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Product certification procedure. Application of certification schemes
Plan:
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Certification schemes.
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Certification Factors.
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Expert - auditors.
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Organization of work according to the standards of the international ISO 9000 series.
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Quality tu
Basic Prayers: certification schemes, expert-auditor, quality circles.
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Certification schemes
A document prepared by ISO's Committee on Certification lists eight third-party certification schemes:
The first scheme. With this scheme, only types of product samples are tested for compliance with the requirements of the standards in specially approved testing organizations. In this type of certification, only the compliance of the sample submitted for testing with the specified requirements is confirmed. Due to the simplicity and low cost of this method, it is widely used in national and international trade relations.
The second scheme. In this scheme, product samples are tested in specially approved testing organizations, and then its quality is controlled on the basis of samples taken from sales branches from time to time. This method makes it possible to assess the quality of the submitted samples as well as the quality of the mass-produced product. The advantage of the method is its simplicity. Its disadvantage is that depending on the results of control tests, if it is found that the product does not meet the standard requirements, it will still not be possible to remove it from the sales outlets, or there will be some difficulties to remove it.
Third scheme. This scheme is based on carrying out types of product samples in specially approved testing organizations, and then controlling the inspection of samples from time to time without sending them to the seller or consumer. The difference from the second scheme is that before the product reaches the sales outlets, the test control is carried out, and if non-compliance with the standard is detected, the shipment of the product to the consumer is stopped.
That's it'fourth scheme. Based on the testing of product samples in the same way as in Schemes 1 and 3, the quality of the product is taken into account by periodic inspections of sales and production samples. In this case, the product is manufactured, and its non-compliance with the standard requirements is determined after incurring certain costs for its release.
Fifth scheme. This scheme is based on conducting product samples in approved testing organizations and assessing the quality of product production, and then periodically checking and controlling the quality of samples during production at the sales branch. This certification method not only controls the quality of the product, but also controls the quality of the product produced in the enterprise. Naturally, it is important to determine the criteria for ensuring product quality in the enterprise and evaluating the system. This method is the most common scheme in industrialized countries and international certification systems. Compared to the first and fourth schemes, this scheme is the most complicated and relatively expensive scheme, and its advantage is that the consumer is sure of the high quality of the product, which is the main criterion.
Sixth scheme It is intended only to carry out the assessment of the system with the assurance of the quality of the product in the enterprise. This method is sometimes referred to as certification of the enterprise-preparer. In this type of certification, only the enterprise's ability to produce products of the specified quality level is evaluated.
Seventh scheme. Based on the selection of the product from each prepared batch of tests. Depending on the results of the selection tests, a decision will be made to increase the herd. For this type of certification, the size of the sample should be determined, which depends on the acceptable quality level of the prepared herd. According to the accepted rule, the collection of samples is carried out by authorized testing organizations. The application of this type of certification is related to the use of statistical methods.
Eighth scheme. The compliance of each manufactured product with the requirements of the standards is determined by conducting tests. In this certification method, the responsibility of the supplier is much higher than in schemes 1–7 above. Of course, only items that have successfully passed the tests will receive a certificate or mark of conformity. Scheme 8 is used when high and strict requirements are placed on the product, based on use, or when the product does not meet the standard requirements as a result of use, causing great economic damage to the consumer. This type of certification is more commonly used for products made of precious metals and alloys. The main purpose of this is to check the specified amount of precious metals, composition and purity of the item.
Currently, the advantages and disadvantages of each certification scheme are analyzed. The most perfect and complex of these is the fifth scheme. Since this scheme is complete, a modern international certification system is being created based on it.
12. 2. Certification factors
The following main factors play a decisive role in the implementation of work in the field of certification:
- the correct selection of the criterion for the product that meets the interests of the consumer in the foreign and domestic markets;
- impartiality (fairness) in conducting certification work.
It is not always accepted that the supplier's product (product) always meets the requirements of the specified standard. Because it builds its own inspection system to check product quality, which is almost one of the widely spread ways in the market and industry.
But the most convenient and efficient system of modern science, technology and technological processes should be such that, as a result, there should be no impact on the product manufacturer. From the point of view of foreign trade and international economic relations, the independence of the certification activity is of particular importance. The authority managing such certification can be standardization agencies and commercial organizations or state institutions. They have their own testing laboratories, check the qualification of product inspectors, and carry out work in the management of the quality system in enterprises, methodological assurance and other following works:
- ensuring stability of technological processes;
- the certification system performed by a third party includes product tests, which in turn is a necessary tool for determining the product's compliance (compatibility) with standard requirements;
- determination of a certification system that meets practical and economic requirements for individual products;
- comparison of certification procedures, methods and performance with other certification systems;
- having a sign (stamp) proving that the product (goods) or products have been verified or approved by the certification office, checked in relevant centers or accredited laboratories, a special sign, labels, attached document - certificates or certified must be included in the list of goods (goods) or must have a presentation for the release of the product in an enterprise that has the right to certification.
Certification has different forms, and the order of semi-tasks for its preparation and transfer, in turn, depends on the type of product, national characteristics of the set of laws and a number of other factors.
Among the main tasks in the preparation and conduct of certification:
- choosing a certifying product;
- selection of requirements and descriptions specified in product certification;
- verification of production conditions of the certifying product;
- accreditation of testing laboratories;
- conducting certification tests;
- includes issuing a certificate of conformity and marking (labeling) the product with a mark of conformity.
In the regulatory documents of the National Certification System, the procedures for preparing for certification and conducting it are defined as follows (see the diagram):
12.3. Expert - auditors
The person who actively participates in activities related to certification is an expert - auditor. He can usually participate in quality systems, production and product certification, accreditation of testing laboratories and other activities.
Expert - auditor to analyze, rationalize, defend his opinion strictly and based; to have creative ability and the ability to make the right decision in a complex situation; must have personal qualities such as honest, responsible, principled, courteous, polite and self-restrained. Expert-auditor to communicate with the employees of the audited object and get acquainted with the necessary documents; request any additional information for information (for certification purposes); to give one's proposal on the improvement of normative-methodological documents in force in the system; has the right to make comments on the correction of plans for the product, process, services, quality system and production to be certified.
Taking into account the work in the field of certification in enterprises, the national certification office "Uzstandart Agency" organizes special courses for training experts - auditors, and the organizational aspects of training in this field are considered one of the main activities of UzSMSITI. Training of expert auditors is usually carried out in two stages: acquisition of theoretical knowledge and submission of relevant official documents as a result of attestation.
A special commission formed by the agency "Uzstandart" evaluates the theoretical knowledge of the students of the special course. If the results of the evaluation are sufficient, they will be given a certificate as an expert-auditor of the national certification system (it will be rejected if the certification is not passed).
Expert auditors have specific duties and responsibilities for the tasks assigned to them.
12.4. Works according to the standards of the international ISO 9000 series
organization
ISO international standards of the 9000 series are international models for the implementation of quality systems in enterprises.
It is not possible to work with an enterprise or firm that does not have a quality system in foreign countries. Because firstly, there is no guarantee, and secondly, even when you conclude a contract, when other entities working with you find out about it, their trust in you may decrease. For this reason, we have to give very serious importance to quality systems.
Currently, the number of enterprises that have implemented international quality systems or are trying to do so in our republic is increasing. The systems of TAICHB named after Chkalov, Securities Combine are mainly provided by ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 standards, and these models differ in scope.
ISO's main standards for quality assurance:
ISO 9000, "Standards for total quality management and quality assurance. Guidelines for Selection and Application”;
ISO 9001, “Quality systems. A model that ensures quality in design and (or) production, assembly and service";
ISO 9004, “Elements of total quality management quality systems. Leadership Guidelines”;
ISO 10011 "Guidelines for quality system audits";
ISO 10012 "Requirements to ensure the quality of measuring instruments".
Along with these, the International Organization for Standardization has created a dictionary of terms in three languages and has also developed their definitions in the field of product quality assurance. In addition to these, a number of regulatory documents have been developed by ISO/HEC (MEK) (International Electrotechnical Commission).
New versions of these standards were adopted in 2002. Accordingly, significant structural and content changes were made in the standards. The number of standards is also reduced to 2. If the previous standard (ISO 9001) had 20 points, now they have been reduced to 8.
Most importantly, these standards apply a policy of continuous quality improvement as a priority and demand that consumer demand is met.
12.5. Quality balls
One of the necessary and important factors in improving product quality is the activity of quality circles (groups).
Quality balls are voluntary collective assemblies consisting of workers, engineers and servants. Their number and composition depends on the needs of production and specific working conditions.
The main purpose of the quality circles is to understand the fundamental nature of quality improvement, to introduce proposals related to the improvement of technological processes, the organization of labor and production. To do this, it is necessary to increase the reliability and durability of the manufactured product, increase the production of high-quality products, reduce unusability and complaints, increase labor productivity, improve the speed of production, and spend resources economically. Many countries have achieved more or less success by relying on certain measures and experiments to improve the quality of their products. In particular, the country of Japan stands out among the developed countries of the world. Here he pays special attention to the quality circle. At the beginning of the 60s, a quality circle was created in Japan for the first time. There's a reason for that, of course. Due to its location, Japan is a densely populated geographical object and has almost no underground resources. About 70 percent of its territory is mountainous, and it would be unreasonable for it to rely on its raw materials for industrial development. In this case, Japan would not be able to provide its people with food, and it would not be able to develop the industry sufficiently. Imported raw materials for industry and energy could be paid for with gold, precious stones and export products.
Japan has no gold, precious stones, or underground resources. For this reason, he focused on increasing exports. Currently, Japan is leading the world in the majority of products exported. These include machine tools, optical instruments, radio receivers, cameras, ships, cars and trucks, televisions, VCRs, office equipment, clocks, wheels, synthetic fiber fabrics, steel plates, etc.
Since 1962, the magazine "Quality management for foremen and foremen" has been published in Japan. The purpose of this is to deliver the news in the quality management system to the masses, especially the workers, in a timely manner through the materials and articles printed on the pages of the magazine, and to ensure that some instructions are understandable. In addition, serious attention was paid to the following important issues:
- improving the skills and abilities of employees working in the field of quality control;
- promotion of quality control methods;
- organization of quality circles for listeners at the scale of each shop, which are the basis for improving quality control in shops.
As a result, events in Japan developed as follows: in June 1967, about 10 such circles were registered, in 1969, this number was 15, and in June, 1979, 100. In March 1987, the quality circle celebrated its 5th anniversary in Japan. By this time, the number of quality circles has reached 50, and this figure is increasing by 10 every year. The number of its participants has exceeded a million. It should be noted that the circles in Japan have set themselves the goal of radically improving the quality of products due to the improvement of production processes.
Another characteristic of the Japanese method is that the work of the circles is regularly observed, studied and analyzed by the union of scientists and engineers. According to the latest data, more than 50 percent of quality circles are organized by the initiative of top managers. According to the goal of the circle organizers, the following generalized circles were organized: increase production efficiency (31,6 percent), improve product quality (16,4 percent), reduce quality costs (13,8 percent). About 38 percent of circles develop two topics in one year, 16,5 percent - three, and about 23 percent - 1 topic.
Currently, quality circles are active in the United States of America, European countries, and the People's Republic of China.
A characteristic feature of US companies is that they organize experimental circles in some areas of production and start to introduce it on a large scale only after a positive result.
In the US, club members meet once a week for 1 hour during work hours, and club work is conducted outside of work hours, and they are paid at inflated rates.
In most cases, quality circles in US companies operate for 1,5-2 years, approx. The main reason for this is the lack of their full application by the company's managers, the failure to satisfy the suggestions of the members of the circle regarding additional expenses, and the insufficient perfection of the training system. Therefore, by now, life itself demands that certain requirements should be imposed on them.
Requirements for organizational groups in quality circles in the USA:
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Participation in the circle should be voluntary. Circle members and their leaders choose the problems to be solved by themselves. In the circle, problems related to administration are not seen. They learn the principles of solving problems in the structure of the circle, which in turn is the basis for the success of the future work of the circle.
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Circle participants meet during working hours (1 hour per week). General procedure for the meeting:
- opening, admission of new members, general description of news and organizational issues - 5 minutes;
- weekly end of circle work - 5 minutes;
- about learning news and new materials in improving skills - 5 minutes;
- newly acquired knowledge applied to practical issues 40 minutes;
- conclusion, evaluation of results - 5 minutes.
Circle leaders must have sufficient qualifications, trust and voluntary consent to lead the circle. They have to be in contact with company bosses and trade unions.
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Technical consultants of all levels are obliged to assist in the work of the quality circle, and may attend meetings upon their request.
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Small and medium-sized companies will have a person who coordinates the work of their quality circle, and in large companies such persons may be one or more. The coordinating officer is the person who establishes communication between the quality circle and between the circles and between the management.
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Middle managers in the company are constantly protected by masters and technologists.
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The protection of the plans of quality circles is guaranteed by the top management of the firm.