Modern personal computer scheme

We will continue to publish the most interesting information and data in the field of information technology. On our page we will tell about computers and their development steps.

What we know about computers

It’s hard to imagine our lives today without a computer. They help us write, read, listen to music, watch movies, provide weather information, use the internet, and even make medical diagnoses. There are so many types of computers that soon even a refrigerator or gas stove will become a full-fledged computer. Not many people know that the word "computer" has been used by mankind for more than 115 years. Today we offer our students interesting facts about the computer. A computer (visual computer, "counter") is a device or system capable of performing operations in a given, clearly defined sequence. It often consists of numerical calculations and data processing operations, but it also includes input-output operations. The definition of a sequence of operations is called a program. Electronic computer, computer - a set of technical means for automatic processing of information in the process of solving computational and information problems. The name "computer" in the scientific literature of the Uzbek language, computer synonym is calculated. Today, the name is almost obsolete from everyday use and is mainly used by engineers in digital electronics, as a legal term in legal documents, and in the historical context to describe large computing devices as opposed to computers and personal devices in the 1940s and 1980s. but the computer can be built on other principles - it can be mechanical, biological, optical, quantum, and so on, produced by changes in the position of mechanical parts, the motion of electrons, photons, or other physical phenomena. . In addition, depending on the type of work, the computing machine can be digital or analog. Derived from the word ‘calculation’). Originally in English, the word meant a person who performed arithmetic calculations with or without the use of mechanical devices. Later, its contents were transferred to the machines themselves, but modern computers perform many functions that are not directly related to mathematics.The first interpretation of the word computer was made in 1897 in Oxford. appeared in an English dictionary. Its creators at that time understood the computer as a mechanical computing device. In 1946, the dictionary was supplemented with additions that made it possible to distinguish between digital, analog, and electronic computer concepts.A brief history of the computer

3000 years ago - the first counter in ancient Babylon - abacus was discovered. 500 years ago - in China, a more "modern" version of the abacus, with beans on the sticks - appeared suanpan. 87 years BC - in Greece, the "anti-kiter mechanism" - a mechanical device based on a gear transmission consisting of a specialized astronomical counter. 1492 - Leonardo da Vinci in one of his diaries a 13-bit assembly device with ten gear rings. brings a sketch. Although the device based on these drawings was created only in the twentieth century, it was confirmed that Leonardo da Vinci’s project could actually be realized.Pаscaling machineXNUMXth century - In Russia, there were counters with 10 wooden balloons attached to the wire. 1623 - Wilhelm Schickard, professor at the University of Tübingen, develops a device ("counting clock") for adding and subtracting six-row decimal numbers based on gears. It is not clear whether the inventor made the device in his lifetime, but in the 1960s it was restored and proved to work much better.Circular logarithmic line (logarithmic circleа)1630. - Richard Delamain creates a circular logarithmic ruler.1642. - Blaise Pascal introduces the “Pascalino” - the first real-time device that is as popular as a mechanical digital computing device. The device sample adds and subtracts five-level decimal numbers. Pascal creates more than a dozen such counters, while the latest models count numbers in eight decimal places.1673. - The famous German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created a mechanical calculator that performs the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Leibniz later described the binary computational system, and found that zeros and ones in the vertical columns were constantly repeated if a certain group of binary numbers were written under each other. This discovery led to the idea that there were completely new laws of mathematics. Leibniz came up with the idea that a binary code is a convenient fit for a mechanical system that can operate on the basis of simple cycles of mixed active and passive. He tried to apply the binary code to mechanics and even created a computer drawing based on his new mathematics, but soon realized that the technological possibilities of his time did not allow him to create such a machine. begins.1723. - German mathematician and astronomer Christian Ludwig Gersten created an arithmetic machine based on the work of Leibniz. The machine calculates the number of consecutive operations to add when dividing and multiplying numbers. In addition, it provides the ability to control the accuracy of data entry.1786. - German military engineer Johann Müller puts forward the idea of ​​a specialized calculator for tabulating logarithms calculated by the difference method during the work on improving the Leibniz mechanical calculator based on stepped rollers, invented by his compatriot Philipp Hachn.1801. - Joseph Marie Jacquard builds a loom with program control, the working program of which is given using a set of punch cards.Arithmometer manufactured in 19321820. - The first industrial production of arithmometers began. The first place belongs to the Frenchman Tom de Calmar.A copy of the separation machine at the Museum of Science in London1822. - English mathematician Charles Babbage invented the first subtraction machine (a specialized arithmometer for the automatic construction of mathematical tables), but failed to build it.1840. - Thomas Fowler (Great Torrington) built a wooden triple counting machine with a symmetrical system of counting triples.1855. - The Stockholm brothers George and Edward Scheutz built the first separation machine based on the work of Charles Babbage.1876. - Russian mathematician PL Cheboshev created a summation apparatus with continuous addition of decimals. In 1881 he himself created an addition (Cheboshev arithmometer) to multiply and divide the apparatus.1884–1887 - Hollerite creates an electric tabulation system that was used in the United States in 1890 and 1900 and in the Russian Empire in 1897 to calculate the population.АComputing Division computer room in Ghazni, USA. 1920s1927. - A mechanical analog computer is created by Venivar Bush at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). 1938. - Engineer Konrad Suze, after graduating from the Berlin Polytechnic Institute in 1935, soon built his first machine called the Z1 (co-authored by Helmut Schreyer). It is a fully mechanically programmable digital machine. The model was a test sample and was not used in the practical study. Its restored version is housed in the German Technical Museum in Berlin.ENIAK Computers

1941. - Konrad Suze creates the first Z3 computing machine with all the features of a modern computer. 1942. - At the University of Iowa, John Atanasov and his graduate student Clifford Berry create the first AVS electronic digital computer in the United States (more precisely - developed and began to assemble). Although this machine was not completed (Atanasov went into active military service), historians write that he had a great influence on John Mockley, who created the ENIAK computer two years later.1943. head - The first American computing machine, the Mark I, designed to perform complex ballistic calculations on the American XDF, was successfully tested.1943. end - Colossus launched a specially designed British computing machine. The machine worked on analyzing secret codes.1944. - Konrad Suze creates the faster Z4 computer and the first high-level Plankalkyul programming language.1946. - The first ENIAK universal electronic computer was created.1957. - The American company NCR created the first computer running on transistors.1958. - NP Brusentsov with the group of like-minded people created the first ternary computer "Setun" with a system of symmetric positional triplets.Мura law and modern computers

The development of computer technology has accelerated dramatically since the invention of the integrated circuit. In 1965, Gordon E. Moore, one of the founders of Intel, discovered this empirical state and named it Moore's Law after him. The process of shrinking a computer is evolving at such a rapid pace. The first computers (such as the ENIAK, created in 1946) were devices that required a large room, a large number of tons of weight, and a large number of service personnel to operate successfully. They are so expensive that only the government and large research organizations can afford them. They were so rare, so rare, that they thought that only a small fraction of such systems could meet any future needs. In this sense, modern computers - much more powerful and compact and inexpensive - have become virtually ubiquitous.PDP-11/40 ComputerClassification of modern computers according to their function

• Calculator

• Console computer

• Minicomputer

• Mainframe

• Personal computer

• Workplace computer

• Laptop

• Subnotebook

• Netbook

• Smartbook

• Tablet computer

• Tablet PC

• Slate PC

• Ultramobile PC

• Internet tablet

• E-book (device)

• Game console (Game console)

• Pocket Computer (APC)

• Communicator

• Smartphone

• Handheld computer

• Workstation

• Server

• SupercomputerThe evolution of computers. What happens next

Firstly, computers are designed for computing only (this is reflected in the "computer" and "exposure"). Even the simplest computers are many times superior to humans in this field (except for some unique human-counters). The high-level programming language for performing special mathematical calculations was not in vain Fortran.Secondly, which is a huge application database. First and foremost, they were needed for governments and banks. Databases require more sophisticated computers with advanced systems for entering, retrieving, and storing information. For this purpose, the Kobol language is developed. Later, SUBDs appeared with their own programming languages.Third, the application consisted of controlling various devices. The development here goes hand in hand with the introduction of standard computer systems that gradually run control programs from narrow specialized devices (mostly analog). In addition, an increasingly large part of the equipment will include a control computer.From the fourth. Computers have evolved so rapidly that they have become the primary media both in the office and at home. Now almost anything with information - whether typing or watching movies - is often done on a computer. This applies both to the storage of information and its transmission through communication channels. The main application of modern home computers is the use of the Internet and games.Fifth. Modern supercomputers are used for computer modeling of complex physical, biological, meteorological and other processes and solving practical problems. For example, modeling nuclear reactions or climate change. Some projects are carried out using distributed calculations, when a large number of relatively empty computers simultaneously work on small parts of a common problem, thus creating a very powerful computer. iy intelligence is a device used to solve problems that are not a simple algorithm, more or less clearly defined by a computer. Examples of such tasks are games, machine translation, and expert systems.Modern personal computer scheme:

1. Monitor2. Ona plata3. Processor4. ATA port5. Random access memory6. Expansion cards7. Computer power unit8. Disk9. Hard disk10. Keyboard11. Computer mouse