful, clean, right.
34. Geese are flying in the sky. In order for there to be 100 flying geese, it is necessary to add as many as there are, then half of that amount, then half of half, and finally one more goose. How many geese are flying?
35. Find the ratio of the following concepts:
beautiful – _____________
wide – _____________
complex – _____________
serious – _____________
deep – _____________
slow – _____________
teacher - _____________
sweet – _____________
warranty – _____________
captain – _____________
36. "He" is so sweet that you want to taste it, so bitter that it burns your tongue. What could "he" be?
37. Explain the concepts expressed in the following phrases:
Like water off a duck's back
It's the sky that cares
A drop from the river
38. What is "live observation"?
39. Tell the type of the following concepts, define abstract concepts:
justice, theory, core, fantasy, rain, wisdom, joy, perfect, dream, child, skill, conscience, matter, rainbow, youth.
40. "He" - walks on four legs in the morning, walks on two legs in the afternoon, and walks on three legs in the evening. Find "U".
41. What is the most important thing for everything?
42. The more a person is interested, the more he reads. The more he learns, the more he knows. The more he knows, the harder it is to live. Guess why?
43. The great statesman, entrepreneur Amir Temur (1336-1405) had a habit that he never did. Before any battle or campaign, he first visited a mausoleum. Whose mausoleum might Amir Temir have visited?
44. I took the nut, bit it, took out the core, threw away the shell. What operation of knowing did I perform?
45. Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) wrote, "Who knows that a horse's leg will break if it falls from a height of 3-4 cubits. But a dog falling from such a height will not be harmed. Even a cat falling from a tree 8-10 meters high will remain unharmed. Also, a grasshopper that falls over a tower, and even an ant that falls from the level of the moon do not eat. Is Galileo right here? What for?
46. "He" is so fast that he runs, passes the runner, is not shot by an arrow, not a bird, but flies. What is "he"?
47. Suppose you are entering the commodity market. In front of you, a man is coming out of the market leading a cow. Think about it, how can you tell at a glance whether this person has bought a cow or is going back without being able to sell it?
48. What can be sweeter than honey and bitter than poison?
49. Philosophical and mystical views of Turkestan Ahmad Yassavi (1105-1166), the founder of the Yassavi order, are reflected in Hikmatar and Devoni Hikmat. Ahmed Yassavi lived a long time. Ahmed Yassavi told his student, "During my life, I realized three truths, I learned what is the treasure of a lifetime." I understood what the worst pain is. "I understood how to take the best revenge." What did His Highness Yassavi mean here?
50. The science of logic teaches you the relationship between false and true. After all, there is a physical manifestation of truth and falsehood, and the distance between them is so short. Think about it, what are the views of lies and truth?
51. "You are my father, my mother, and my friend, you have visited many cities and swam in the seas. How many rich people you ruined, how many poor people you made human, how many dates you led astray. Now you've found your place, now you can't spoil anyone's pleasure, no one can snatch you here with a shovel." Guess what the word is about?
52. Two dear friends met after many years. One of them invited his friend to his house. His friend agreed and said, "I have only three conditions. "You will not make me face the king, you will not give me poison, you will not put me in prison." His friend, not understanding the terms, was confused. Tell me, what was the meaning of those three conditions?
53. There is an organ in the human body that consists of nine parts of water. Only part of it consists of tissues and cells. What is this limp organ in the human body?
54. What is the reason why the White Sea is called "White Sea"?
55. There have been many famous people in history. According to the historian scholar Abu Bakr Ja'far Narshahi (899-959), who is famous for his book "History of Bukhara", "he" was blind in one eye, bald, and had an ugly face. Although he was a mature enlightened person of his time, he wore a blue veil on his face and led the revolt against the Arab caliphate in the 70s and 80s of the XNUMXth century. After the uprising was defeated, he threw himself into the fire and died." Guess who was this brave man?
56. A merchant gave 500 soums to test his son's understanding in trade and said, "Bring us something that will be food for us, our cow, and our chicken." Tell me, what might the boy have bought?
57. Why was it a picture to put the checkerboard on taxi cars? Are they chess fans or…
58. The first breath of spring can be felt through almond blossoms. But its early flowering is a concern for gardeners. Because under the influence of cold, almond flowers fall off. Gardeners used a wonderful trick to prevent almonds from blooming early. This created the ground for an abundant harvest of almonds. Well, guess what tricks gardeners used?
59. In order to appoint a worthy person to the position of prime minister, the king asked the courtiers the following question: "What is abundant on the earth, under the earth and in the sky?" Candidates for the ministry expressed their opinions. An old man famous for virtue and wisdom gave the correct answer and became the king's personal minister. Guess how he responded?
60. The computer is modeled after the human brain. He thinks. Calculates. It solves the problem. Draws a conclusion. Will remember. Deletes unnecessary information from memory. What do you think is the biggest difference between a human and a computer?
61. The founder of the notes "Do, re, mi, fa, sol, lya, si, do" is a great Greek mathematician. . . . » Guess who he is?
62. It is known from history how deep knowledge and experience the ancestors had. They were geniuses in any field. In particular, they have come up with strange methods of punishment. A person who commits a serious crime is not imprisoned, killed, hanged, or whipped, but is punished in such a way that the criminal prefers death. Think about what kind of punishment it is?
63. The great German poet Goethe (1749-1832) first compared a woman to a flower. The poet who compared her to a flower for the second time... Who do you think it could be?
64. Sharia laws are obligatory in Islam, and it is forbidden for men to look at a strange woman, even if it is a doctor, to hold a woman's hand for the purpose of treatment. In such cases, what measures did the doctors use to identify the woman's illness?
65. The French writer Victor Hugo (1802-1885) defined laziness as such. "Laziness is a mother, a son is a thief, and a daughter is ...".
Think what the daughter of sloth can be?
66. When the elderly pray, they say "May the four flies be healthy." What is "Four Mucha"?
67. What can "he" be?
A very ancient deep lung, bottomless,
A man fell down and drowned.
Only the wise have passed, without reason,
Respects are endless for those who don't care about him.
68. A man saw a son. He used to throw one coin into a pot on his son's birthday. In this way, he throws a coin every birthday. After his father's death, the son continued this work. Years passed and the boy grew old. Before his death, he wanted to know his age by counting coins. Look at this, the stone came out eighteen. Think about it, how old is the boy?
69. According to Eastern philosophy, a man's heart is in the sword. So, according to Eastern philosophy, a woman's soul is ... in what?
70. According to the Mashaikhs, human beings can be divided into three categories:
the envy of those around.
He is the laughing stock of the people around him.
the people around him feel sorry for him.
Who are these three types of people?
71. The famous Roman orator, philosopher and political figure Cicero (106-43 BC) was given the honorary title of "Roman founder and father of the country". His works "State", "About Laws" have reached us. Freedom of a person means that he is not dependent on anyone materially, spiritually, as well as physically. According to Cicero, in order for a person to be completely free, he must be a slave to something. Think about it?
72. This word means "hibba" in Arabic, its original meaning is a seed covered with soil. The origin and foundation of life is in this seed. This word makes everyone equally happy, instills confidence in the future, without "it" there is no meaning in life, because of "it", hearts brighten, eyes rejoice, and the heart is filled with warmth. What is "he"?
73. Guess what it is?
He has something, a swan has a mouth of wood,
He is something, there is a core in the middle.
He has something, a mouth on his shoulder,
It is something that moves under water.
74. Khan of Kokand Amir Umar Khan had an argument with his wife Halali Malika Nodirabegim over a matter. Khan said angrily: “You are allowed. Take the most valuable thing for yourself from the royal treasury and go to your country. The shrewd Nodirabegim chose such a clever way that the khan went back on his word. What could Nadirabegim have done?
75. Every nation has its national customs and traditions. In India, they honor the cow, while in Egypt they honor "u". Even the person who killed "him" was handed over to the executioner and sentenced to death. "He" who died of his own death was embalmed, placed in special graves, "he" was mourned and dressed in mourning clothes. Tell me, what is that animal that deserves so much attention?
76. According to the wise, your parents are a treasure for you, your liver is a support for you, your friend is for you... what can it be?
77. In the XV-XVI centuries, Spain had a very large navy. But the crew of a ship going on a long journey faced a transverse problem, that is, "either one for each sailor, or no sailor at all." What was the problem, how did the sailors solve it?
78. The evil of the myth is the whole output of the mill. How?
79. Imagine that two travelers came across a trunk on the road. The first is thinking "where did the chest come from?", and the second is thinking "what is inside the chest". Who do you think the passengers might be?
80. The prince fell in love with the daughter of a wise man. The girl made a condition for him. "Let ten goats, twenty wolves, thirty tigers, forty foxes, fifty horse points, sixty bridled horses, seventy monkeys, eighty babies, ninety eggs, and a hundred corpses be given to me." he said. The prince was dizzy. Guess what they could be?
81. The ruler demands what pleases him, because he is a king. In ancient times, a king wanted to test his cooks and set them a condition: "You prepare a meal for ten people, put two handfuls of salt in it, and put another bowl of salt before swimming." After you float it in front of me, I must eat it again with salt.'' Chefs successfully fulfill this condition. What could be the food ordered by the king?
82. During one of his journeys, our Prophet Muhammad SAW (570-632) rested under the shade of a big tree on the side of the road. Before leaving, he was ordered to cut down the tree. Consider, what was the necessity of cutting down the tree for the sake of our Prophet?
83. "He" has a very difficult fate, both in the West and in the East, they expressed the same opinion about him: "he" is always alive, but not always happy. "He" has more enemies than friends. What is "he"?
84. Consider: which of the two quarreling people is more guilty?
85. They say, "To be a real mathematician, you need to be aware of something that is a little bit anti-mathematical." What else do you think a real mathematician should be aware of?
86. Why does a master train a student who has not seen him to any position?
87. They are decorated with such beautiful expressions that they pee like cabbage, like a frog, like salt, like autumn rain. What kind of people could they be?
88. In ancient Rome, the art of oratory was so developed that orators had to stand on one leg while giving a speech. Guess what caused this?
89. How can a camel dream of a bath?
90. The English love football very much. In their opinion, the most beautiful thing in football is ... . Guess what?
91. Why does an impure person die if he does not look like the owner of the property?
92. "He" is such a burden that it burdens one person, the same amount for two people, and three people destroy it completely. What is "he"?
93. Why is this mortal world called five days? Why not six days or seven days. Observe.
94. For everyone, the closest and dearest person in this world... Who do you think it could be?
95. Everyone knows that the sun rises in the East and sets in the West. According to the interpretation of the Christians, the light is from the East. What is the point of highlighting this?
96. Why can't you hold a sieve in your mouth?
97. At one time, in ancient Greece and Rome, "u" was considered a characteristic sign of slaves. At the same time, "it" is fashionable for young people who consider themselves to be very modern. Tell me, what is it?
98. There is a house where a person enters blind and leaves with eyes. Where is that place?
99. Do not care, do not be careless. How?
100. Usually at night the air over land is cool and the air over water is warm. What for?
101. According to the book "Al-adab al-mufrad" by the great muhaddith Imam al-Bukhari (810-870), our Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said: "If you want to live well in this world, be a merchant, if you want to live well in the next world, be pious." be, if you want to find the happiness of both worlds... be." What profession do you think you should be in order to find happiness in both worlds?
102. According to the great mystic poet, Shaykh Fariduddin Attar of Nishapur (died 1229), a person can easily tell his secrets to two people. While the first one is his closest loved one, the second one may not be so close to him. Think about who Fariduddin Attar might have been referring to?
103. At noon. It is raining hard. Can the sun shine and the weather clear after 6 hours?
104. Peasants have their own tradition. When they plant it, they intend to "don't be porous, be dense, don't be empty, be hard, don't be old, be young, don't be small, be big." Think about what kind of vegetable it is.
105. The king wanted to test those who dreamed of becoming a treasurer and invited them to the palace. He called them one by one and asked them to play "Tanovor" and appointed the one who performed the fastest dance as treasurer. Is it possible that a person who plays with agility is the most loyal and skilled treasurer?
106. Umar Khayyam (1048-1131), one of the founders of Persian-Tajik classical literature, the author of "Navroznama" wrote rubai's rich in deep philosophical observations. In his opinion, "human life is priceless. His youth is carelessness, his passion is competition and his old age ... ". What is old age according to Omar Khayyam?
107. Ancient Greek thinkers said that the father of sciences is philosophy, the mother is history, and the king is mathematics. The king had ten ministers. Guess what they are?
108. Did money come from the liver? How?
109. It is known from history that the Olympics originated in ancient Greece. All citizens have the right to participate in the Olympic Games. Only Alexander Makedonsky did not participate in the games. Guess what could be the reason?
110. This medicinal plant has been revered since ancient times. It was added to the daily food of the builders in ancient Egypt and Rome. It acts as a strong antibiotic. It is said that he protects a person from any disease. However, in the Islamic world, a person who eats it is not even sent to the mosque. What is the name of this medicinal plant?
111. Usually at night the air over land is cool and the air over water is warm. What for?
112. The great German poet and thinker Goethe (1749-1832) "All mankind should be grateful to him in every way." He wrote that his life, morals and words have not lost their importance until now. Who could he be?
113. According to the believers, the example of life is a cup of water. How?
114. God created all blessings for man. One of these favors is very popular with some, especially students. Because students can never get enough of it. Shakespeare rated this blessing as "the most delicious food of the most royal feast in the world." You too will enjoy this delicious treat every day. Guess what it is?
115. Find this riddle:
We were eighteen thousand girls,
The slaughter came, we were slaughtered,
God's miracle
We are resurrected again.
116. In the Middle Ages, "that" disease spread widely, and all people suffered from it equally. Even the French kings Francis II, Charles IX, Louis XIII also died because of that disease. Think about it, what is "that" disease?
117. Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon, died in 323 BC) reached the kingdom of the earth and the earth, died far away from his homeland at the age of 33. They delivered him to Greece "as if he had just died". Think about it, how?
118. The cells in the human brain develop until the age of 30 and then die one by one. According to Japanese scientists, there is an easy way to prevent this. In fact, anyone can do it. What do you think it could be?
119. Abdurauf Fitrat (1886-1938), a prominent representative of the Jadidism movement, scientist, writer, state and public figure, defined "u" as follows: "it" is the most perfect and sacred of the world's buildings. What is "he"?
120. Psychologists easily determined a person's character through "u". From the first - good friends, hardworking people, from the second - nervous, overly demanding, from the third - more leaders and creators, from the fourth - more geniuses and thoughtful orators. What do you think human character is defined here?
121. What can be done with swords and spears?
122. Determine the relationship of the following concepts:
academician - professor - associate professor - candidate of science - graduate student - master - bachelor
house - street - village - district - region - republic
man - composer - genius - Beethoven
123. Everything from insects to worms are caught in the spider's web. But for some reason, the spider does not get caught in its own web. What is its reason?
124. What is the fastest in the world?
125. There is a type of plant in the world that turns green if it is dried and hung for forty years and replanted. Guess what kind of plant it could be?
126. What do poets call the fifth season of the year?
127. There are 90 passengers in three carriages. If 12 people go from the first car to the second car, and 9 people go from the second car to the third car, then the number of people in all three cars will be equal. How many people were in each car?
128. Why doesn't a learned heart give up even if it is broken?
129. Arrange these letters so that they can be read both lengthwise and widthwise. The capital of a republic and the names of rivers come from it.
AAAA
BKKL
MRRR
UUUU
130. According to the English thinker Francis Bacon (1561-1626), "reading makes a person wise. Conversation is resourceful." What about recording? What does it teach?
131. How can a thief be beaten by a robber?
132. Thieves steal the widow's goat. When he complained to the king, the king said: "Well, you fell asleep and woke up." Then the widow said such a word to the king that the king was surprised and gave her a head of cow. What could the woman say to the king?
133. There is a point on the earth where the pole star stands right on your forehead, all your sides are not divided into south, day, night and day, you can travel around the world by turning 360 degrees. Where is this point?
134. In the work "Advice" written by the great sage Luqmoni Hakim to his children, three advices were mentioned separately, and it was written to remember two of these advices and to forget one. Think about what to remember and what to forget?
135. Muhammad SAW said: "Two people are better than one person, three people are better than two people, four people are better than three people, be a majority." Compare and prove the point.
136. What can be the most expensive thing in the world?
137. The ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras (580-500 BC) described him as follows: "he" always gives a person refreshment and cheerfulness. The name of the vegetable described as giving a peaceful mood is ………» What was the description of Pythagoras dedicated to?
138. Find a number such that if it is divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the remainder is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, i.e.
X:2=? (1)
X:3=? (2)
X:4=? (3)
X:5=? (4)
X:6=? (5)
139. Correct these logic concepts:
akrauftk Tzise
tqaimn uhzomaal
adrtiyenk yntyaia
zgiyes dzyaiit
uoslkha oaltbsshi
140. People's writer of Uzbekistan Abdulla Qahhor (1907-1968) made a significant contribution to the development of Uzbek literature with such works as "Lights of Koshchinar", "Shahi sozana", "Sound from the coffin", "Sinchalak". According to Adib's confession, "it" is something that touches the soul of every person at all times. But if a person does not know how to get rid of something that has touched his soul, the sky is wide and the earth is hard, he gets used to it, he gets so used to it that he does not even notice that it has touched his soul. What could Abdullah Qahhor mean here?
141. This day was so terrible for the Irimists that even the great poet Goethe did not stand up, the French king Napoleon stopped the war, and the great king Bismarck did not even sign any documents. Guess what day it might be?
142. Where can there be a country without people, a city without houses, a forest without trees, a river without water?
143. What is the difference between the word "pharmacy" and "pharmacy"?
144. If you arrange these words according to their content, you will read one of the Uzbek proverbs:
The rabbit chased one, two, too.
145. Can there be salt in rainwater?
146. When almost 90 percent of people get a pen and paper in their hands, what is the first thing they write?
147. How can one explain that the poet's poem "A loving heart never grows old" is a logical fallacy?
148. They are described in this way in the 1441th chapter 1501 of the work "Hayrat ul-abror" (Amazement of good people) by Alisher Navoi (6-32), the founder of Uzbek classical literature, poet, scientist and statesman. "They are ready to suffer for the cause of the country, to scatter the ashes of arrogance, there is no decency for them, they have no limits, they cut their own tongues, they are like dogs for their own purpose, like monkeys ready to jump. Disgrace and shame do not matter to them. They were there before, and they are there now." Guess who they are?
149. Place the numbers from 1 to 16 in a circle so that the sum of their squares and the sum of the 4 numbers in the corners of the squares is equal to 34:
150. In the past, the people considered seven treasures as the basis of livelihood.
1. Silkworm - dowry of girls.
2. Chicken is the medicine of the soul.
3. Bees are family healers.
4. The cow is the butcher of the family
5 Objuvoz is the oil of the boiler
6 The forest is the backbone of the building
7. ………. - abdominal girdle
Guess what could be a belly button?
151. If all things with property A have property B, can we say that all things with property B have property A?
152. Famous American car magnate Henry Ford was asked "Which is the best car?" According to Henry Ford, "the best car is ...". What do you think Ford's response was?
153. There is such a work that no poet could write, no poets could weave, musicians could not master as their melody. All good and bad human feelings are embodied in this work. Guess what kind of work it is?
154. Find the synonyms of these words.
Sun, logic, love, human, heart, agile, thought, order, great, citizen, earth, event, book, life, story, gem, friend, earth.
155. The people of Georgia are very hospitable and cook people, and their favorite dish is "Khachapuri", which is similar to manti. But it is boiled at one end. Think about it, what is the point of knots in "Khachapuri"?
156. What is the essence of the following exemplary poem by Jalaluddin Rumi?
Let me be patient, patience will bring salvation,
Patience is a wing for vigilance.
Abstinence, highly poisonous herb,
The light shines in self-restraint.
If the wind blows, it will be blue.
When will the wind blow and shake the mountain?
157. Find the opposite of the following concepts:
freedom, savings, tenderness, mature, genuine, alert, lazy, sharp, intelligent, compact, proud, kind, fragile, sweet, craftsman.
158. Determine whether these definitions are correct:
1. Spiritism is derived from the Latin word "ghost" and is communication with the spirit of a dead person.
2. Abstraction is a mental act.
3. Enlightenment is a higher level of awareness and knowledge.
4. Knowledge is knowledge created by reading, examining, and studying something.
5. Elite - French means "best, best, selected".
6. Fatwa - a conclusion, decision, instruction, command issued on a legal issue based on Sharia and religious laws.
7. Riddle - something to be found, a short description of an event expressed through symbols and similes, a puzzle.
159. In ancient times, they knew "u" through the sun. Later they used sand. Then they used water instead. At last the stones had perfected it. Guess what it is?
160. Classify these concepts:
book (by subject).
student (in terms of information).
criminal code (by topics).
understanding (on topics).
thinking (on topics).
writers (by class).
character (by subject).
161. According to F. Hegel (1770-1831), the founder of German classical philosophy, "the content of philosophy, its needs and interests are completely common and compatible with the needs and interests of religion." What is inherent in religion is the eternal truth, God, and its realization. To the extent that philosophy discovers religion, it reveals itself, and conversely, to the extent that it discovers itself, it discovers religion. Philosophy and religion are interrelated. If God is imagined in the form of faith in religion, he is known in a logical way in philosophy. Is Hegel right?
162. Are these concepts consistent with the law of the present?
Giraffe. The longest animal.
Homeland. The place where one's navel blood is spilled, the motherland.
The highest peak on Earth. Mount Everest. The mountain range is 8848 meters above sea level.
Ignorance. Not understanding anything. Ignorance is the worst behavior.
Lie. Error. Get lost. Not understanding.
Elite. The most selected, selected. The most fragrant perfume. Elite fashion house.
Senate. The upper house of the parliament. Legislature.
163. Why can't the mind be grasped and seen?
164. Determine the type of the following concepts (real and nominal):
Nozik is derived from Persian-Tajik and means refined, elegant, elegant, made with high skill.
Thin - thin, thin, clear.
Delicate - fragile, requiring special care.
Nozik is a girl's name.
165. Time is one of the main forms of any existence. Time is one-dimensional and moves continuously in only one direction, progress. Do you think time is in the judgment of man or is man in the judgment of time?
166. Give a nominal definition of the following concepts:
Logic – _________
Philosophy – _________
Economy – _________
Statistics – _________
Constitution – _________
167. Naturalist, academician VIVernadsky believes that the increase of mankind on the planet Earth requires a person to use natural resources wisely, protect the environment, find and use new sources of energy. Can an opinion be proven wrong?
168. Give a realistic definition of the following concepts:
student –_________ person – _________
goodness – _________ equation – _________
Libra – _________ hero – _________
gift – _________ novel – _________
alloma – _________ happiness – _________
faith - _________ newspaper - _________
169. Divide the number 45 into 4 parts so that if we subtract 2 from the first number, add 2 to the second number, multiply the third number by 2, and divide the fourth number by 2, the same number will come out. Find these numbers.
170. Determine the structure of the following definitions (definite and vague):
1. A stage is an auditorium, a place where performances and concerts are held.
2. The scale is a weight measuring device.
3. Cheat sheet - answers that are secretly used by the student during the exam without showing it to the teacher.
4. A parrot is a bird with beautiful, colorful plumage that lives in tropical forests.
5. Qazi is a cooked meat product made from horse meat stuffed into the large intestine of a horse.
6. Report - official information given orally or in writing to the head of the company about the performance of a certain task.
7. Oxygen is a chemical element that is included in the air, necessary for breathing and burning, and combines with hydrogen to form water, a colorless, odorless gas.
8. Quantity is a category that characterizes the size, number, and level of development of things and events in reality.
9. The law is a high expression of human wisdom, which is used for the welfare of society from the accumulated experience of people.
171. The scientist who discovered the law of universal gravitation may be based on which phenomenon?
172. Abdurauf Fitrat (1886-1938), one of the representatives of the Turkestan revolutionary movement, wrote about him: "When I sleep, I dream, when I wake up, next to me, when I close my eyes, in my mind, when I open my eyes, a sad dream appears in front of me. This is a wife's dream. A woman has nothing but silk, but a tattered old silk. His head and feet were bare, he was covered in black mud up to his elbows. O sad woman, who are you? What are you looking for next to me, in my eyes, in my mind, in my heart, you don't complain, you don't leave. Your eyes, without the fumes of sorrow, pour fresh tears of rain. What do you wish for when your hands, bound by the chains of oppression, are spread everywhere? Oh, who are you?' What does the Great Fitrat mean in these verses?
173. Think, what is created greater than the Throne?
174. According to the Russian poet Alexander Blok (1880-1921), "only one who loves is worthy of the name human." Think logically and answer. So, a person who does not love does not deserve the name human?!
175. The French philosopher Gelvetsi recognized that a person encounters the following confusions in the process of knowledge: the first is natural confusion, which occurs due to ignorance. The second is acquired confusion, caused by false and doubtful thoughts. Prove Helvetsi's point.
176. What about you do others say more than you?
177. What laws of formal logic correspond to these given examples?
1. Hasan always speaks the truth,
Hasan never told the truth.
2. All birds are birds,
Some birds are flightless birds.
3. Some plants are poisonous,
No plant is poisonous.
4. Alisher Navoi is the author of "Khamsa",
Alisher Navoi is not the author of "Khamsa".
178. Mulberry trees are planted around almost all mosques and mausoleums. So, mulberry is a good tree?
179. "They don't take off their boots without seeing the water." What for?
180. As the great thinker and poet Alisher Navoi admits, "he" is a bright star, a shining gem, a bright sun, a wide sea, a burning fire, a dragon, a lightning, so stubborn that both a king and a man are in front of him. equal". What is it?
181. Explain the difference between the following concepts:
- the part of the body above the neck is called the head.
The eye can see what happened to the head.
Oh, my salty head.
A doctor is not a doctor, but a doctor who has experienced it.
- mind, brain.
Don't give me a headache with this joke of yours.
A person's vision with a head.
Brother, use your mind.
Teacher, you have a golden head.
- leadership, leadership, biggest, top.
Chief physician.
The chief looked questioningly at the people sitting.
Headquarters.
- the most important, the main one.
The main issue is
introduction
main article,
the main reason.
- the earliest, the first.
head wife,
thumb
- count. A hundred sheep, every cow.
- Place. Market head, furnace head, mill head.
- Address. The head of the river, the head of the street.
- Introduction. The beginning of the work, the beginning of the year, the beginning of the work, the beginning of the wedding, the beginning of the line.
- Fruit harvest. One head of grapes, one head of cabbage, one head of onion.
182. The son of his father, but not his brother, nor his brother. Who could it be?
183. The work "Letters to a Child" by Philip Chesterfield (1694-1773), an English statesman, diplomat, and sharp pen, has not lost its importance. Chesterfield writes: "If you are always praised, think immediately: Do you deserve this praise, or not?" After that, try to correct your posture and not leave room for any sarcasm. There is a class of people who use lies a lot to gain fame, and if you listen to them, there is no better hero than them. It is impossible to achieve a goal with a lie, the life of a lie is short, true virtue brings attention, reputation and respect to a person." Are Chesterfield's points correct?
184. According to the German sociologist R. Dahrendorf, the main sign of classes is not the relationship to property. Progress is largely driven by social and cultural inequality. Can an opinion be proven wrong?
185. It is said that Luqmani Hakim, mentioned in the Qur'an, lived for a thousand years, and God blessed him with infinite wisdom. When someone asked Luqmani Hakim how he acquired such vast knowledge, he gave a short and blunt answer. How Luqmoni Hakim might have answered him?
186. Which laws of logic correspond to the following examples?
"The heart drinks water from the heart, the heart is the mirror of the heart."
"The street is a handon, the house is a dungeon."
"Stand crooked and say the right thing."
"You don't meet until you like."
"Blessing in action."
"If you find your dream, the snow will burn."
"One death for one head."
187. Who is the great thinker and passionate poet of the East, whom the great German philosopher Hegel admitted that "I created my doctrine of dialectics based on his works"?
188. Find synonyms of these concepts.
Orpheus - Communication.
Apollo - Art.
The story of battles - spiritual poverty.
Rudeness – Colossus.
Thesis - The God of Love.
One of the seven wonders of the world - God of the Earth.
Kalam is the sun god.
Antey is a stick-shaped writing instrument with a thin, long piece of graphite in the middle.
Aesthetics - A scientific work, a brief review of the main idea of the article.
A colossal statue erected in honor of Helios - The Bored Man.
189. "Don't ask a bitter question and expect a sweet answer." What for?
190. The buyer wants to buy clothes. The seller praises the fabric:
- We just brought it from the factory yesterday, look at it, it's very beautiful, durable, don't you say the flowers, beautiful, no need to iron, it turns out a beautiful dress. Take your money and it will go with you. And the buyer:
- When he asks if the color will not fade. Sales: I wonder if it has been in the sun for a month, he said.
Which of the logical laws do these expressions correspond to?
191. Shirinsuhan poet, skilled humorist Ubayd Zakoni (died 1370) made a significant contribution to the development of Persian-Tajik literature. According to his work "Risolai Dilkusho" (Entertainment treatise), "If a rich man famous for greed is asked, ``why do you count a penny 100 times,'' the rich man will say: "why am I now a day, a week, a month , he said, "I will spend one year, one lifetime." Guess what the rich man might have meant?
192. There is such a category of people in the world, "they were before, they are now, and they will be." They neither worship God nor obey the king. They introduce themselves as Khatam at the party and Rustam at the battle. They pass off the soup cooked by others as mine. They put sleeves on a shirt that has not yet been cut, and stakes on an unborn calf." Tell me, who could they be?
193. What is it? Consider:
jewelry without jewelry,
awe without kingdom,
prayer without labor,
fortress without walls,
get rid of
freedom like an angel
guiltlessness.
194. The Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 BC) was being taken to be executed. A woman saw him on the road and said, "Oh, I'm going to die." "Are they going to kill you without sin?" he cried. Then Socrates said, "You fool, why don't you want me to commit a sin and be executed for this sin and leave the world as a sinner?"
Which of these laws of thought is an example?
195. "He blows and drinks curd that has burned his mouth." What for?
196. Fill in:
197. Find logical errors in these advertisements:
1. To fully experience youth... his MOBILE phone is connected to "For Youth".
2. Join Uzdunrobita continuous development.
3. WESTERN UNION: Fast, reliable, kind. Free for recipients.
198. According to the French philosopher R. Descartes, doubt is a flaw in the level of human perfection. How to justify Descartes' opinion?
199. According to Mahmoud Zamakhshari, "religion is good medicine for sick people, philosophy is food for healthy people." How can this be explained?
200. Is it possible to make a triangle by drawing three lines through four points without taking the pen from the paper?
201. Compare the following points:
Speaking is a talent.
A hint from an intelligent person is enough.
Talking to people like their minds.
A man who multiplies speaks little.
Must have enough intelligence to speak well.
He must have sufficient discretion to remain silent.
Whatever you say, you will hear the answer.
202. A virtuous person said that "if reason and feeling always maintain a balance, most of the works of this bright world would be idle, or if not, many events would not have happened." Even the interest, passion and meaningfulness of life would be in danger." What do you think?
203. It is such a sacred tree that it has four branches, and each branch is divided into three small branches. Each branch has leaves. The fruit of the tree is many, and its color is of two kinds. What is it?
204. According to the great thinker Amir Khusrav Dehlavi, the crisis of the country, the tragic state of people's life is caused by religious enmity, disputes between sects, and religious fanaticism. Is the idea correct?
205. There are such people who "they" travel, they come to find information that is not there, they tell interesting stories and legends, they want to exchange gray for silk, they are the most greedy and the most generous, their everything there is, but there is no honesty. If you walk close to them, you will get burned, if you walk far away, you will benefit." Guess who these people are?
206. The Japanese are truly a wonderful nation. They feed fish in an aquarium near the TV. I wonder if the Japanese watch TV or fish?
207. Ancient Greek philosopher, encyclopedist Aristotle (384-322 BC) was the teacher of the great general Alexander the Great. One day, people asked him: "How are you different from others?" How might Aristotle have answered this question?
208. It is known from history that there was neither gas, nor electricity, nor pens, nor typewriters in the times when great scholars lived. Now everything is available for creativity. However, why are there no great scholars such as Hafiz Sherazi, Firdawsi, Sheikh Saadi, Fariduddin Attar, Maulana Rumi, Alisher Navoi? What do you think?
209. Explain the following logical expressions:
1. An incompetent person is like a mushroom, he is a tube, he has no roots.
2. Only a person who has seen a dark night can appreciate a bright day.
3. Being close to a king is like lying next to a tiger.
4. You can turn a mountain into a field if you are determined.
5. Even if you have a thousand pieces of money, you can't take even a yellow child into that world.
6. Never think that the sun only shines on me.
7. Talking about what one does not know is ignorance.
210. Why is there no weight of the required stone?
211. German poet Goethe described as "the shining star of Persian classic poetry", who glorified man on the level of God in his works, who made a significant contribution to Persian-Tajik literature?
212. It is known that complex physical exercises are based on the doctrine of fat. According to the Yogis, the invisible life force of a person is located like a coiled snake in the lower part of the spine, and certain natural-spiritual exercises (mastering breathing techniques, observing the rule of eating, learning to starve , mastering moral standards, the ability of the body to enter different states, etc.), after this life force wakes up from sleep, rises from the lower part of the spine to the upper part, and a supernatural force is formed in a person it is. How to prove an opinion is wrong?
213. A fisherman came to King Khusrau Parvez and gave him a big slap. Khusrau honored him and asked him the following question:
- "Was your fish male or female?" It was clear that the king would give the wrong answer if the fisherman said that the fish was a man or that it was fashionable. The clever and intelligent fisherman answered the king's question in such a way that the king rewarded him again. Think how the fisherman answered?
214. According to D'Alembert (1717-1783), one of the famous French enlighteners, morality does not depend on the social environment. Prove the idea wrong.
215. Buzurgmehr, the minister of Anushervan, the just and zealous king of the Sassanid dynasty, was mature in intelligence and knowledge. As Buzurgmehr admits, "life is a wonderful thing: whoever loves you, you are indifferent to him, and whoever does not love you, you care about him." Is the minister right here?
216. Come up with synonyms for these words:
calendar, luxury, gift, foresight, sky, hypocrite, jewel, time, child, ladder, candy, riddle, narration, mirror.
217. This is a profession for which special requirements have been developed for those who are admitted to this profession, that is, they must be young, agile, beautiful, have a magical voice, hot, attractive and never lose their temper. , should be valuable. Guess what professions we are talking about?
218. Using the law of the third exception, check the following examples:
1. We can't stay together. If you go home, I'll stay with the car.
2. He is the one who makes the non-existent exist, and the one who destroys the existing.
3. Love is either good or bad. If there is good, follow it, if there is bad, get rid of it.
4. A person who wants to be liked by everyone is either too funny or too smart.
5. No matter how much a braggart brags, he cannot rise one step with his praise, nor can he say any new idea, instead, he will eat pand and be laughed at.
6. No one knows all the good and bad qualities in us except ourselves.
219. Add and subtract between the numbers 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 so that the result is 70.
220. "If it is in the pot, it will come out in the tub." How?
221. There is another category of people in the world who "They are proud of themselves even though they are riding on donkey dung, even though the limit of their humanity is indifferent to that of a monkey, they are proud of their eyes, they eat today what they earn today, their homeland is a disgrace ruin, he does not worry about tomorrow, he will repeat what he did today in the same way tomorrow. They never complain about fate. They are indifferent to everything, they don't think about sleep until they finish eating what they find. Guess who they are?
222. Etiquette is more expensive than gold. Can manners be acquired from the market?
223. Explain the logical distortions in the following sentences:
A flatterer cannot live without flattery.
There is no room for laziness where there is idleness.
The first point of idleness is boredom.
The ultimate in laziness and poverty.
224. When the movie "Titanic" was released, many opinions were expressed. The opinion of the newspaper "New York Times" was recognized as the most unique and the most correct. According to the newspaper, "Leonardo di Caprio's role in the successful release of the film is incomparable. If famous actors like Arnold Schwarzenegger or Van Damme were called for the role of the main character of the film ... the film would have failed. Because ... ". What for?
225. Check the following examples using the law of sufficient reason:
1. Don't trust people who praise everyone.
2. The word that does not come out of your mouth is your prisoner, you will be the prisoner of what comes out of your mouth.
3. This cause is caused by another cause
What is the reason?
4. The light of the light in the eye is the light of the heart,
Light is the light of the eye, the light of the heart.
226. Indicate where the criminal law is violated:
Your purity is your health.
Cleanliness is a guarantee of health.
It may not be white - it should be pure.
A healthy mind in a healthy body.
A healthy apple does not fall from the king.
Your health is your wealth.
227. "U", which children love to eat, was originally called "bitter water". It was previously liquid. Later, it began to be produced in solid form. Now there are several hundred types of it. It has always been a favorite and the honor of guests. What can it be?
228. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Which of them can be a sentence:
1. Imam al-Bukhari is the author of "Al-adab al-mufrad".
2. A teacher forms a person.
3. There are no hard sciences, only explanations that are difficult to digest.
4. A good one-hour lesson is a great work.
5. Lovers of literature.
6. The idea of national independence.
7. There is no perfect person.
8. The world is wisdom to those who seek wisdom.
9. Terrorism is violence leading to extermination and killing of political enemies.
10. Ideal - the highest and noblest goal, the highest dream and wish, the highest perfected symbol, example.
11. High spirituality is an invincible power.
12. He who grows up knows a lot.
229. During the time of the Sasanian king Bahromgor, he was a ruler with no equal in virtue and wisdom, and they wanted to raise him to the level of a minister. The king tested him in every field. The judge passed all the exams, but failed the final exam. Bahromgor was happy that he did not make a mistake. What error could the referee have made?
230. What does Jalaluddin Rumi want to say in this masnavi?
May you be broken, salvation in brokenness,
May you be poor, salvation in poverty.
The mountain is home to mines,
It was broken into pieces.
Gerdaish is grass, fire for you,
Why do you set yourself on fire?
See the arrow, sleep safely on the ground,
If he raises his head, he will be in trouble.
If he raises his head, he will face an obstacle,
Shoot when you have no choice but to shoot.
After all, arrogance is a ladder,
El out to the ladder, a lot of wanderlust.
But the ignorant aspires to the heights,
If you don't know, it's a high altitude injury.
I'm a speck, it rises and wanders,
Unless the company is Yazdon.
231. The great thinker poet Alisher Navoi gave such a definition to "her" in "Hayrat ul-Abrar". "The discussion about him does not stop even in the tavern, and the dress of the Kaaba is also black because of him. If he shows his strength to the elephant, the elephant will be as weak as an ant underfoot.'' What did Navoi mean?
232. Dichotomize the following concepts:
warm, perfect person, sailor, work of art, complex matter, living being, sweet tea, sand, state, artistic, writer. scientific work, didor, upset, nature, workers.
233. The great Arab scientist and historian Ibn Arabshah describes "U" as follows: "He was tall, handsome, had a big head, a broad forehead, a sonorous voice, his strength was equal to his courage, he was proportionate, his shoulders were broad, his muscles were strong, he did not despise death at all, he had not lost his intelligence and courage even when he was dying at the age of seventy. He does not like jokes, he prefers to hear the truth, no matter how bitter and hard it is. In the end, he became brave and courageous, and could force people to respect him and submit to him. Who was this historical figure described by Ibn Arabshah?
234. Some sociologists say that "society is made up of various wealth throughout the ages", while another group of scientists say that "society is built on the basis of wealth scattered here and there, and this wealth is scattered". Which of these scientists' opinion is more correct?
235. Make a conclusion from the following sentences by "turning".
Do not joke with your friend, the end is war.
If you want them to respect you, respect yourself.
An inappropriate question leads to an ugly answer.
He who tries to teach wisdom to someone who thinks he is wise is wasting his time.
A person with a clear conscience does not envy anyone.
Lies are born where violence begins.
A thoughtless word is a shot.
A healthy mind in a healthy body.
The more a person knows the world, the more he understands himself.
It takes courage to speak your mind.
236. Why does the headless have no head?
237. What is described in this poem by the Uzbek enlightener poet Jahan atin Uvaisiy (1779-1845)?
This is not a dome, a target without a door or a hole,
How many rosy, pure girls, the address is the place.
I will open the door and let you know how they are -
There is blood on their faces.
238. Draw a conclusion from these sentences:
1. There are a lot of seeds of a sloppy melon.
2. The word is the scale of the mind.
3. Shame is harder than death.
4. The bird does what it sees in its nest.
5. A child is the strength of the back.
239. The Ghaznavid ruler Sultan Mahmud (998-1030) annexed Khorezm to the Ghaznavid state in 1017. He gathered famous people in the Muslim world and established a house of scholars in the city of Ghazna. The great encyclopedist Abu Rayhan Beruni was also captured and worked there until the end of his life. One day, Sultan Mahmud called Beruni and said, "Tell me through which of the four doors in the palace I will leave." "If you don't find the right one, you will lose your head." Beruni solved this problem easily. How do you think Beruni got out of this difficult situation?
240. According to Mashaikhs, "a person's happiness is not only in the satisfaction of the soul, but also in ...." What do you think makes a person happy?
241. The amazing work of gardeners amazes a person. In late autumn, they wrap the trunks of fruit trees such as walnuts, apricots, apples, and pears with warm cloth. And in winter they take them off. Is this another trick of gardeners to increase fruit yield or...?
242. Why not five hands?
243. Being the servant of the king, who was unequaled in intelligence, and he easily solved any difficult situation, one day he saw the king's slave coming out of the ladder and said, "Hey, Said, whether you go up or down the ladder, this Even if you stand still, your head will go." The servant solved it easily, and his head survived. What might the servant have done?
244. What can happen where the laws of simple logic are broken? Think about it. Mother threw a handful of salt into the food. Father also threw a handful of salt into the food. The boy repeated the same. And the food was delicious. What is the reason?
245. Bashariyat poet Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi (1207-1273) is the author of such works as "Masnaviyi ma'naviy", "Devony Kabir", "Maktubot", "Fihi mo fihiy" (Inside is inside). Maulana Rumi says, "It is a pity to go to the sea and be satisfied with only a jug of water." What is the value of just getting water when there are jewels and so many other things that can be taken from the sea? How can intelligent people brag about this and what kind of people are they?' What do you say to that?
246. Can a writer who writes a good work be a good person?
247. Analyze Chesterfield's thoughts on the basis of logical laws: "If you want others to treat you, first treat them the way you want them to treat you." Whatever qualities you find attractive in others, know that they may want you to have those qualities as well. Don't pretend to be too serious. Don't bore the people around you with your long words, if necessary, say something short and interesting. Remember that what is important to you may be unimportant to others. Science is an example of a watch. You keep it in your inner pocket. If they ask you what time it is, answer it, otherwise don't get angry with everyone saying it's been so long. Most importantly, knowing the time is more important than history, but without history, the time cannot be understood. People around Kaltabin pay more attention to their clothes than to their character. In society, the opinion of women often determines a person's reputation and status." Is Chesterfield right here?
248. In ancient times, there were people who had such professions that they were always persecuted, no one even wanted to see them. If they went to the market, no one would sell them anything, and if they touched anything, no one would take it. In many cases even finding a bride for them was a problem. What professions did these people have, who were often forced to perform their services with their faces hidden?
249. A scientist said: "I introduced a new element to Mendeleev's periodic table." The discovered element has various properties. There are isotopes with masses ranging from 40 kg to 120 kg. Physical properties: dissolves under certain conditions. It boils quickly and cools quickly. The coefficient of expansion increases every year. Chemical properties: easily interacts with precious metals such as gold and silver. Usage: Cannot save more than one. Otherwise, it will react and tear you apart." Guess what the name of the new item could be?
250. Think, follow the rules of inference:
1. All integers are divisible by two.
10 is also divisible by 2.
So 10 is an integer.
2. All things have their names.
A newspaper is a thing,
Hence, the newspaper has its name.
3. Some lawyers are MPs.
Akhmedov is a lawyer.
So, Akhmedov is a deputy.
251. In Germany, discipline is above all else. But German drivers pay fines not for breaking traffic rules, but for... Think about it, why do drivers pay fines?
252. Convert the following sentences by limiting:
1. In some countries, the weather is warm in winter.
2. All scholars are readers.
3. All scientists are intellectuals.
4. All whales are mammals.
5. All useless work is foolishness.
6. All questions will be answered.
7. All thinkers are human beings.
8. Water boils at 1000 C.
253. There is an organ in the human body that helps the body use energy in moderation. Reduces external negative effects. What is this member?
254. According to Abu Nasr Farabi, if a person has a characteristic, then he will surely grow wise. To be wise, write a lot, not talk a lot, but …. What do you think is more important to be wise?
255. It is said that "a fool has eight legs." What for?
256. Analyze this poem logically. What does the poet want to say?
According to this great wisdom of nature,
A person has one tongue and two ears.
So, he says, once speaking,
It is necessary to listen to the other person twice.
257. Determine whether the following direct conclusion is true or false.
1. The philosophy seminar was interesting.
So students are interested in philosophy.
2. Some writers also write poetry.
So some poets are writers.
3. Spirituality is a unity of language, religion and action.
So, spirituality is human.
4. Striving for enlightenment is an eternal virtue of the people.
So, to forget enlightenment is to be foolish.
258. Arrange 2 matchsticks so that the result is 5 squares.