Amir Temur's foreign policy and military campaigns.
The Golden Horde and White Horde states posed a great threat to the activities of the great entrepreneur Amir Temur in creating a centralized state and strengthening it. Trade caravan routes between East and Farb were also under their control.
The events in the White Horde in the mid-70s of the XIV century, the White Horde Khan Oruskhan and his son Temurmalik, the battles with the blind Tokhtamysh, the defeat of the Golden Horde made it possible for Amir Temur's state to be strengthened in a centralized manner.
The Great Amir Temur, as a skilled general, raised a highly disciplined army. They were managed on the basis of tens, hundredths, thousandths, tumankals. During military campaigns, "every 18 ordinary soldiers should take with them one tent, each of them two horses, one bow, one arrow, one sword, saw, belt, one bag, an axe, ten needles and one leather. they must take a bag"1 made.
For the masters, it was considered obligatory for every soldier to be well versed in fighting techniques. He paid great attention to his army and believed that they should strictly follow the rules, be fierce and courageous in battle, be gentle and fair to the enemy. According to Ibn Arabshah, there were many pious, generous, pious people among Timur's soldiers. They are accustomed to give alms to the poor, to lend a helping hand when they are in dire straits, to be gentle with captives, and to set them free.
Commanders such as Amir Khoja Sayfiddin, Amir Suleiman Khash, Amir Akbuga, Amir Soribuga, Amir Birandik, Sheikh Ali Bahadir, Temur Tosh, Barathoja, Amir Davud Barlos, Amir Muyad, Arlot served in the army of Amir Temur. those who did. Amir Temur's sons and grandsons also commanded the army in some campaigns.
In 1380-1382, Amir Temur subdued the lands of Khurasan and captured Herat, Astrobad, Domgan, Semnon and Mazandaran.
Amir Temur focused his first major campaigns on Iran, Armenia, Georgia and Iraq. The Muzaffari dynasty ruling in southern Isfahan, Iran, and the Elkhanids ruling in Iraq and Azerbaijan surrendered to Amir Temur. Armenia and Georgia were also occupied.
In May 1398, the march to Afghanistan and India began. Kabul was captured in August, and Delhi was captured on December 15.
After hearing the news about the death of Barsuq, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, Amir Temur left for Egypt in October 1399. The young sultan Faraj, who sat on the throne in Barsuq's place, could not stop the armies of Sahibqiran. In 1400, Syria and Egypt were also conquered.
At this time, Sultan Bayazid of Turkey was threatening the whole of Europe. His army moved like lightning and began to win decisive victories. That is why Bayazid was given the nickname "Lightning". In 1396, he won a victory over a European army of 100 people. The best of European knights will die in battle. Because of this, the European countries chose only Amir Temur as a powerful force against the Turks. Therefore, these countries regularly sent their ambassadors, seeking to establish military, political and trade relations with the state of Amir Temur. In 1401, Payo de Satamayor and Don Hernon Sanchez, the ambassadors of Henry III of Castile, visited Amir Temur, who was in Karabagh. Francis and Alexander, the ambassadors of Ion, the regent of Constantinople, come with an offer to fight together against Bayazid. Emperor Manuel III of Greece makes the same proposal. And the ruler of Venice promises to help Amir Temur in this matter with a fleet.
Amir Temur, ignoring these requests and promises, sent a friendly letter to Bayazid, asking him to send back his opponent Kara Yusuf. But he receives an insulting answer from Bayazid. It is this insult that causes war between the two. In July 1402, in a battle near Ankara, Amir Temur with an army of 2000 thousand people won over Bayezid and his troops. Bayazid is captured.
Amir Temur's indiscriminate patriotism can be seen in this place, even though he achieved a complete victory, he did not annex Turkey to his country, but replaced Bayazid with his son. makes him a sultan.
Amir Temur got the title "European savior" thanks to the victory near Ankara. He saved Europe from destruction and tyranny.
This victory was one of the great and great victories of Amir Temur's troops, and it was an incomparable celebration of Temur's military theory and tactics. The establishment and expansion of diplomatic and trade relations between Samarkand and European countries also began in this period.
Amir Temur set the only goal of subjugating China, which had an important position at that time, and began to prepare carefully for this. After several years of careful preparation, in 1404 he started marching towards China with an army of 200 warriors to realize his goal.
In this way, during his three-year (1386-1388), five-year (1392-1398), and seven-year (1399-1405) campaigns, Amir Temur ended the state of Jaloyirs in Azerbaijan, the state of warlords in Sabzavor, the state of Kurds in Herat, Iran and Khorasan, India , occupies the lands of Syria and Egypt.
But on February 1405, 15, he fell ill and died in the city of O'tror during a military campaign. In this way, Sahibqiran's plan to conquer the great China was not realized.
Jahangir Amir Temur fought many battles during his career, from the Black, Aegean and Mediterranean seas to the east of India, Mongolia, China, the Ural Mountains, the outskirts of Moscow and the banks of the Dnieper. conquered the territory.
Amir Temur conquered 27 countries as a result of his military campaigns. As written in the book "Mujmal-i-osikhi" by Fasih Hawafi: "From 1370 to 1404, Amir Temur, who raised his army almost 30 times, always had the upper hand".1
In this way, Amir Temur founded a great kingdom, put an end to feudal disunity, constant wars and quarrels, and finally established peace in this kingdom.
The fact that Amir Temur developed an independent centralized state military doctorate is a proof of his great generalship. The fact that the secrets of the great commander's military art, his military lessons are studied in our independent Uzbekistan and even in other large countries is a proof of our opinion.
