Abdulla Avloni (1878-1934)

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One of the most famous representatives of the Uzbek national culture of the late 1878th and early 12th centuries was the enlightened poet, playwright, journalist, scientist, statesman and public figure Abdullah Avloni. He was born on July 1885, 1886 in Mergancha mahalla of Tashkent in the family of Miravlon aka, a weaver. His childhood was spent on the winding streets of Mirabad, among the children of Russian-majority railway workers. He studied at the old school in Oqchi and then at the madrasa (XNUMX–XNUMX). He was engaged in independent reading. He studied Arabic, Persian and Russian. He followed the newspapers and magazines published in Orenburg, Kazan and Tbilisi. In a short time he became known as an enlightener and became one of the most active representatives of the socio-cultural movement in the country.

One of the most important changes in the cultural life of Turkestan in the early twentieth century was a change in schooling. During this period, Avloni joined the Jadid movement and became one of the most active Jadids in Tashkent. In 1904, Avloni opened a new school in Mirabad, and later in Degrezlik (1903–14) in a similar way, teaching and writing textbooks.

In 1909, the school opened a charity society to help orphans and educate orphans. He published the first volume of a four-volume collection of poems entitled Literature or National Poetry. In partnership with such developers as Munavvarqori, Muhammadjon Podshokhojayev, Tavallo, Rustambek Yusufbekov, Nizomiddin Khodjayev, Shokirjon Rahimi, he founded Nashriyot (1914) and Maktab (1916). He published the newspapers Taraqqiy, Shuhrat (1907), Osiyo (1908), and Turon (1917). In 1918, he became one of the founders and first editors of Ishtirokiyun, the first newspaper of the Turkestan Soviet government. During the Soviet era, he held various responsible positions, no matter what position he held, he was engaged in the dissemination of knowledge, education, teaching in universities and colleges. In 1930-34 he headed the department at the Central Asian State University (now Tashkent State University). He died in 1934.

In 1927, Avloni was awarded the title of Hero of Labor.

Avloni has been creating for more than 30 years. He witnessed the events of 1916, followed by revolutionary upheavals and national liberation struggles. In the past, he said, he had left "dozens of poems and school books, four theater books." When talking about its place in the history of our culture, it is necessary to emphasize two aspects: pedagogical activity and literary art. His pedagogical activity and ideas about education are important sources in defining the features of enlightenment, which reached a new level in the early twentieth century.

The Avloni school was built on the basis of humanistic and free education, with the main task of teaching children secular and advanced science, and ensuring that young people have the ability to participate in the socio-political life of the country. The author compiled textbooks for these schools. His first teacher, The First Teacher (1911), was reprinted four times before the October Revolution, and his post-alphabetic textbook, The Second Teacher (4), was reprinted three times. The textbook "Turkish Gulistan or Morality" (1912) with a moral didactic content played a special role in the development of socio-pedagogical thought in the early twentieth century. It first analyzes the issues of education and ethics in terms of the demands and needs of the twentieth century. While distinguishing between good and evil, Avloni traditionally bases his views on the ideas of Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Sa'di Sherazi, and Bedil. The writer considered the love of the Motherland to be one of the best human virtues to fight for. Homeland is the city and country where everyone is born and raised. He needs to be valued, loved, rejuvenated. The poet understood this when he said Vatan and love for it. The love of language and culture is the love of each person for his people: “The mirror life of every nation that shows its existence in the world is its language and literature. To lose the national language is to lose the spirit of the nation. ”

Avloni wrote poetry, stories and articles under the pseudonyms Hijran, Nabil, Indamas, Shuhrat, Tangriquli, Surayyo, Shapalaq, Chol, Ab, Chegaboy, Abdulhaq. It should be noted that Avloni went through a very difficult life and creative path. He entered the literature at a time when ideological struggles were in full swing. He unhesitatingly embraced the struggle for enlightenment and progress. As you become acquainted with the poetry of the poet, you will encounter an interesting situation. There are no romantic poems in it. He knows more about social problems and people's worries. He denies any love in the face of the misfortune of the People and the Homeland. He "loves his mother like a friend." He devotes all his love to it. The beginning of the century was a time of great responsibility for the fate of Turkestan, when the issue of its life and death was being resolved. He quickly realized this as a leading intellectual of the Avloni period, a great enlightener, and an active supporter of the teachings of the Jadids.

His first poetic works were published in the books "Literature or national poems" (I, II, III, GUjuzlar), "Maktab gulistoni" (1916), "Mardikorlar ashulasi" (1917) and "Sabzavor" tazkirasi (1914) and in periodicals. . They propagated knowledge, ignorance and ignorance, condemned the socio-moral foundations of the old system, and spoke of a free and happy time. In this sense, Avloni's poems of this period are in tune with the poetry of Hamza and Anbar Atin. Avloni used finger weights extensively in the literature. He wrote poems to national melodies and enriched the possibilities of poetry.

One of Avloni's most important contributions to literature was that he was one of the creators of a new literary phenomenon called labor poetry. He wrote poems describing the events of 1916, such as "The words of a laborer's father to his son," "The mother's words to her son," and "Sorry." The motherland illuminated the farewell scenes of the laborers who had been taken to the snowy and icy lands of the far north, to the black service behind the front, to injustice. The melody and style of these poems are very close to folk songs, which played an important role in the national awakening of our people.

Avloni welcomed the February Revolution of 1917 with joy (poems "Kutuldik", "Yotma"). He wrote poems dedicated to October, such as the March for Freedom (1919) and the Workers' Ear, glorifying the new socialist system. Soon, however, the Russians began to realize that the Soviet system was a worse form of the old tsarist system, and that Soviet policy was based on hypocrisy. In particular, the failure to grant the solemn promised freedom led to the emergence of sad melodies in the poet's work (Weekly Hour, 1919). Nevertheless, Avloni wrote poems on various topics. The "Afghan Travels" diaries on the 1919-20 trip to Afghanistan are important in studying the history of the establishment of friendly and peaceful relations between our country and our neighbor.

Avloni was one of the founders of the Uzbek theater. In 1913 he formed the theater troupe "Turkiston". Turkistan also announced its strict charter. Its founder and ideological and artistic director was Avloni. The troupe staged the best examples of Uzbek drama of the early twentieth century, such as "Poisonous Life" (Hamza), "The Unhappy Groom" (A. Qodiriy), theatrical works of Azerbaijani playwrights ("Unhappy Bride", "Khor-Khor", "Ignorance", "The Elders" ”,“ The Man Who Rent a Place ”,“ I'm Dead ”,“ Layli and Majnun ”,“ Asli and Karam ”were translated into Uzbek and staged. Avloni himself played the roles of Mallu ("Layli and Majnun"), Fayziboy ("Unhappy Groom"), Aliboy ("Wedding"), Boy ("Padarkush").

Avloni "Is Advocacy Easy?" His comedies (1914), Pinak (1915), and tragic works such as We and You, The Portuguese Revolution, and Two Loves, written in 1914–17, contributed to the emergence of Uzbek drama and the rise of theater among the people. Through lawyer Davronbek, he exposed the lawlessness in Turkestan and the ignorance of the world. "Is Advocacy Easy?" In his work, he portrayed a number of poppies and gamblers, showing the decline of spiritual life. He wrote about the struggle against the monarchy, the Portuguese Revolution of 1910 under his banner, and the Young Turks Revolution of 1909 in Turkey ("Two Loves"), expanding the range of topics and ideas in our literature. In "We and You" he described the struggle of Turkestan in the early twentieth century over the old and the new with the example of specific destinies.

The most productive years of Avloni's main creative activity date back to the October Revolution of 1917.

Avloni's work began to be studied in the late 60s. Samples of his works in various genres have now been published in separate books.