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Stylistic forms of speech. The relation of speech styles to culture
Plan:
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About the science of methodology.
2. Types of styles.
3. Relations of speech styles to culture.
Basic words and phrases : Style, stylistics, functional stylistics, trends, factors in classification, linguistic, extralinguistic, types of functional styles, formal, popular, scientific, artistic, colloquial;
Stylistics, which is considered a relatively new field of Uzbek linguistics, deals with the use of language units as a means of communication in various fields and situations, the laws of speech organization, the capabilities of all tools in the language system in the speech process, and the definition of subtleties of meaning. "Stylistics - how to use all the tools available in the language - lexical, grammatical, phonetic tools in speech, which of the forms, words and constructions of a certain type is suitable, recommends the best and most suitable tool, determines the norm, defines the tools used in different stylistic layers of speech. Accordingly, stylistics is a special science about the art of words, means of expression.
There are the following areas of methodology that deal with such problems in the language:
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Direction studying the lexical resources of the language.
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Functional stylistics - functional stylistics.
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Styles of fiction.
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Practical methodology.
From the point of view of the subject, here we are interested in task methodology. When people use all language tools in their social activities - phonetic, grammatical, lexical, phraseological units, they first of all choose and apply them based on their needs, the topic of speech, and the situation. The fact that the medium in our language has several forms, the synonymous variety allows us to behave in this way. This selection requires a specific stylistic limitation of language units in the speech process. The necessity of selective use of language units in the social environment and their scientific-practical analysis in linguistics has created a new field in stylistics - functional stylistics.
Functional classification of Uzbek language styles relies on two factors - linguistic and non-linguistic factors. NA Baskakov, A. Sulaymanov, A. Shomaksudov, G' of these styles. There are options recommended by Abdurahmonov, BO'rinboyev, S. Muhamedov, and they mainly have five styles - colloquial, popular, scientific, formal and artistic styles is acknowledged.
Having knowledge about them will help students to learn the possibilities of our native language in the speech process.
Formal style it is the appearance of the modern Uzbek language, which is manifested in state-administrative, legal institutions, official diplomatic relations. Legal texts, decrees, orders, orders, in short, all official working papers are formed in this way. Oral and written manifestations of this style, therefore, these manifestations have their own norms.
Including accuracy. The text formed in this way should not allow ambiguity and interpretation. Thoughts and content should be expressed in simple, clear and understandable language: O'State power in the Republic of Uzbekistan serves the interests of the people ko'zlab and O'Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and its based on agencies authorized by the adopted laws performed only by (O'zR Constitution, 7-substance).
Mold. Opinion, statement is basically an expression in one formwill be Let's compare: O'great for the development of the Uzbek national culture contribute'late literary and artistic figures reward to'g'about
Unique talent and so onno with his creative heritage'Uzbek national Make an incomparable contribution to the development of culture'all his life Commemorating the memory of our compatriots who contributed to the development of the country and the rise of the spirituality of our people, taking into account their unforgettable services to the Motherland, the following deceased writers and artists should be awarded with the Order of Merit (O'From the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on August 2001, 22).
OUzbekistan Declaration of Independence of the Republic o'n amnesty on the anniversary of'g'about
O'of the declaration of independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan on following the principle of humanitarianism in connection with the anniversary and O'Article 93 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan I will decide based on paragraph 20 (From the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated August 2001, 22).
In this way, each of the official documents of different nature, such as application, decision, notice, reference, contract, greeting card, has its own style of presentation. At the same time, each of them will have separate words and fixed combinations. For example, if we look at the text of legal documents, we will come across terms that are hardly found in other functional styles: administrative liability, civil status, civil liability, guilty, suspect, victim, defendant, witness, public surety, inquiry, reconciliation with the victim and others.
Depending on the variety of working papers and documents, there is also a standardization and limitation of terms related to them. For comparison, let's take a look at the words and expressions within the diplomatic relations: High Contracting Parties, Ambassador, embassy, plenipotentiary ambassador, plenipotentiary representative, plenipotentiary, note, ratification, agreement, declarationjoint statement, declaration, visit, residence etc.
The use of slangs, colloquial words, words with an emotional-expressive color is not considered standard for this style, and in this respect it differs sharply from other styles.
The grammatical norm of formal style also has special features. For example, noun phrases are often used. In order to avoid ambiguity, they are not replaced by pronouns: O'Republic of Uzbekistan o'z development'lini, o'Determines the name of z, o'State symbols: coat of arms, flag'i, establishes the hymn, o'z specifies the national language. O'The symbols of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan are sacred (From Article 1991 of the Law "On the Basics of State Independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan" adopted on August 31, 16).
In this style, the action noun form of the verb is actively used, the part of the sentence is often expressed in the present passive tense, depending on the character of the document, the conditional form is often used. For example, in Article 78 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan on "Absolute Powers of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan" o'change and so on'adding, accepting, defining, confirming, regulating, o'change, introduction, formation of the commission, appointment of the election day, election, release, ratification, establishment, implementation verb combinations like In this document will be implemented, the basis'ladi, constitutes, is established, is based on, is considered, is protected, implements, is recognized, work co'radi, fulfills, guarantees, prohibits, recommends The active use of verbs like Again: O'The conceptual rules and conclusions in the report of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan IA Karimov should be approved and they should be taken into account in the future activities of the Oliy Majlis. Programmatic conclusions of the report should be used as a basis for the activities of the prosecutor's office, other law enforcement agencies, and courts. O'The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan should be recommended to strengthen the work of protecting the achievements of independence and democracy, ensuring social justice, civil peace and harmony. (From the decision of the Oliy Majlis of August 2001, 29 regarding the speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan IA Karimov at the sixth session of the second convocation Oliy Majlis).
At this point, it is appropriate to note that not all morphological tools and categories are used at the same level for texts written in a formal style. For example, numbers and pronouns are a secondary factor in this style compared to other word groups.
Syntactic signs of formal style are also immediately visible in the text. It uses a lot of figurative sentences, especially the compound sentence form. Common and complex word combinations and complex type names are widely used. In the structure of the sentence, the usual norms of the Uzbek language are followed and it is similar to the scientific method with the aspects listed above.
Scientific method scientific is the style of works. The use of language units in the field of science, in the process of scientific presentation, is the basis for the formation of this style. The fact that scientific thinking is a unique way of thinking, relying only on evidence and facts in the perception of objective existence, intellectual consistency, as well as strolinguistic factors are considered an important factor in the formation of this type of speech, and consequently, in the emergence of a specific type of speech norm.
It was mentioned above that the scientific method is close to the official method with the commonality of such features.
Genre features of the scientific method are also wide. Monographs, pamphlets, textbooks, training manuals, teaching-methodical manuals, programs, lecture texts, reviews and abstracts are its manifestations of this genre. Although the method and style of each of them differ from each other to a certain extent, they have a commonality according to the norm of using language units.
Scientific Features of the style include:
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Accuracy. Any scientific statement, conclusion, of course, requires accuracy. Therefore, in this method, it is necessary to use words clearly, mainly in one sense, to choose the option that expresses the essence of the issue from the synonymous line, at least, to use the neutral option. The main feature of this style is the use of terms: Chemical composition'ra herbicides are divided into inorganic and organic herbicides'split Inorganic herbicides: sodium arsenite, ammonium sulfate, calcium cyanamide, sulfuric acid, etc. Organic herbicides: tractor kerosene, urea derivatives, chlorophenoxyacetic acid, chlorophenoxybutyric acid, etc. Currently,'Herbicides with more organic and sometimes inorganic compounds are used'applied,
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Objectivity. In the scientific literature, within the framework of this method, it is emphasized that language material should serve the truthfulness and objectivity of thought. Here is an example from the "Logic" textbook: "Epimemid" I am alone'I will speak now.'' Solve this paradox completely'not Suppose Epimenides was telling the truth, in which case his truth is alone'it is clear that he spoke'ladi let's say и alone'he spoke. In this case, it is known that he actually spoke the truth'ladi" .
It is known that truthfulness and objectivity is an extremely complex process, and it is difficult to rely on language units in its realization. It can also be determined by extralinguistic factors such as the situation, the interlocutors' knowledge and understanding of each other,
Logical consistency is a unique feature of the style of scientific presentation. In the text, words, sentences, paragraphs should be logically connected. Therefore, it creates consistency in scientific texts noas you know'ladiki, it should be noted that the emphasis o'rinliki, indeed, therefore, so, firstly, secondly, co'It seems that it is worth noting that, in conclusion, when we conclude, this is not the only example Many connecting words and phrases are used, such as
Brevity. This feature is precisely the characteristic of a scientific report. That is why the descriptive possibilities of the language are hardly used in it. The sentences are in the content of the tree, and are mostly simple. If the idea is expressed with the help of conjunctions, the active use of conjunctions is observed: The seeds of grain crops are more resistant to storage. In providing agriculture with quality seed, its storage is an important activity. A state standard has been established for cultivated grain varieties.
The scientific style does not have any bright signs that distinguish it phonetically from other styles. In the lexicon, a different aspect is the abundance of field terms. In this style, as well as in the formal style, the use of words in figurative meanings, the effective use of visual means are not considered a characteristic feature. Subjective emotionality, imagery, elements of oral speech, generally non-literary elements are rarely used. As far as possible, the statement is expressed in the same standard. At the same time, in some cases, it is not unusual to use figurative expressions in this style, in harmony with the source, the topic under consideration. For example: Differential The particular derivatives of the equation belong to physicsHe started working as a teacher, then и turned into a maid (R. Bekjonov). Less noticeable individuality of the author is also one of the characteristics of the scientific method.
M. Mukarramov's monograph "Scientific style of current Uzbek literary style" has the following points about the morphological characteristics of the scientific style:
In the scientific method, only the grammatical indicators recognized as the norm in the literary language are used. Of the word groups, the noun is active, often repeated. Subjective assessment forms are not typical. – home although it does not express semantic-methodical meanings other than the plural, it participates in term formation. General possession prevails, I-II person suffixes are not used. The third person form is active. Exclamatory and imitation words are also not characteristic of this style. Downloads are limited.
For scientific speech it is said, it is said, it is explained, it is stated, defined, checked, used, described There are special verbs like The passive form of the verb is also typical for this style. But there is no characteristic tense except the present-future tense. Personal pronouns are rarely used. That's all the author va men which is used in the meanings and expresses the meaning of humility biz does not belong to the pronoun.
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Mukarramov in his monograph "If we recognize the real existence of colloquial, artistic, journalistic, official-documentary, and scientific discourses, which are concrete forms of literary language, then we also recognize the words of each type of speech that express their modal meaning. we have to admit", he said, so, in short, indeed, indeed, no doubt, of course, by the way, for example, including, especially, in particular, on the contrary, unfortunately analyzed modal words and other units of modal meaning.
Popular style studied in a monographic direction by T. Qurbanov, candidate of philological sciences in Uzbek linguistics.
Journalism, which is considered an important factor in the development of the language, in turn makes extensive use of the possibilities of the language.
We observe the wide range of possibilities of the popular style in the strong connection of linguistic and extralinguistic (paralinguistic) - extra-linguistic factors.
The innovation that occurs as a result of the fact that the works written in the journalistic genre are essentially current, that they are informative and propaganda-propaganda in nature, and that they inform the public immediately about the events taking place on the scale of the world or our country, naturally leads to the use of new socio-political terminology. causes its application and standardization in our language. In other words, the popular style contributes to the enrichment of the language at the expense of new words and expressions.
The popular style is in a sense an intermediate style. If the texts created in this style approach the artistic style with their imagery, impressiveness, and productive use of pictorial means, they move away from it by not using dialectisms, historicisms, slang, and slang. It is similar to the iimi style with the clarity of expression and the use of socio-political terminology characteristic of journalistic genres. At the same time, qualities such as brevity, conciseness, conciseness, brightness in the expression put it side by side with the scientific method.
Some radio and television performances show that elements of conversational style can sometimes be mixed in this style of text.
It is known that publicism is a major field that covers artistic, political, and scientific aspects. covers a number of genres such as announcements and advertisements. The breadth of this scope, in turn, requires language units to be standardized separately in each genre. At this point, there is an opportunity to talk about the general aspects of moderation.
According to T. Kurbanov, adjectival turns, alternating use of conditional forms of verbs, rhetorical questioning, Rhetorical address, exclamation, activity of one-part sentences are characteristic features of this style. Above all, socio-political terms are used a lot. Even common words can become terms in a text written in a popular style: sound, open sound, closed vote, affirmative vote, advisory vote, counter vote, vote againstto sound, to sound, the sound of Asia like
Mainly socio-political terms chi, -parast, -parvar, -room, -noma made with additives. Examples: terrorist, qo'tycoon, fanatic, nationalist, customs official, contributor, businessman such as.
At this point, it is worth noting that the ability to create words in this style is more productive than other functional styles.
Various metaphorical stable compounds – period demand, do'table talk, struggle for high yield, creative works, world community, independent countries'strengthening of independence active use of the likes is also consistent with the nature of popular style.
Productive use of interrogative sentences, their address and dialogue form, in which both the questioner and the answerer are considered the author himself (G'what is urur o'what? What color is it? It is the same for everyone'or vice versa? I think Mr'A person with an ururi can see any progress that is being made at the national level'he considers it his own and is happy about it. - People's Word, September 2001, 20), more use of compound sentences {Because o'With his hard work, life experience, and incomparable love, teachers teach the young generation only the secrets of science.'without stopping. in his heart is a high feeling such as love for the Motherland, respect for the souls of ancestors, and loyalty to the country'be an example and example in perfecting them'ladi - I. Karimov. Congratulations to the teachers and coaches of Uzbekistan, Xalq sozi, September 2001, 29), exclamations, introductory paragraphs and introductory sentences (However, they'z specialty'they did not know where to settle. Of course, it is wrong to say that the problem has been solved'g'be'were - İshir, September 2001, 22), the personality is distinguished by the wide use of generalizations.
Artistic style The Uzbek language has a unique position among functional styles, and at the same time it has its own special standards. The breadth of language material coverage, all linguistic units available in the national language. at the same time, the main feature of the artistic style is the use of elements characteristic of other functional styles and their serving to fulfill an important task - an artistic-aesthetic task. Naturally, such possibilities are limited in other task styles.
In addition to this comprehensiveness in the use of language tools, certain norms of their use apply within this style, which are visible in the form of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and phraseological features. allows you to demarcate from other functional usiubiar.
Phonetic changes in the language of fiction are mainly reduced and acquired sounds in the text (So'rma from me, who diloro / Do'stmi or jonona. E. Vahidov; What a child' kun I was Oshino'I sango. Alisher Navoi; On Shabbat I am sorry'I do not, / Qo'I don't care. Zulfiya), "z" to "y" in accordance with the rules of historical development and poetry of our native language (So'What's up with the sun?'lgan, /The first time when you came out. H. Olimjon), "q" to "g" (After the sun -baccounting' / This is when the country comes to light' Zulfiya) has been normalized in past appearances.
Also, in artistic style, especially in poetic speech, it does not comply with the requirements of the current literary orthographic standard qaro, bad, yaro, oshno, talos words like
Grammatical forms of Uzbek language phrases have different literary, historical and dialectal variants, which are active or vice versa according to the frequency of use, on the one hand, from the point of view of the current literary language norms, on the other hand , there is a noticeable functional-methodical limitation in them. These features are manifested in the presence of word-formative and affixes expressing meanings such as plural, possessive, agreement, degree, person-number, tense, inclination, ratio, and various forms and variants of auxiliary words. . Some of them have an artistic style.
For example, —home respect when used as part of a participle (My dad they left), sarcasm, sorry (Mylla Eshmat, let them come) while the meanings such as are characteristic of the colloquial style, the meanings such as emphasis, amplification, and exaggeration are more often used in the artistic style (Shu ko'zs laugh like a star forever It's springto you let him sleep smallpox. Zulfia). Such cases are not visible in scientific and official methods.
In addition, literary-normative variants of grammatical forms are used in these styles, on the contrary, in the artistic style, all forms of these grammatical forms - dialectal and historical variants are also used according to the theme of the work.
Stylistic specialization is especially noticeable in the selection of variants of concordances. For example, the indicative agreement -(i) m (After all, excitement o'my bad my, / May it come to your heart'what a thrill K. Bahromova), -n (HowMy girls descendant / Sensitive taste and poet's language. Zulfia), —hing ( My excitement the fame of your head is hard to sacrifice, / Kodon't forget mahzani gul orazj gulnora fido. It is used in the style of life, pointer-to-pointer inversion ( It's like a thousand and one springs'r the in your maturity you have a reflection of the sun'tlug' in your beauty. J. Jabborov), without grammatical indicators {Standing in front of you my life one day, / My old poem is my charm. J. Kamal); revenue agreement - (i) n (Even if you fly'kka heart ash, / BitterI'm not a flirtatious sun for you. Phytrate) and unmarked form (Great' Hakan, ask you'that's all. / Be patient, be patient'paint thing bst. H. Khudoyberdiyeva); of the consignment note – a (Mt's face is black. There is no greenery, no tulips. He was surprised. The situation during the day. H. Olimjon), – na (If the shadow falls suddenly this body is sick on top of it. Navoi), —qa (I love Hajri always brings a life to the sun. Navoi), -g'a (Oh god, suck itLook at this slave. Come on, I went in with a friend yo'lungga workman Mashrab) and be in an unmarked state {We went to school - ogWe suddenly became old. A. Oripov); exit agreement -from used in the form of (Homeland love you Be a motto in the world for meno. E. Vahidov), adding one "n" sound between it and the possessive suffix when the locative case is used (Pomegranate flowers are amber in your garden, The talx of your almonds is g"Izodur" is saltitrodur in melon-watermelon belt, Who made you sick, humiliated your nature. O. Hojiyeva) features of this style are listed.
The lexicon of artistic style also has special characters. "Vocabulary specific to other functional styles (for example, terms specific to scientific and formal work style)is not widely used in artistic style and the existence of special tools used only in artistic style is the basis for separating the lexicon specific to artistic style," says E. Begmatov (Begmatov E. Lexicology of the Uzbek language, p. 186). Abru, albot, armug'on, Bazmaro, Balkimaq, Bahoristan, boda, bo'ston, gavharafshon, giryon, gulbahor, gulistan, gulro', gulshan, prelude, dilafro'z, dilkhano, dolg'a, brave, duto, worldly, dear, jo'shmok, spirited, kabk, sing, dress, lolsgun, lo'livash, maygun, valiant, mastona, mahvash, mahpora, blue, moh, in the gospel such words are called poeticisms in dictionaries.
It is known that the writer's work on the language is, first of all, the skill of working on synonymous units. It is considered a necessary linguistic tool in fiction because choosing the appropriate, necessary unit from the synonymous line is the most correct way to accurately express expressiveness and subjective evaluation. On top of that, there is a possibility to set a stylistic norm because the language has synonymous variants. A. Hajiyev's "Annotated dictionary of synonyms of the Uzbek language" (T., 1974) provides practical help in distinguishing these synonymous variants.
Sostyle of communication it is the specific application of language units within the framework of daily formal-informal, free interactions of people. In a way, it can be contrasted with other styles in the language.
The peculiarity of this style is seen in the combination of linguistic and non-linguistic factors in the speech process. At the same time, this situation makes it difficult to define normative situations in the style of speaking. Because the personality of the language user, moreover, the speech situation does not allow to assign a single norm.
Nevertheless, there are enough evidences in our language to reflect on the specific norms of speech style. But in any case, looking for these norms in the combination of linguistic and non-linguistic factors that are important for speech style brings us closer to the original goal.
So, what are the characteristics of conversational style? First, the speech is elliptical in nature. But even in such a case, the idea will be clear to the listener. Because it will be a logical continuation of the previously mentioned idea. For example, is it black cowhat? Let's take the question in the form of two different tasks. If we hear it in the language of a housewife, black do you have tea? or kо'k is the tea ready? can be understood in the sense that. If we hear the same question from the language of the shop assistant, can you have black tea or ko'k would you like to buy some tea? we can also understand in the sense.
Second, in colloquial speech, language units show a wide range of expressive possibilities. For example. can we make it No to the question, we won't be able to rather than saying hurry up'pmiz, where is the time, let it bewe did Answers like this turn out to be somewhat more natural and expressive.
Thirdly, the tone and intonation are extremely important in this style. Tone is an important, decisive tool after language units in the realization of oral speech, and its manifestations such as speech tempo, pause, tone, melody, sound timbre, word and sentence stress distinguish meaning, shades. it serves to highlight and increase excitement.
Conversational style has phonetic, lexical, grammatical peculiarities like other functional styles.
Two layers are distinguished in the lexicon of conversation style. The first layer is words related to social life and household chores that are actively used in everyday life.. In addition, in this style "politics, art, culture, sports and various things and events belonging to the speaker's profession are used a lot."
The second layer is words that have an expressive color in oral speech. They can enter into a synonymous relationship with words of neutral value: small (as a child), fell falls), calf (unable to work, galvars), ogopen such as.
This style see your noseto sneer, to squint, to be short-handed have their own phraseology. Names of people Abdi, Century, Zuli, Dili can be used in abbreviated form. The metonymic scope of words is very common. For example: the audience laughed, the council boCome to the table'cried, went to the samovar such as.
The speech situation is very important in the style of speaking. Hello, hello, hello, goodbye, yes, yesOf course, aha, okay such words are often used in speech.
Conversational speech in Uzbek linguistics, prof. Correctly processed by BO'rinboyev. This speech is somewhat different from the book speech, Honey, honey, fingeryou will bite yours; Work, just press the button; Night as night; A child like a child sentence forms like
For literary speech, conjunctions without a conjunction are usually not characteristic, but for spoken speech, on the contrary, they are characteristic. Simple sentences in colloquial speech are often characterized by the absence of a participle expressed by a verb. There are even cases where it is impossible to put the first participle in such sentences. For example, We are youto whom We go to the magazine; I usually take the bus to work, walk from work such as.
Task 1. Compare the signs of the conversational style of your dialect with the norms of the literary language and explain the differences.
Task 2. Write your resume. Explain how this text differs from conversational texts.
Task 3. Write an announcement or report about an event held in your college (meeting, meeting, literary evening, etc.).
Task 4. Select a passage from a textbook related to your specialty and copy it into your notebook. Explain the meaning of terms and key words in it.
Questions and assignments
1. What are the types of functional style?
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How does the scientific method differ from other types of methods?