Hurram Hasaki Sultan (Ottoman کرم سلٹآن, Turkish: Hürrem Haseki Sultan), known in Europe as Roksolána (Latin, Rokholana; real name unknown, according to literary tradition, her birth name was Anastasía or Alexandra Gavrílovna Lisóvskaya 1502 or 1505 - April 15 or 18, 1558) - concubine of Suleiman the Righteous, then his wife, Hasaki, mother of Sultan Salim II.
Genealogy There is very little information about the origin of Hurram. There is no documentary, written reliable source about his life before entering the harem. Information about its origin is based mainly on artistic works and western sources. Even in modern research, there is no information about his youth, only that his origin is Russian. In the 1548th century, Mikhalon Litvin, the ambassador of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Crimean Khanate, mentioned the slave trade in his 1551-XNUMX work entitled "Ethics of the Tatars, Lithuanians and Muscovites", saying that "the beloved wife of the current Turkish sultan and the mother of the crown prince came from our lands. He wrote "snarled".
Poet Samuil Tvardovsky, a member of the embassy of Rechi Pospolita, who visited the Ottoman sultan in 1621-1622, wrote that the Turks told him that Roksalana was the daughter of an Orthodox priest from Rogatina. According to Galina Yermolenko, Tvardovsky's message is also confirmed by the ancient Bukovina folk songs about the mistress Nastusenka from Rogatina, who was kidnapped by the Tatars and sold to the sultan's harem.
Details about the Sultan's life before falling into the harem also appeared in the literature of the 15th century. In Polish literature, it is said that her real name was Alexandra and that she was the daughter of Gavrila Lisowski, a priest from Rogatić. In the Ukrainian literature of the 1589th century, it is said that her name is Anastasia. This interpretation was also accepted by Soviet historians. According to the interpretation of Mikhail Orlovsky in his historical work "Roksolanami or Anastasia Lisovskaya", it is said that Roksolana is not from Ragatina, but from Chemeroves[XNUMX]. Hurram was known in Europe as Roksolana. This name was coined by the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to the Ottoman Sultanate, Auger Ghiselin de Busbecq, in the Latin "Turkey Register" published in Paris in XNUMX. In this work, he said that Hurram was from the present-day western Ukraine, and that his name was Roksolana in the XNUMXth century in Rech Pospolita. These regions are called Roksolania.
A girl captured during one of the raids of the Crimean Tatars is presented to Suleiman. After entering the harem, Roksolana converted to Islam and took a new name, Hurram. In a very short time, Khurram was able to attract the attention of the Sultan. Prince Mustofa's mother, Suleiman's other lover, Mohidavron started to make the sultan jealous of Khurram. In 1533, the ambassador of Venice, Bernardo Navagero, recorded the quarrel between Mohidavron and Khurram in his report.
In 1521, two of Solomon's three children died. Mustafa remains the only crown prince. In the conditions where the risk of death was high, this situation was dangerous for the dynasty. Therefore, Khurram's birth of princes allowed him to gain the support he needed at court. Suleiman's mother, Hafsa Sultan, was suppressing the conflict between the sultan's new mistress and Mohidavron. In 1521, she gave birth to a son named Hurram Mehmed. A year later, she gave birth to a daughter named Mihrimah. Abdullah, who was born after him, died at the age of three. 1524 Salim was born. The next year, Bayazid was born. In 1531, she gave birth to her last son, Jahangir.
In 1534, the sultan died in his reign. A year earlier, in 1533, Mohidavron, an arch-rival of Khurram, left for Manis with his grown-up son Mustafa. In 1536, the vizier Azam Ibrahim Pasha was executed by order of Sultan Suleiman, and his property was confiscated. The death of the sultan in Volida and the execution of the minister Azam opened the way for Khurram to strengthen his talent.
After Hafsa's death, Hurram was able to achieve things that no one else had achieved before. She officially became Solomon's wife. Although there was no law prohibiting the sultan from marrying a concubine, the Ottoman court was against it. At that time, in the Ottoman Sultanate, "law" and "tradition" were called one word - "law". The marriage ceremony may have been lavish, but there is no evidence of this in the sources. The wedding probably took place in 1534, but the exact date is not known. Khurram's special status is also known from the special title of Khasaki given to him by Sultan Suleiman.
Sultan Suleiman, who spends a lot of time on the road, was aware of what was happening in the palace only through Khurram's makubs. The Sultan's letters expressing his love and longing for Hurram have been preserved. Hurram was also a consultant on political issues. Leslie Pearce says that Suleiman was informed by correspondence with his mother at an earlier stage, as Hurram Sultan was not fluent in the language at the time. The fact that Khurram's earlier letters were written in an official office style also indicates that they were written with the help of one of the secretaries in the palace.
Hurram Hasaki Sultan, who was one of the most learned women of her time, received foreign ambassadors and answered the letters of foreign rulers and other statesmen and artists. With his initiatives, several mosques, baths and madrasas were built in Istanbul.
After returning from Edirne, some time passed, on April 1558 or 15, 18, Hurram Sultan died due to a prolonged illness or poisoning. A year later, his body was taken into a magnificent octagonal mausoleum built by Architect Sinon. Hurram's tomb is located on the left side of the Sulaymaniyah mosque, near Sulayman's tomb. Inside the Hurram mausoleum, there is also the grave of Khanim Sultan, Sultan Suleiman's sister, Khadija, Sultan's daughter.
Children: Hurram gave birth to 6 children:
Sons:
Mehmed (1521-1543)
Abdullah (1523-1526)
Salim (May 28, 1524 - December 13, 1574)
Bayazid (1525 - September 25, 1561)
Jahangir (1531-November 27, 1553)
Daughter:
Mihrimak (March 21, 1522 - January 25, 1578)
Only Salim saw his father's death among the sons of Suleiman Kanuni. The rest, especially Mustafa, died in the struggle for the throne. (Except Mehmed, he died in 1543). According to some researchers, he died of smallpox, according to another interpretation, he died with his son. According to legends, Mustofa's death was caused by the conspiracies of Sultan Khurram: he turned his father against him in order to put his son on the throne. Mustafa was strangled to death by order of Suleiman Qonuni. There are stories that his younger brother Johongir closed his eyes from the world due to great pain and sadness due to his brother's death.
Bayazid fled to Iran with 12 of his men after the failure of his plan to kill his brother Salim. His defecting to Iran, which was at war with the Ottoman Sultanate, would be declared treason. Later, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent concluded a peace treaty with the Persians and agreed with Tahmas I, the king of Iran, to kill Bayezid's supporters in exchange for 4 gold coins, and to surrender himself and his children (his youngest son was three years old) to the Sultan's ambassadors. come according to Solomon sentences his son to death. On September 000, 25, the sentence was executed.
Leslie Pearce, professor of history and author of works on the sultan's harem, points out that before Khurram, the mistresses of the sultans had to fulfill the dual role of being a mistress and a mother to the crown prince for the throne. After giving birth to a son, the woman would no longer have a lover. He had to go with his son to a certain province and stay and be educated there until the prince took the place of his father. Hurram was the first woman who managed both tasks. This caused the anger of the courtiers, who were influenced by traditions. When his sons came of age, he did not go with them to a certain province, but stayed in the capital. It is with this that one can explain the negative perceptions that have arisen around Hurram. He also broke the custom of another Ottoman sultan's court, which allowed one mistress to bear one child. His contemporaries could not find an explanation for how Hurram achieved these things, and they said that he bewitched Suleiman. The image of the scheming and scheming person has been transferred to the books of Western historians with some changes.
Place in culture
He lived with his children, had the right to carry out construction work in his own provinces, unlike his predecessors and other princes, Khurram had the right to build religious and charitable buildings in the major cities of the Ottoman Sultanate and Istanbul. ldi He established a foundation named after himself. A women's (hasaki) market was built on the territory of the White Palace with the funds received from this fund. These include a mosque, a madrassa, a primary school, a hospital and a fountain. It was built by the architect Sinon, who held the position of chief architect in Istanbul, and was the third largest after Mehmet II (Tur. Fatih Camii) and Suleymaniye (Tur. Süleymanie) complexes. He also caused the construction of many other charitable and religious buildings.
