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Buildings and structures Design stages
Designing the construction of buildings and structures can be conditionally divided into 3 stages:
-pre-design stage;
- stage of the design process;
- the post-design stage.
The main part of the pre-design phase is the collection of relevant information needed for the design. Completeness and reliability of data is the basis for timely development of project documents. In the practical work of design organizations, there are many requests from contractors, construction organizations, and customers to clarify project solutions.
The unsatisfactory state of pre-design work is based on the lack of perspective plans in the work of scientific research and design institutes. This is due to the fact that the plans of the construction design and scientific inspection institutes are not developed in connection with capital construction plans.
In order to improve the quality of the initial data, cooperation agreements on the development of the design task should be concluded between the ordering organizations and the design institutes. Today, due to the large volume of design works, it is required by the design institutes to compile an initial data set that covers all the information for the design of the construction of various enterprises and institutions. These documents reflect the most rational dimensions of the objects to be built, production areas, layout schemes of buildings, dimensions of the construction area, and economic justifications.
After the design assignment is approved, the design phase begins. It will consist of drawing up technical documents on the complex of project estimation works (calculation, graph and multiplication).
The design stage is carried out with maximum use of constructive solutions of reusable, unique projects. This, in turn, makes it possible to shorten the design period, to carry out construction using industrial methods. The design phase is a labor-intensive and long-lasting process in which the technical documents required for construction are developed.
At the post-design stage, based on the approved technical project and working drawings, the project managers control the buildings and structures under construction. Project executors should be active participants in this process, as they can make appropriate changes to the project documents when required, in addition to conducting authorship control during the construction of the buildings and structures under construction.
According to the analysis, the work carried out by project executors during the construction of buildings and structures at the post-design stage can be divided into 3 directions:
- to carry out copyright control in the buildings and structures under construction;
-participating in the process of commissioning buildings and facilities, bringing them to project capacity and achieving the planned technical and economic indicators;
- providing technical assistance to enterprises that have started their operations.
The contract for carrying out project work for the design of various enterprises, buildings and structures serves as initial information. On the basis of the contract on the implementation of project works, the design organization carries out project exploration works when necessary and designs the object to be built based on the received information.
Design of construction objects can be 1-stage (drawing 1) or 2-stage (drawing 2). The gradation of the design process depends on the complexity of the object being designed.
Technical-economic justification (TIA)
Technical and economic calculations (TIHK)
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Design assignment
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Technical project
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Technical-working project Construction
Part Assembly
part
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Working drawings
Technological part Construction part
Drawing 1. Two-stage design
Technical-economic justification (TIA)
Technical and economic calculations (TIHK)
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Design assignment
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Technical working project
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Technical working project Construction part Working drawings Assembly
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Figure 2. One-step design
Two-stage design is carried out in the construction of large and complex objects, for objects where large technological devices are installed, complex architectural construction solutions are used. At the first stage, a technical project is developed, and at the second stage, working drawings are prepared.
A technical working project is created in one-stage design of construction objects.
Pre-design documents are a technical and economic justification, in which additional schemes for the development of production enterprises in the regions and regions are developed, the enterprises to be designed and built, their production capacities, technical and economic evaluation indicators are based on calculations.
The decision on the design of construction objects takes into account feasibility studies (TIA) for the construction of large and complex enterprises and structures, technical and economic calculations for other enterprises, buildings and structures, feasibility and necessity of their construction. is accepted.
Technical and economic justifications are made for the construction and reconstruction of enterprises where imported technological devices are installed, as well as for administrative buildings, regardless of their estimated value.
The technical economic feasibility study is a document before construction planning and design, and consists of the following sections:
1. Decisions and other documents that are the basis for technical and economic reasoning, information about the technical condition of the enterprises to be expanded or reconstructed, they are the analysis of economic activity, the main indicators of the last three years of activity.
2. Specialization of the enterprise, cooperation, type and size of the produced product
3. Providing the enterprise with raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, energy, heat, water supply and cocktail resources
4. Structure of the enterprise, organization and management of production, main technological solutions, justifying the choice of the proposed production technology and technological devices
5. Selection of the construction area, area, population point and their description
6. Basic construction solutions, construction organization, architecture-planning and constructive solutions and their main indicators
7. Environmental protection, underwater and surface waters, amount of precipitation, their description
8. Estimated cost of construction
9. Technical economic indicators of construction and production, economic efficiency of investments
10. Opinions and opinions
11. Appendices: summary calculation of the value of the construction object, situational plan.
The basis for conducting project work and production of technical projects is the design assignment, which specifies the requirements set by the customer for the object being designed.
Information on the land area allocated for construction, technical conditions for connection to external engineering structures, land sales and superstructures is attached to the design assignment. If the existing buildings and structures on the construction site will be preserved, then their technical characteristics and dimensions will be indicated. Decisions on housing fund compensation are attached.
The design task is drawn up in the prescribed manner and form and includes the following sections:
- the name of the building and structure to be built;
- foundation letter for carrying out project work;
- the type of construction (new construction, reconstruction, reconstruction) is given in their feasibility study;
- the area where the construction will be carried out, the settlement (materials justifying the location of the enterprise under construction, buildings and structures indicated in the previously mentioned TIA and the document on the allocation of the construction area);
- the nomenclature of the produced products, the volume of production of the main types of products according to the enterprise (in natural or sumo scale), if the construction is carried out in turn, the buildings and structures that will be built first;
- working mode of the enterprise under construction;
-solutions on production and economic cooperation, including the location of the enterprise within the production link of the region;
- environmental protection requirements and production waste disposal measures;
- beautification and greening activities;
- the need to develop control of the technological process of the enterprise under construction through an automated system;
- information for planning the construction of housing and cultural household buildings;
- the amount of investments to be attracted, the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise or buildings and structures to be built;
- the term of completion of construction (based on the norms of the construction term), the term of construction of production capacities and complexes to be put into operation;
- requirements for the preparation of optimal project options or its parts:
- stages of design;
- the name of the main design organization;
- the name of the construction organization;
- a document on agreement with the local project organization.
Along with the design assignment, the customer submits the document on the allocation of the construction area, the agreed document on the location of the enterprise and facilities, the construction passport, the sources of supply of the project object and the sources of connection with engineering communications to the team conducting the project work.
The project assignment is submitted by the customer to the project organization 3-4 months before the start of the project work.