Nature protection and use of natural resources in Uzbekistan

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Nature protection and use of natural resources in Uzbekistan

 

   Plan:

1. General nature and nature protection of Uzbekistan

issues

2. Constitutional and legal protection of nature

basics

3. Non-state and state in nature conservation

       the role of organizations

4. Protected natural areas in the population

 

Course Objectives: To strengthen the feelings of patriotism by increasing love for the nature of Uzbekistan, to give an understanding of the natural resources of Uzbekistan and the basics of their protection, and the activities of state and public organizations in this regard.

 

General issues of natural and nature protection of Uzbekistan

The nature of Uzbekistan is incredibly beautiful and rich in peaceful places, and its mountainous areas such as Shakhimardon, Bakhmal, and Chimyan can be rightfully compared to the nature of Switzerland. A day's rest in the nature of Omonkuton, Ogaliq and Sarmish in spring and summer months gives a person plenty of spiritual and physical nourishment. The nature of deserts and valleys in the republic is also unique. They serve as a source of spiritual and material wealth for a person. The world-famous black and antique leathers are also created in the deserts of Uzbekistan.

Uzbekistan also has a special place among the CIS countries due to the abundance of surface and underground resources. 658 species of vertebrates live in its territory, including 97 species of mammals, 424 species of birds and 79 species of fish, various amphibians and reptiles. Its flora includes more than 4,5 species.

         The land of Uzbekistan is rich in mineral raw materials. Almost all the elements of Mendeleev's periodic system were found on this land. These mineral resources are located in 900 discovered mines and about 2000 mines that will be explored and used in the future. The fact that Uzbekistan ranks fourth in the world in terms of gold reserves shows how rich its soil is. In addition, in terms of natural resources, the republic is distinguished by its wealth of oil, gas, non-ferrous and rare metals, coal and phosphorites, limestone, marble, granite and various salt deposits. Its healing waters are no less than the world-famous Caucasian waters with their reserves and useful minerals. 12 sanatoriums operate from this water base, water from 9 mines is packaged at the factory and supplied for public consumption.

         In many developed countries of the world, the availability of such land in Uzbekistan is another bright side of the republic's bright prospects. Out of 27,5 million hectares of land that can be used for agriculture in the republic, 5,0 million hectares are cultivated (18%). Of these, 4,2 million hectares are irrigated lands, and the rest are dry lands. Effective use of water, the introduction of drip, sprinkler and wet irrigation technologies allows to expand the irrigated agricultural areas by acquiring new lands while reducing the consumption of water in agriculture.

         Sufficient land reserves allow to develop cattle breeding in the republic, to improve the provision of meat, milk and leather products to the population. There are 44,9 mln. 22,5 million hectares of area. hectare is used for cattle breeding.

         Irrigated lands occupy an important place among land resources. Although these lands make up only 15% of the area used for agriculture, they provide 95% of the total agricultural products produced. Millions of tons of cotton, grain and vegetable products, which are valuable technical raw materials, are grown on this land. Sweet-sugar fruits grown in Serkuyosh Uzbekistan have no equal in the world. Fruits and vegetables not only supply the population of the republic, but are exported to neighboring countries and even to distant countries.

         Another important natural wealth of Uzbekistan is the large and small rivers that flow through its territory. The total length of these rivers, which are more than 20, is about 7,5 thousand km, and according to the average data of many years, they flow about 3,7 km per second. cubic water flows. The total annual consumption of water on this day in the republic is 65 km. taking into account its cubic capacity, it is clear that there are still additional opportunities to develop the national economy while sending enough water to restore the Aral Sea.

         However, despite the abundance of resources created by nature, their use in Uzbekistan is not at the level of today's demand. The low environmental level of the population, the late introduction of environmental education and the fact that it still cannot produce the desired result still has its effect on all aspects of the use of natural resources. It's not a secret. Most of the people who love to relax in the bosom of nature do not know the rules of using nature for recreational purposes or simply do not follow it. As a result, they leave behind garbage items such as empty dishes and other unnecessary items in the recreation areas. They also unknowingly harm the nature by collecting rare and rare plants. Persecution of lizards, goats and snakes also indicates the low level of ecology in our nation. These and similar events that occur around us make the issue of the need for improvement in the educational system a cross-sectional issue.

         The low level of ecological culture is noticeable in the use of land, water and other natural resources. A large part of the territory of the republic (52,3%) is pastures, and their use is in an unsatisfactory condition. In the countries where animal husbandry is properly established, the use of pastures in a scheme was established several decades ago, but such an arrangement has not yet entered our animal husbandry. A large concentration of livestock in the most productive pastures leads to the eating of many plants on the one hand, and on the other hand to crushing of the soil layer, its erosion, and as a result, to the impoverishment of the pasture. According to the data of 1993, 9 mln. hectare is affected by wind and water erosion.

         The culture of farming in the republic cannot be said to be at the level of demand. Despite the fact that most of the irrigated areas border desert areas and strong winds and summer heat often blow from these areas, little attention has been paid to the creation of tree groves that act as a barrier to the winds. In recent years, the traditions of establishing new forests in the forestry system have been almost forgotten. The old groves have already been lost, and the land left by them has been turned into arable land by farmers. In this matter, we could not preserve the achievements of our ancestors who were "simpler" and "less literate" than us, such as planting trees around the land and along the streams. The annual planting months announced by government decisions and the millions of plantings carried out during these months according to statistical reports have not yet turned Uzbekistan into a prosperous country. But in the following years, some progress has been made in beautification and greening of cities and villages. This will bear fruit in the near future.

         The use of other types of natural resources, such as water and nature's gifts, is also wasteful. In terms of melioration, the consumption of water for washing the salt of poorly prepared and uneven lands is up to 5 thousand cubic meters per hectare instead of the standard 20 thousand cubic meters. In the lower reaches of the Amudarya, it is even more. On top of that, there are cases of the river water being pumped out at the expense of large sums of money being left to the miners for no purpose in some places.

         The use of groundwater for drinking purposes is insufficient. Reserves are 17,6 km per year. enough to get a cubic meter of water. When so much water is taken, the water level in some places does not rise and remains at the same level throughout the year. But currently 3,43 km annually for drinking purposes. only water is taken around the cube. The second side of the problem is that drinking water supplied to the population through pipelines is mainly underground water, and according to the data of 1993, 257 cities, settlements and district centers were provided with such water. The consumption of tap water in the republic is 6,7 million cubic meters per day (1,1 billion cubic meters per year), which is mainly supplied to the population through communal water pipes. These aqueducts draw water from 11 open water sources, 175 underground water wells and 11 mixed sources. Daily consumption of water per person in places where communal water pipelines work is 449 liters on average, including 505 liters in cities, 301 liters in settlements. and in district centers - 171 liters. These indicators are average, and in some places it is very low. In 9 cities, towns and districts, the daily consumption of water per person is less than 100 liters. On top of that, 25-35% of the water sent for drinking and technical purposes (washing, bathing, landscaping, etc.) is wasted due to the fact that the water comes from one pipe, the pipes are worn out, and irrigation of the fields in urban areas is wasted.

         The quality of drinking water is not good everywhere. 30% of the total tap water consumed by the population does not meet the quality standards. Its quality is especially bad in Karakalpakstan, Khorezm, Bukhara and Navoi regions.

         Currently, a scheme has been developed to improve the provision of quality drinking water to the population of the republic, which includes the period up to 2005. It envisages full supply of drinking water to all cities, improvement of water quality, increase of capacity of communal water pipelines to 3,1 meters and increase of their length to 2,1 meters. According to this scheme, in 1992, the first line of the Damkhoja-Bukhara water pipeline was launched in order to provide quality drinking water to some districts of Samarkand region, as well as Navoi and Bukhara regions. The length of this water main is 210 km. and mineralization of water is 0,4-0,5 g/liter. Also, according to the scheme, in order to improve the provision of drinking water to the residents of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm region, a pipeline was laid from the Tuyamuyin reservoir to those places - in 1990, the first line of the Tuyamuyin-Urganch water main, in 1992 the second line of the Tuyamuyin-Nukus main. Queue I was viewed and started. Currently, 200-220 thousand m per day to the population. cubic drinking water is delivered through pipes.

         The damage caused to nature is especially great in the use of fossil resources. In the process of searching for fossil resources, extracting them, transporting and processing them, the surface of many areas is crushed together with its vegetation, the relief changes, the structure of the soil is damaged, and it becomes unusable. 170 hectares of land are reserved for work related to Uranium extraction in Zafarabad Central Ore Department alone, and these lands have become unusable in various degrees. Waste from the Muruntov gold mine in Zarafshan covers 10 hectares of fertile land. These wastes contain various compounds that poison the biosphere. Not only land, but also water and air are polluted with waste from the republic's industry. According to the data, 4 million tons of harmful substances are released into the atmosphere of the republic every year. Half of these are carbon monoxide, the rest are hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc. The removal of dozens of tons of phosphogypsum from the Shargun coal mine and kaolin from the Angren coal mine as ore waste is an economic and environmental loss for our country.

         However, in recent years, many measures have been taken to prevent wasteful use of nature in our republic. There are also a number of promising plans for the use of underground resources. The natural methane produced in the republic includes ethane, propane and butane, from which polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride will be produced in the future, and nitrile-acrylic acid will be produced from propane produced in the Shortan gas chemical complex and nitron fiber will be produced from it. It is also planned to introduce processing of sulfur compounds in the gas and gas condensate processing industry. Alumina (aluminum oxide) and aluminum, refractory materials, ceramic coatings, porcelain, faience, cement and other types of products can be obtained from Angren kaolin. Accordingly, construction of a factory producing enriched kaolin and alumina is planned. The commissioning of the Kyzylkum phosphorite combine under construction is of particular importance in raising the economic potential of the republic. 2,7 million per year. tons of phosphorite concentrate is set. In addition, it is planned to establish joint enterprises in the future on the basis of Karakat and North Jetitov phosphorite deposits.

         Currently, a soda factory is being built in Kungirot for the purpose of producing calcium and caustic soda from rock salt obtained from the Barsakelmas mine.

         There are promising plans to increase gold extraction. Dovgistov and Omontov gold mines were put into operation in 1994 with the help of the Uzbek-British joint venture "Omontov Goldfields" established in 1998. A development agreement was concluded. All these works are ultimately aimed at developing the economic potential of the republic based on the effective use of natural resources.

         Constitutional and legal foundations of nature protection

         in Uzbekistan nature protection work was put on the constitutional basis in the first years of the country's independence. Article 1992 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted on December 8, 50 stipulates that all citizens living in the territory of Uzbekistan are obliged to protect the environment. Article 55 of it states that all types of natural resources are national, and that they are protected by the state. Article 100 of the Constitution stipulates the establishment of standing commissions in the Oliy Majlis of People's Deputies, regional, city and district councils in the field of nature protection, along with other areas of the national economy, in order to regulate the relations between society and nature within the framework of the government.

         Dozens of Laws on nature protection have been developed and adopted in the republic, which serve as effective legal documents in maintaining the purity of the environment and regulating the use of natural resources. Such documents were defined by the legislation of the Union before the independence of the republic. These are the following:

1. Fundamentals of land legislation of the USSR and the Allied republics

2. Law on underground resources of the USSR and Allied republics

3. Fundamentals of water legislation of the USSR and the Allied republics

4. Basics of forest legislation of the USSR and the Allied republics

5. Law of the USSR on the protection and use of the animal world

6. Law of the USSR on protection of atmospheric air

According to these legal documents, taking into account local conditions, a number of legal and regulatory documents on nature protection and use of natural resources were adopted in our republic, when it was still part of the Union. These are:

1. Land Code of the Uzbek SSR

2. Code of underground resources of Uzbekistan SSR

3. Water Code of Uzbekistan SSR

4. Forest Code of Uzbekistan SSR

5. Law of the Uzbek SSR on protection of atmospheric air

Almost all of these codes are still in force. However, as the republic entered the market economy in the years of independence, some additions were made to these documents. These additions are mainly aimed at introducing procedures for the paid use of nature. For example, the addendum to the Land Code mainly states that while the land remains the state's, it is given to organizations and individuals for use for a certain period of time, and land tax is collected from them.

One of the important documents of the years of independence is the "Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Nature Protection" adopted on December 1992, 9. This law embodies all the procedures for the protection and use of nature. In this, the main focus is on the wise use of all natural resources, not to harm them, and at the same time, the rights of citizens in the use of natural resources are legally guaranteed. All subsequent legal documents on land, water, air, underground resources and other natural resources were developed within the framework of this Law, partially changing and supplementing it based on life conditions. These documents are:

1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Specially Protected Natural Areas (May 1993, 7)

2. Law on sanitary control

3. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on land

4. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on water and water use (May 1993, 6)

5. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on underground resources (September 1994, 22)

In addition to these, many additional regulations and other documents have been adopted, all of which are aimed at maintaining normal relations between man and nature.

The role of non-governmental and state organizations in nature protection.

         In Uzbekistan, the use of nature and its protection have deep historical roots, our ancestors used the land efficiently, planted fruit and ornamental trees and established orchards, guarded hunting grounds, and hunted animals there. those who searched for ways. That is why the rich nature of Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, was described in the Vendidad part of the Avesta book, which was created 2700 years ago by the Zoroastrian peoples (before the Muslim religion). The Uzbek people living under the feudal system had the opportunity to grow at least a pair of fruit trees in front of the gate of their yard before and after joining the former union. In order to reduce the good intentions of people in taking care of this and similar nature to a certain order, public organizations gradually appeared. Examples of such non-governmental organizations are "Uzbekistan Nature Protection Society" and "Volunteer Society of Hunters and Fishermen", which were established in the early 60s. Departments of the nature protection society, which gathered millions of people around it, were established in all regions and districts of the republic. carried out propaganda work. In addition, these societies served as close assistants of the republican government in nature protection at that time. The society stopped its activity in 1994 and joined the "Ecology and health-"Ekosan" international fund" according to the demand of the time.

         The establishment of the "EKOSAN" fund, which currently covers 34 countries of the world, is not an accident. With the rapid exploitation of natural resources, the wastes released from them are increasing, and in the process of polluting the environment, it has become an urgent issue of our time to maintain the harmony of the ecology of the environment and to ensure that the poison of these wastes does not harm human health. This fund, whose headquarters is located in Tashkent, is currently dealing with this issue. Promoting the preservation of environmental cleanliness among the public, providing medical assistance to the residents of areas with degraded ecological environment (Aralboyi regions, Sariosiyo, Uzun, Denov and Oltinsoy districts, which are affected by waste from the Tajik aluminum plant of Surkhon Darya) and measures to improve their health. implementation is defined as one of the main goals of the "EKOSAN" fund in Uzbekistan.

         Apart from these, there are many scientific societies and representatives of international funds working on a public basis in our republic, which contribute to the protection of natural resources. For example, the department of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which started working in our republic in 1996, is working on a large scale to protect this rare animal from extinction by creating a genetic fund of the Bukhara deer, which is spread throughout Central Asia.

         The activity of state organizations in the protection of the nature of the republic is particularly effective. Until the end of the 80s, several state organizations (the State Hydrometeorological Committee, the Ministries of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry, etc.) were engaged in this work. Dispersion in work and inter-departmental divisions reduced the effect of work and led to useless repetitions.

         The establishment of the State Committee for Nature Protection in 1988 made a turning point in the republic's nature protection work. This Committee, in addition to taking over the overall control of nature protection and use of natural resources, also coordinates the activities of organizations engaged in the protection of certain resources. The direct subordination of the committee to the Oliy Majlis allows it to influence all the Ministries on the issue.

         Currently, the nature protection system in the republic is divided into two:

• environmental monitoring. This work is done by the Hydrometeorological Service;

• regulating its condition by protecting the environment. This work is performed by the State Committee for Nature Protection.

Both of these systems work in three directions:

• monitoring of environmental conditions and sources of environmental pollution;

• planning the use of nature, establishing ecological expertise, developing sanitary-hygienic standards;

• protection of the nature of the environment through supervision (inspection).

Environmental monitoring —  consists of identifying various components of the biosphere and collecting information about this situation. At present, water analysis is carried out from 94 points of 187 surface water sources in the republic. The main focus is on minerals, biogenic substances, oil products, phenols, chloroorganic and phosphoorganic pesticides, heavy metals and fluorine in water.

Hydrobiological observations are carried out at more than 50 points of more than 100 water sources. The chemical composition of rainwater was analyzed. In industrially developed cities of the republic, snow water is analyzed according to 26 ingredients.

Atmospheric air conditions are studied at 25 fixed stations in 65 cities. The hydrometeorological service deals with this work. Its republican center for monitoring environmental pollution is located in Tashkent, and the center has one complex laboratory in the cities of Fergana and Navoi, laboratories for monitoring the level of air pollution in the cities of Almalik, Angren, Andijan, Bekobad, Samarkand and Chirchik, atmospheric laboratories in Bukhara, Gulistan, Nukus and Namangan. there are air monitoring groups. Its interdisciplinary laboratory is working in the territory of Sariosi district of Surkhandarya region, which is under the influence of Tajikistan aluminum plant. The center also has laboratories in the territory of the Chotkal Biosphere Reserve and the Abramov Glacier. The branches of the hydrometeorological center in the cities of Karshi, Termiz, Kogon, Sirgali and Dostlik (Khorazm region) are monitoring the state of the atmosphere in these cities.

Pollution of soil and plant cover is observed mainly in the agricultural regions of the republic and in the land areas around industrially developed cities.

Monitoring of the state of the environment is carried out within the framework of the interstate monitoring system.

 

Monitoring of sources of environmental pollution

The basis of such monitoring is the primary calculation of sources of environmental pollution, statistical data, ecological passporting, cadastre of land, water and other resources.

The initial calculation of sources of atmospheric air pollution began in 1980. Since then, this work has been continued and deepened. Currently, more than 60 immovable objects and more than 2 enterprises polluting the air in the republic have been taken into account.

The water cadastre for the control of water resources was established in 1979 and is updated every 5 years. "Uzgiprovodhoz" controls the issue of water use, "Glavgidromet" controls surface water, and "Goskomgeo" controls underground water. In 500 water-using enterprises in the republic, a permanent account of used and released (waste) water is kept.

Since 1977, "Uzgiprozem" has organized the land cadastre in order to continuously monitor the use of land and its quality.

In 1992, under the leadership of the State Committee for Nature Protection, the cadastre of the animal world was developed in order to monitor the state of the animal world, to properly manage the use of animals for hunting and other purposes.

Control of sources of environmental pollution is carried out by the Central Inspectorate specializing in analytical control under the Republican State Committee for Nature Protection and its branches in Tashkent, 11 regions and 10 cities.

Organization of nature use

The use of nature in the republic is planned based on the economic policy, which is directed to the paid use of nature. For this, a nature protection program covering the period up to 2005 was developed. According to the program, organizations and enterprises use the natural resources they need for a fee based on the established norm. They also pay compensation for their emissions into the environment.

Ecological expertise

At present, the environmental expertise service has been established under the Republican State Committee for Nature Protection, as well as the Regional Committees for Nature Protection, which provides expertise on the construction projects of newly built or reconstructed enterprises. In this, the main attention is focused on the types and amount of wastes of the future enterprise, on the adequate design of the equipment for their neutralization, and also on whether the place where the enterprise will be built is harmful to the health of the population. The construction of an enterprise that does not meet such environmental requirements is not allowed.

Development of sanitary-hygiene standards

According to the results of the monitoring of the environment and its polluting sources, sanitary and hygienic norms are developed by the health care authorities and the permissible amount of one or another type of waste (REM) is determined.

The first REM was approved in 1939 on the quality of drinking water, and the permissible amount of harmful substances in water was determined. At present, according to the purposes for which water is used, REM has been established for 1972 substances.

In 1991, 479 REMs were established according to the level of atmospheric air pollution. The amount of REM of harmful substances in the soil has been determined since 1980. At the present time, REM in the soil has been determined by 109 substances.

In addition to the above, scientific and technical regulations on the amount of harmful waste released into the air and water have been developed based on the collection of sufficient data on environmental monitoring. According to these regulations, nature protection committees issue special permits to enterprises for substances released into the atmosphere (1500 such enterprises) and effluents discharged into water (502 such enterprises).

Protection of the environment by means of supervision (inspection).

At the State Committee for Nature Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan and at the Committees of all its regions, control inspections were established to check the compliance of the use of nature with the law. These inspections check the use of land, water, air, flora and fauna on the spot and determine appropriate measures in case of violation of the law. The rights of the supervising inspectors are strengthened by the "Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Nature Protection", and they act within their powers.

Specially protected natural areas

Separately protected natural areas are places under nature protection, established mainly for the purpose of protecting flora and fauna. The total area of ​​such places is 8,9 thousand sq. km, which is 2,0% of the total area of ​​the republic. Separately protected areas are divided into 4 categories:

• state reserves. These are included in category I in terms of protection regime.

• national parks. These are included in category II in terms of protection regime.

• Order offices (zakaznik) - belonging to category IV

• state-owned nature monuments - category IV

State reserves

The number of state reserves in the republic is 9, their total area is 2164 sq/km. When choosing the area of ​​these nature reserves, the main focus is on preserving the biological diversity in the republic, that is, the nature reserves cover different types of ecosystems. Chotkal Biosphere Reserve, Hisar, Zomin and Nurota State Reserves cover mountainous areas, Surkhan State Reserve covers mountainous areas and orchards, Zarafshan and Baday-To`kai State Reserves cover orchards, Kyzylkum and the state reserve covers orchard and desert areas. In addition to these, there is Kitab Geological Reserve on the southern slope of the Zarafshan mountain range, which occupies an area of ​​53 hectares, and its purpose is to protect the ancient pictures embedded in stones.

1. Chotkal Biosphere Reserve - 1947 formed. Area - 45739 ha. The location is Parkent district of Tashkent region. Its purpose is to protect the Western Tien-Shan mountain ecosystem and carry out environmental monitoring. It was included in the system of world biosphere reserves in 1995.

2. Khysar State Reserve - 1983 Created. The area is 80986 ha. The location is the western part of the Khisar mountain range, Kashkadarya region. Its purpose is to preserve the ecosystem of the Khysar mountain ranges.

3. Zomin State Reserve - 1960 Created. The area is 21735 ha. It is located on the northern slope of the Turkestan mountain range in the Zomin district of the Jizzakh region. Its purpose is 1760-3500 m above sea level. preservation of the high-altitude arboreal ecosystem.

4. Nurota State Reserve - 1975 Created. The area is 17752 ha. The location is on the northern slope of Nurota mountain ranges, Farish district, Jizzakh region. Its purpose is to protect unique types of walnuts, Svertsov sheep and natural complexes of the reserve area.

5. Surkhan State Reserve - consists of two independent sections:

• Island-Prophet-1971. Created. It occupies 3093 ha of the Amudarya orchards near the city of Termiz. The goal is to preserve the ecosystem of orchards. Due to border unrest with Afghanistan, its activities have been suspended for the time being.

• Kokhitog-1987. Created. The area is 24583 ha. Location - Surkhandarya region. Its purpose is to preserve the mountain forest ecosystem in the southern part of Uzbekistan.

6. Zarafshan State Reserve - 1975 Created. The area is 2352 ha. It is located in Jomboy District, Samarkand Region, on the right bank of the Zarafshan River. Its purpose is to preserve the ecosystem of orchards, to breed the beautiful pheasant.

7. Baday-Tukai state reserve - 1971 Created. The area is 6462 ha. It is located in the Beruni and Kegeili districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, on the right bank of the Amudarya. Its purpose is to study and protect the ecosystem of orchards, taking into account the changes in the Amudarya water level.

8. Kyzylkum State Reserve - 1971 Created. The area is 10141 ha. It is located on the border of Bukhara and Khorezm regions on the right bank of Amudarya. Its purpose is to preserve orchards and desert ecosystems, to preserve the Bukhara deer and the Amudarya pheasant.

National parks

The total area of ​​national parks in the republic is 5800 sq. km. is equal to They are organized in mountainous areas, where, unlike the state reserve, along with protection, some economic activities (collection of medicinal plants, use of waterways, collection of fruits of mountain trees) work and similar works), as well as use it for recreational purposes is allowed. Therefore, according to the protection regime, national parks are included in category II.

There are 2 national parks in the republic:

• Ugam-Chotkal State National Nature Park-1990. established. The area is 574600 ha. It is located in the Western Tian-Shan mountain range of Tashkent region. Its purpose is to protect rare mountain landscapes and to use them for recreational purposes.

• Zomin National Park-1978. formed. The area is 24110 ha. It is located on the northern slope of the mountain range of Jizzakh region of Turkestan. Its purpose is to protect mountain landscapes. Effective use of them for recreational purposes.

Order offices

These nature reserves are established for a specified period of time in order to protect one or more types of plants or animals. The deadline for achieving the goal can be extended by the decision of local authorities.

The number of warehouses is 9, and their total area is more than 200 thousand hectares. They are as follows:

1. Karakol order office (in Bukhara region)

2. Karakir order office (in Bukhara region)

3. Dengizkol order office (in Bukhara region)

4. Karnabchol order office (in Samarkand region)

5. Koshrabot order office (in Samarkand region)

6. Sarmish order store (in Navoi region)

7. Arnasoy order office (in Jizzakh region)

8. Saigak order office (in the Republic of Karakalpakstan)

9. Sudochye order office (in the Republic of Karakalpakstan)

Questions to strengthen the topic

1. What do you know about the natural resources of Uzbekistan?

2. What rivers flow in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan?

3. What is the state of use of land resources in Uzbekistan?

4. Is the issue of nature protection included in the constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan?

5. What laws and regulatory documents do you know about nature protection in the Republic of Uzbekistan?

6. Tell us about the state organizations engaged in nature protection in Uzbekistan and their activities.

7. What is environmental expertise?

8. What do you know about specially protected natural areas?

 

Topic phrases

         beautiful nature, flora, fauna, chemical elements, land reserves, river, reservoir, reclamation, legislation, code, nature protection committee, monitoring, REM, supervision, reserve, national park , order room.