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Atmospheric air pollution and it
protection.
Grid
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A general understanding of the atmosphere.
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Sources of air pollution.
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Negative air pollution
circumstances and its consequences.
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Protection of the atmosphere.
Basic concepts: atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere,
exosphere, ozone layer, global greenhouse, acid rain,
photochemical smog.
A general understanding of the atmosphere.
The word atmosphere is derived from the Greek word (atm-vapour, sphere-shell), which means air shell, and is one of the main sources of life in the biosphere. The atmosphere is the protective layer of the earth, it protects all living organisms from harmful cosmic rays and meteorites falling from the sky. It keeps the heat on the surface of our planet. If there was no atmosphere, the temperature on the earth would be +1000C during the day and -1000C at night. Clouds are formed in it, rain, snow are formed, wind is formed, it also provides moisture to the earth, transmits sound and is a source of life-giving oxygen.
The atmosphere is divided into the following layers.
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Troposphere - 0-15 km above the earth's surface
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Stratosphere - up to 15-50 km
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Mesosphere - up to 50-80 km
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Thermosphere - up to 80-800 km
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Exosphere - above 800-1000 km.
The atmosphere is a whole shell with these layers.
The gas composition of the atmosphere is almost constant: there is mainly nitrogen-78,09%, oxygen-20,95%, argon-0,93%, carbon dioxide-0,03%. At the same time, there are also inert gases: helium, neon, xenon, hydrogen, krypton, methane, ammonia, iodine, radon gases, and there are always 3-4% water vapors and dust in the air.
The air that makes up the atmosphere has density. As the pressure increases, the density of gases decreases. The atmosphere weighs us down and everything in the atmosphere. The mass of the Earth's atmosphere is 5,27. It is 1015 tons.
Sources of air pollution.
Physical, chemical and biological changes in the atmosphere affect living organisms. In recent years, changes in gas balance have been observed as a result of increasing human influence. Changes in the constant amount of gases in the atmosphere have been found to have negative consequences for our planet.
As the great thinker Abu Ali Ibn Sina said, "If there were no dust and smoke in the air, a person would live up to a thousand years."
Atmospheric pollution means changes in its physical and chemical properties as a result of the addition of toxic compounds to the air.
In addition to humanity, the atmospheric air, which gives life to all animals, is currently polluted by two sources: natural factors and the product of human activities - anthropogenic (artificial) sources. Examples of natural factors include cosmic dust, volcanic eruptions, rock erosion and soil erosion, plant and animal remains, forest and steppe fires, and salt particles released into the air by sea waves. possible
Artificial pollution of the atmosphere: road transport takes the first place (40%), energy industry takes the second place (20%), enterprise and organization production takes the third place (14%), agricultural production, household public utility and others account for pollution (26%).
In various regions of the globe, where there are many chemical enterprises, atmospheric air pollution is very noticeable. For example: in Japan, the USA, Europe, Russia, Tajikistan (TADAZ) and China, and in our republic, cities such as Tashkent, Fergana, Chirchik, Bekobad, Navoi, Almalyk can be shown.
Currently, 500 million tons of sulfur gas, sulfate oxide, nitrogen oxide, 6,5-7 bln. t. carbon dioxide is released. Airplanes also play a big role in air pollution and consumption of a lot of oxygen. When a single jet plane flies from America to Europe in 8 hours, it burns up to 50-100 tons of oxygen, that is, 100 hectares of forests emit it in one day, and the ozone layer is depleted in a radius of 16 km for a spaceship to enter space.
Agricultural production also contributes to atmospheric air pollution, where poultry and livestock complexes, meat processing plants, chemical fertilizers, and harmful chemicals have a greater impact. In addition to these, dust, gases, odors from sewers, car wheels, shoes, kitchens, etc. also pollute the atmosphere.
Negative situations that arise as a result of air pollution and
its consequences.
Severe air pollution has a negative effect on human health, as well as on all living things. A person breathes an average of 25 kg of air per day. Harmful dust, particles, and harmful gases in the air accumulate in the human body. As a result, it causes an increase in diseases such as skin and eye diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, high blood pressure, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, shortness of breath, and lung cancer. An increase in the overall incidence among children has been noted.
As a result of the presence of sulfur oxide in the air, people develop bronchitis and gastritis.
Air pollution also harms plants and animals. It goes to the leaves of the plant, and through the soil and water to the roots. Polluted air harms plants and disrupts their metabolism of matter and energy. Agricultural crops and fruit trees also become less productive. Harmful gases released from industry and transport have a negative effect on the process of photosynthesis. Reduces transpiration up to 3 times.
While it lives 300-400 years in fields, 120-220 years in city parks, 40-50 years around highways.
Air pollution also affects animals, causing their poisoning and sometimes death. Due to the disease, poisoning and extermination of animal species, due to the use of chemical weapons in the US wars in Vietnam and Laos, 170 bird species out of 24 bird species, 55 species of mammals out of 5 species are now left.
As a result of the release of billions of tons of SO2 gas into the atmosphere, the average temperature of our planet has increased by 1850oC compared to 0,5. If the amount of SO2 in the atmosphere continues to increase, its amount may reach 2025% by 0,0379, which is estimated to increase the temperature of the planet earth by 1,8oC. An increase in the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere will lead to the melting of glaciers, a rise in water levels, which will reduce arable land, increase rainfall, and change the climate.
In the last 25-30 years, acid rain has become a real environmental disaster in some countries. When any fossil fuel is burned, the exhaust gases contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Millions of tons of these compounds are released into the atmosphere, turning rain into acid. In recent years, the USA, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Russia and other developed countries have started to dry up large areas of forests under the influence of acid rain. Such rains reduce soil fertility, erode buildings, historical monuments, and harm human health.
The toxic fog "smog" observed due to stagnant air in some regions has a very negative effect on human health. More than 1952 people died as a result of the smog that occurred in London on December 5-9, 4000. Photochemical smog refers to the reaction of industrial and transport exhaust gases under the influence of sunlight to form dangerous compounds. In particular, the formation and increase in the amount of ozone, formaldehyde and other compounds is transmitted. Necessary measures should be taken quickly to reduce atmospheric air pollution on earth.
As the American meteorologist Louis Battan said: "Either people reduce the smoke in the air, or the smoke reduces the people on the earth."
In developed countries, environmental pollution is caused by toxic substances emitted by car engines. In some capitalist countries, for example: Japan, as a result of the large number of cars, the police officer controlling the street traffic has to change his oxygen mask every 2 hours. That is why experts call cars "chemical factory on wheels". The gas emitted by the car engine contains carbon oxides, carbon dioxide, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, carbohydrates, and lead compounds, which have a negative effect on human health. Carbon oxides combine with hemoglobin in the blood, reducing its oxygen reduces the transport function. The lead compound passes through the respiratory tract and damages the heart and blood vessels of people.
Atmospheric pollution from space is caused by cosmic dust. 10 mln.t per year to the surface of the earth. cosmic dust falls. The most dangerous are various dust, meteor particles, and radiation streams coming to Earth from outer space. Various particles released into the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and erosion of rocks can float in the air for several years. For example: in 1883, a powerful volcano erupted in Karakatau (Indonesia), and so many dust particles were released into the atmosphere that it covered 8-24 km in height and 16 km in thickness and flew in the air for 5 years.
Atmospheric air pollution is one of the main environmental problems in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The level of air pollution is very high in the economic regions of Tashkent and Fergana, where the population, industry and transport are highly concentrated, and in the cities of Almalik, Tashkent, Fergana, Bekobod, Andijan, Chirchik, and Navoi, which are centers of metallurgy, chemistry and mechanical engineering.
There are more than 46600 vehicles and more than 6700 large stationary sources that have an impact on the atmosphere in our region, and more than 320000 tons of harmful substances are released into the atmosphere per year. Of this, 212,4 thousand tons. to fixed resources, 108,2 thousand t. corresponds to the moving sources. Among them, the first-class objects that pollute atmospheric air include:
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Mubarak gas processing plant 55 thousand t.
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Mubarak Gas Fields Unitary Subsidiary Enterprise 5 thousand t.
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Shu'rtan Oil and Gas Unitary Subsidiary Enterprise 70 t.
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Shu'rtan gas chemical complex 15 thousand tons.
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Mubarak thermal power plant 10 thousand tons.