Objectives and tasks of metrology

Objectives and tasks of metrology

Plan:

 

1. Ancient units of measurement

2. About measurements

3. Egyptian measurement system

The word "Metrology" comes from the Greek metros-width and logos means reading, reading about width, and more specifically, the science of measurements. The task of the modern historical metrology science is to clarify the history of the units of measurement used in different periods of the historical development of mankind and their compatibility with the units of the present time, to convey the priceless heritage of our ancestors to the future generations. Historical metrology is necessary in the study of socio-economic, economic, legal, and cultural history. The development of measurements is primarily related to the production conditions of the society.

Some sources note that the term metrology appears in books and tracts from the end of the XNUMXth century. However, our ancestors laid the foundations of metrology long ago.

A number of information about measurement and measurement units are given in the works of the great scientist Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khorazmi, and the great scientist Ahmad Farghani was the first in the world (in 861 ) invented a device for measuring the water level and built it and put it into practice.

In Yusuf Khos Khajib's work "Kutadgu Bilig" written in Turkish language, he was called not only to use measurements and measurement units, but also to know the knowledge related to measuring and crafting.

The Uzbek people, who have a rich cultural heritage and made an invaluable contribution to the treasure of world science, have long attached great importance to the field of metrology and its development. There were professions engaged in metrology.

There are more than 20 unexplored historical written sources in the libraries, archives and museums of our country, and if you look through them, you will certainly come across units of measurement used in the distant past.

The information about the history of the ancient measurement units included in the manual serves as an important source for studying the history of the peoples of Central Asia and our country.

 

 

Ancient units of measurement

Our ancestors laid a foundation stone on its foundation long ago. At first, they found the necessary methods for measuring time, length, surface, volume and weight needed in their daily work and used them in practice. The oldest measurement units are anthropometric, i.e. measurement units based on conformity or inclination to certain human organs. In fact, they used terms such as early, late, day, night, and day-night to measure time, but they used terms such as a step, a cubit, a cubit, a finger, a cubit, as well as grains of barley or wheat or a horse to measure length. used li. Areas and volumes were measured in comparison with other known areas or volumes. To measure the weight, the weight of one thing was compared with the weight of another thing, mainly grains (barley, wheat, peas and sorghum) and fruits (grains, walnuts and sorghum) were used. Such simple methods of measurement were sufficient for the daily work of our ancestors at that time.

The Uzbek people, who have a rich cultural heritage and made a great contribution to the treasury of world science, have long attached great importance to the field of metrology and its development. That's probably why our people have created hundreds of proverbs related to this field: If you tend a garden, you will have a garden, and almonds will become oil", "Eat with salt, salt with measure", "Seven o ``Lchab, bir kes'', "Every place has a little bottom", "Everyone measures with his own yardstick", "Don't dream of everything, there are stones - scales everywhere" and so on.

Our people have been engaged in trade and economic relations with many countries of the world since ancient times. It is important for our people to attach great importance to measurements and measurement units and to use them correctly in order to make these relations effective. In particular, the educated people of that time contributed to the creation of sciences related to the field of measurement, and called people to learn the sciences in this field. As a result, hundreds of measurements and measurement units were created and used in practice.

A number of information about measurement and measurement units are given in the algebraic treatise of the great Khorezm scientist Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khorazmi, called "About Measurements" and related to geometry (khandasa). The scientist attached great importance to finding length, surface and volumes by calculation and measurement methods. It provides good information about units of measurement such as a trom, gas, finger, and measuring tools such as a measuring stick, and guidelines for their practical use are shown. Khorezmi made a significant contribution to the field of measurement in the work "Treatise on Sundials". The great scientist Ahmad Fargani was the first in the world (861) to discover a water level measuring device and made it and put it into practice.¹

He made a significant contribution to the development of metrology by writing the book "Book on Making a Sundial".

Many measurement units are listed in the works created by the great scholars Abu Rayhan Beruni and Abu Ali Ibn Sina. Most of them have not lost their power even today. In the work "Kutadgu bilig" written in the Turkish language in 1069 by our poet Yusuf Khos Khajib, not only using measurements and measuring units, but also to have a perfect knowledge of the knowledge related to measuring and crafting work. The term "Iyor work" in this phrase means testing the purity of metal, the correctness of stones and scales in the market, monitoring the purity and weight of gold and silver coins in circulation.

In the territory of our country, great importance is attached to measurement work, that is, to the field of metrology, written by Nashruddin Burkhanuddin son of Rabguzi in 1310 in the Turkish language "Qissai Rabguzi", Amir Temur, Alisher Navoi, Zakhriddin Muhammad It can be known from the information in the works of Babur and dozens of other scholars.

Measurement and measurement units used in water level measurement were also created by our people, units of measurement such as "Ear" and "Mill" can be an example of this.

After Russia conquered Central Asia in the 19th century, it implemented plans to introduce "European culture" to the local population. In 1894, the Russian government issued an instruction on unconditional use of the ras measurement in Turkestan. The transition period was set for 3 years for large merchants, and 5 years for others. After that, all the information about the old local measurements and measurement units began to be gradually squeezed out of circulation. For example, in the 30s, units of measurement such as analyz are used instead of analysis, sajen instead of sargin, desyatina instead of tanob, versta instead of mile.

In countries like France, in the Middle Ages, different units of measurement were used in feudal principalities. The industrial revolution and the development of trade between the countries of the world required the transition to a single metric system, abandoning different units of measurement.²

On May 1875, 20, diplomatic representatives of 17 countries signed the documents of the metric convention in Paris. The International System of Units (ISU) has been used in the former USSR since 1960.³

Despite this, even though it has been more than 45 years since the introduction of the Russian Federation, the units inherited from our ancestors are still being used effectively by the people.

Although the names of time, length, surface, volume, weight and other measurement units discovered by the nations of the world for several thousand years are different, their values ​​are very close to each other. In the early stages of human development, people had a need to measure one or another quantity. In Central Asia, since ancient times, the length measurement was made using a part of the human body, and the width of the grain and the width of the horse's track were used, and secondly, it was used as a measure of the weight of wheat and barley grains. is used. Due to the passage of the Great Silk Road from the territory of Central Asia, located between the West and the East, the units of measure and measurement discovered by our ancestors spread to the four corners of the world and were used by the peoples of that side. sometimes it was used in our language, or if not, translated into their own languages. ¹

That is why the German scientist V. Hinz is one of the most researchers of measurement and measurement units used in Muslim countries, including Central Asian countries. He did a great job by citing the measurement and measurement units used in the Muslim countries from Morocco to India in his manual.

In particular, he made a great contribution to science when he converted the measurement units into the metric system at that time. However, he made some inaccuracies. A little more accurate information about the medieval measurement and measurement units in Central Asia compared to V. Hints is provided by EA Davidovich. But EA Davidovich also made some inaccuracies in his manual, which he wrote using erroneous sources, for example, when it comes to the unit of length - the cherry; This is the Russian arshin, whose measurement unit is equal to 71,12 cm. It was used in Khorezm, Bukhara and other places of Central Asia long before the Russian occupation. This is a wrong idea. N. Akhrorov, the author of the short annotated dictionary "Ancient units of measurement", writes the following: For example, in Rabguzi's "Qissai Rabguzi" the unit of measurement is arshin (arshin = 65,2-112 cm). Arshin (1 arshin = 65,2 — 112 cm) was introduced into the Russian measurement system by I. Grozny in 1550. In the unit of measurement, "cherry" is taken in relation to the length of the handle of a large wooden mallet with a long handle called "cherry"; its length is equal to 71-72 cm, it is equal to old, gas measuring units and has been used in practice along with these measuring units. It should also be said that Olchin is the name of one of the clans of the Uzbek people.²

According to the Russian researcher NV Khanikov, 45 dimensions were adopted from the eastern peoples (Iranians, Arabs, Turkic clans) in Russian metrology.

The Egyptian measurement system appeared in 283-263 BC. Length measure; atur mile - 5,235 km weight measure; Ptolemaic mine = 29,46 kg; Ptolemaic mine = 341 g.

Several measurement units in this measurement system correspond to the measurement units on the territory of Uzbekistan. For example, sargin = 2160 mm, arshin = 720 mm, elbow = 540 mm, foot surface (palm) = 360 mm, palm (palm) = 99 mm, finger 22,5 mm, etc.

Weight and length measurements in the Egyptian measurement system spread to Asian countries and India, Greece, then with some changes in Italy, and from there throughout Europe. Thus, units of measurement in one country passed to another country and enriched each other.

Our ancestors did not only establish local units of measurement, but strictly controlled the correct use of measurements. In historical sources, it is recorded that those who betrayed the buyer's fee from the scale or gas were severely punished. ¹

... It is no secret that Ibn Sina, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Mirza Ulugbek used local units of measurement, and their names were sealed for eternity. The minarets of Samarkand Bukhara, Shakhrisabzu Khiva, which amaze the sane human mind, were built on the basis of those units of measurement.

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