Environmental pollution by industrial enterprises

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Environmental pollution by industrial enterprises

 

                                         Plan:

1. Chemical industry pollutes the environment.

2. Effects of industrial waste on living organisms.

3. Processing of industrial waste.

4. Impact of cotton gins on the environment.

Description of chemical substances. Environmental pollution is observed as a result of natural phenomena, including volcanoes, earthquakes, meteorite falls, floods, hurricanes, fires, droughts, as well as direct human activities. Natural and anthropogenic pollution of the environment is mainly observed in the presence of chemicals.

            The result of the negative impact of man on nature has especially intensified during the era of science and technology. The development of plants and factories based on scientific and technical achievements, the revival of agriculture led to the growth of the national economy, as well as the waste of natural resources, pollution of the environment with waste.

Environmental pollutants are mainly chemicals. We mainly divide them into two large groups: chemicals that pollute the environment and chemical preparations produced by chemical industry enterprises.

100 bln. more than tons of coal, oil, peat etc. were mined. As a result of their use as fuel, 3,8 bln. tons of ash and dust spread into the atmosphere. Together with this ash and dust, 1,9 bln. arsenic, and 1,2 billion tons of toxic antimony, zinc, 68 million tons. zinc, 4 million tons. lead, cadmium 20-22 thousand tons, nickel 50 thousand tons, fluorine 4 thousand tons, phosphorus (R₂O₅) 35 million t., smob 15-48 thousand t., pesticides 3.2 million t., polychlorinated biphenyl 500 thousand t., benzopyrene 8 thousand t., fluorocarbons 710 thousand t., copper: 65 thousand t. to the atmosphere; 80 thousand tons as solid waste; 100 thousand tons. as a fertilizer, it is released into the air, soil and water. This, in turn, accumulates in almost all living environments as a result of the phenomenon of substances in nature and causes the natural balance to be disturbed.

Chemical substances released and produced from industrial enterprises. 7 billion to the environment. on the basis of the waste of industrial enterprises, falling about XNUMX ton: carbon oxides (SO, SO₂); sulfur oxides (SO, SO₂); hydrogen sulfide (H₂S); nitrogen oxides (NO, NOx); ammonia (NH₃); from inert gases: freons (SN₃ClF, C₂H₄ClF); hydrogen fluoride (HF); hydrocarbons (CH4, SnN_2+2n), heavy metals iron (Fe), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), mercury, etc. There are more than a few thousand of them. According to the amount of waste of industrial enterprises on the impact on the environment: energy (31%); automotive industry (24%); ferrous metallurgy (14%); building materials industry (11%); non-ferrous metallurgy (7%); oil refining (5%); chemical industry (4%) and the rest belong to other sectors.

Another chemical that pollutes the environment is toxic chemicals and chemical fertilizers. We call poisonous chemical preparations pesticides (Latin water pestis- poison and cid- to kill). We divide them into three groups according to their chemical composition: 1. inorganic compounds (marginium, copper, zinc, fluorine, barium, mercury, sulfur compounds, chlorates and other compounds); 2. chemical substances obtained from plants, fungi, bacteria (pyrethroids, anabazin, nicotine, bacterial preparations, antibiotics, etc.); 3. organic compounds, they are active substances in terms of effect.

Pesticides are divided into several groups depending on their use:

1. insecticides (insectum-insect, cido-to kill) - preparations against plant pests (acaricides-against mites; lavricides-against roundworms; nematocides-slimy worms and tadpoles; zoocides-animals);

2. fungicides and bactericides - preparations against fungi and bacteria;

3. herbicides - means of fighting against weeds;

4. defoliants - means of artificial shedding of leaves;

5. desiccants - drugs that freeze and dry the roots of plants;

6. arboricides are chemicals that kill interfering trees;

7. algicides – chemicals to kill algae;

8. repellents - a chemical agent that repels insects;

9. Attractants are chemicals that attract insects.

With the discovery of the first pesticides in 1874, humans began to fight against pests. To this day DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) on the earth used up to 2-5 million tons. Taking into account that its decomposition period is 3-25 years, it can be seen that its impact on the environment has not decreased yet. In 1970, the development of DDT was stopped and its use was abolished. DDT has had negative effects not only on insects but also on fish, birds, animals and humans.

During oil processing, 20 compounds consisting of more than 805 elements are released into the environment in large quantities. Examples of them are: methylmercury, alkanes, cycloalkanes, phosphorus, vanadium, manganese, chromium, cobalt, and boron compounds.

To date, the industrial enterprises of our republic have released 2000 million tons of about 2.5 pollutants into the atmosphere, 1500 million cubic meters of polluted wastewater from about 170 ingredients into water bodies, and about 50 chemicals and about 150 pesticides into the soil, and the amount of industrial, household waste and chemicals has reached 289 million tons. .

Effects of chemicals on the environment. In the XNUMXst century, man has an aggressive relationship with nature, as a result of which, first of all, great damage is done to nature, which has a negative effect on the natural balance, causes global environmental problems, and at the same time harms human health.

Every year, 2.9 billion tons of various products are developed on our planet, 130 billion tons of ore are mined, which means that for each ton of products we produce 25-60 tons of waste. If we consider that 9-12% of the land is agricultural land, 22-25% is pasture land, 2-3% is land, housing, enterprises, and 1% is mineral resources, then every 17-24 tons of waste per square kilometer.

To date, 68 million tons are produced every year. zinc, 4 million tons. lead, cadmium 20-22 thousand tons, nickel 50 thousand tons, fluorine 4 thousand tons, phosphorus (R2O5) 35 million tons, smob 15-48 thousand tons, pesticides 3.2 million tons, polychlorinated biphenyl 500 thousand t., benzopyrene 8 thousand t., fluorocarbons 710 thousand t., copper: 65 thousand t. to the atmosphere; 80 thousand tons as solid waste; 100 thousand tons. is being thrown into nature as fertilizer.

Measures to reduce the impact of chemicals on the environment. Nature is a source that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people. Nature is all material existence. Nature and society are two parts of a whole being that are closely connected with each other.

            In addition to the common characteristics of man and the environment, there are also specific aspects. All things necessary for human existence - food, clothing, building materials, etc. are taken from nature. To achieve this, natural resources are used, of course, these raw materials must be processed. A huge industrial infrastructure has been created for this. As we discussed above, industrial enterprises not only produce products, but also throw waste into the environment, which has a negative impact on nature.

            Today, the world's population has reached 7 billion, which, of course, leads to greater use of natural resources. As a result, the environmental waste is increasing year by year. Therefore, protecting Mother Nature from industrial wastes that affect our environment remains the need of the hour, because polluted natural environment has a negative impact not only on humans but also on our nature. In this regard, several measures have been developed not only by our country, but also by the countries of the world. At the international level, many conventions have been developed by the UN and are currently in force.

            In order to reduce the emissions of industrial enterprises, we should first of all use waste-free processes with the use of advanced technologies that meet the requirements of the present time. The main goal is to save natural resources and reduce the negative impact on the environment, as well as restore human health. All industrial enterprises to be established in our country today are equipped with modern technologies. As a result, the ecological condition of our republic is improving.

4. Primary processing of cotton, transportation, drying, cleaning, ginning, lintering, processing of fibrous waste of production, a large amount of dust is released into the air and atmosphere of production buildings. Dust mainly consists of 3 fractions: dirty particles - crushed pieces of cotton; fibrous and mineral particles (mineral particles pass through the soil to cotton); are dirty and fibrous particles of dust released from cotton during processing.

All processed air released into the atmosphere is divided into technological and aspiration types: the first one comes from technological machines and equipment, the second one comes from dusting systems.

Air transport of cotton, fiber, lint, and production waste is the main section for exhaust air in the cotton gin.

The drying-cleaning, ginning, lintering, and fiber waste processing shops generate a considerable amount of dust. The composition of the dust released during the technological process in the cotton ginning enterprise changes. At the beginning of the initial processing of cotton, dust containing a large amount of mineral fractions is released into the air. The dust released during the further processing of cotton - fiber and lint - contains more organic substances: these are seed husks, leaf pieces and other parts of the cotton, as well as fibrous fragments.