Husayn Voiz Kashifi (1440-1505)

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In the second half of the XNUMXth century, one of the most famous and encyclopedic talents among the scholars, poets and sages gathered in Khorasan around Alisher Navoi was Voiz Kashifi.

Hussein Waz Kashifi from Kamolid was born in about 1440 in the village of Bayhaq in the city of Sabzavor in the Khurasan region. His parents and childhood are not yet known. In our opinion, he received his primary education in Sabzavor. He was fluent in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, music, literature, and jurisprudence. From an early age he was engaged in preaching - the art of speech. Kashifi soon became known as a preacher in Sabzavor. He later lived and preached in Nishapur and in Mashhad in 1455–1468. At the end of 1468, on the advice of Abdurahman Jami, Hussein Waz Kashifi came to Herat and spent the rest of his life in Herat under the leadership of the Timurids. It is known that in the second half of the 1505th century, during the reign of the Timurids, especially Hussein Boykaro, Herat was the cultural center of the East. Historian Sayyid Nafisi says little is known about Kashifi's trip to India at the end of his life. Hussein Waz Kashifi had two daughters and a son, and his son Fakhriddin Ali al-Safi became a great poet, writer and scholar of his time (known for his work Rashohoti ayn al-Hayat). Ali al-Safi has more than a dozen scientific and artistic works on Islamic history, the lives of the prophets, literature, Khoja Ahror, ethics, and chemistry. Husayn Waz Kashifi died in XNUMX in Herat.

Kamoliddin Husayn is the name of the scholar, the preacher is the nickname, and Kashifi is the literary nickname. Hussein Waz Kashifi wrote his works in the scientific language of his time - Persian, from which he inherited many scientific and literary translations. He is the author of more than 200 works on philosophy, ethics, linguistics, literature, politics, history, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, music, preaching, poetry, history of religion, jurisprudence, and medicine. Kashifi's Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhon Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan and Manuscripts named after H. Suleymanov have 45 manuscripts and 197 stone copies of 75 works. He was also a prominent theologian of his time, who memorized the hadith, the Qur'an, and even wrote a four-volume commentary on the Qur'an. Kashifi's more than a dozen works, including "Akhlaqi Muhsiniy", "Risolai Hotamiya", "Anvori Suhayli", "Futuvvatnomai Sultani", "Tavsiri Husseini", "Javohirnoma", are in Arabic, Tatar, Old Uzbek, Urdu, Turkish, German, English, French and translated into other languages. Today, Kashifi's works are kept in libraries in Paris, London, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh and other eastern countries. Interest in Kashifi's works abroad was strong in the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries, and Western Europe's XG Keane, M. Dwight, DD Donalson, E. Brown, AA Arberry, ES Kennedy, E. Rosenthal, H. Masse, KS Lambton, R. Levi, A. Well-known scholars such as M. Shasteri have tried to study the history of Central Asian and Iranian culture in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and have praised Kashifi's work and legacy.

The great historian of his time, Khandamir, wrote in his book Khulasat ul-Akhbar: “He was also very skilled in the science of nujum, so that his interpretations would be as safe as the Arrow of Qaza. His books of eloquence and eloquence are numerous and innumerable, many of which are adorned with the famous name of the supreme emir Alisher. Amir Alisher's grace and courtesy were always on his page. ” Alisher Navoi in the fourth session of "Majlis un-nafois": "Mevlana Hussein Voiz calls himself" Kashifiy ", Savzavorliqdur. I have been in the city for almost twenty years, and Mevlana's zufun and rangin and purkor have taken place. I don't want to be a fan, I don't want to be involved. In particular, sermons, essays and nujums are his rights, and each of them has a definite and famous work. ”

Hussein Waz Kashifi taught students in Herat madrassas and preached morality in the cities of Khorasan. In his works, Kashifi focuses on the issues of social and moral life, spirituality, politics, governance, the relationship between the king and the people, the management of the community, and the upbringing of a mature person. They promote the ideas of humanity, nationalism, high spirituality, and cultural progress. His works include “Akhlaqi Muhsiniy”, “Risolai Hotamiya”, “Anvori Sikhayli”, “Akhloqi Karim”, “Javohirnoma”, “Lubbo ul-ma’navi fi-intihobi masnaviy”, “Iskandar oynasi”, “Tafsiri Husseini”, “Futuv-vatnomai Sultani ”is one of them. These works were used as textbooks for students in madrassas in Khorasan, Herat and other cities. In these works, the thinker, based on his life lessons and experiences, expresses his views on populism, humanity, social life, justice, honesty, integrity, purity, truthfulness, and honesty through educated, interesting stories and narrations. These works are of great educational significance today, as they are written in the Kashifi language on the basis of "Practical Wisdom".

Hussein Waz Kashifi considers man to be the highest noble being in the world.

The name of man is eternal because of good remembrance,

The fruit of the feast of life is to make a good name,

He says.

This is the leading idea of ​​the preacher Kashifi's moral teaching. He condemns negative moral qualities and shows through a series of stories and narrations that they cause great harm to human life and society.

Hussein Waz Kashifi also thinks in detail about the concepts of good and evil, justice, conscience, duty. Moral norms are moral requirements that regulate human behavior. Kashifi sees positive qualities as human qualities that must be present in people, and includes patience, modesty, chastity, purity, steadfastness, generosity, generosity, honesty, courage, humility, vigilance, high generosity, piety, fidelity to the covenant, reverence, and reverence. describes qualities such as concealment one by one. By Kashifi morality, man is understood to be a man who seeks knowledge, who loves truth and justice, who fights injustice, who is courageous, active, noble, generous, and open-hearted.

Kashifi's Akhlaqi Muhsini (Dedicated to Abdulmuhsin Mirza, son of Hussein Boykaro) is the most famous and important work in the field of moral issues. In his works, Kashifi also puts forward important ideas for his time on politics and governance. He emphasizes the need to use politics to govern the country fairly:

No one in the world can drink clean water,

If the kings do not take politics into their own hands,

He says.

Politics is necessary to govern a country, it is a social affair, not a personal affair. If the policy is fair, the country and society will prosper and the people will prosper. Politics should be ruled by just kings with justice:

Regulations of the country's foreign policy,

If there is no politics, it is impossible,

The work of the unseen world is never correct.

Politics is never, ever.

Or:

“L Adl (justice - RM) cannot exist without politics. In the absence of politics, leadership is weak. For me, the adornment of the nation and the state of religion is an armed policy, ”he said, linking the development of the country and the establishment of justice to Kashifi's policy.

This means that Hussein Waz Kashifi was not only a poet, writer and scholar, but also a wise politician. His views on society, the state, peace, and the need to resolve conflicts peacefully are still relevant today.

The preacher Kashifi became one of the most famous scholars of the XNUMXth century in the spiritual circle of Alisher Navoi, who made a great contribution to the development of Khorasan and Movarounnahr cultures and had a great influence on the last generations with his works. With his encyclopedic work, he actively contributed to the spiritual development of his time and had a significant impact on the strengthening of the universal and cultural riches not only in Central Asia, but in the whole East.