Amir Temur was well aware of the need to establish a strict government in the country. After all, it was not easy to keep the arbitrary chiefs of the nomadic Mongol-Turkic tribes, the Jaloir, the Barlos, the Sulduz, and others, in obedience. To this end, it will begin to introduce law and order in the country. He organized a special military unit from the Barlos tribe in order to build a strong base for himself, giving them great privileges.
Amir Temur relied on Islam to strengthen the power of his state. Representatives of Islam supported him. Farmers and townspeople, who make up the majority of the country's population, traders and artisans, have endorsed the master's measures to strengthen the state.
Amir Temur always followed 4 things in the conduct of state affairs.
These are:
1. Council.
2. Consultation and counseling.
3. determination, entrepreneurship and vigilance.
4. Caution.
Amir Temur had proved with historical examples that the following twelve qualities were necessary for a ruler, and that if any of these qualities were not observed, the affairs of the kingdom could be ruined. A.Temur, the ruler, firstly, to have his own word, secondly, to be fair, thirdly, to judge only in each case, fourthly, to be firm in his decision, fifthly, to impose a sentence, sixthly, to rule not to entrust his affairs to anyone, seventh to hear the opinion of the majority, seventh to act hastily from the sak girl, ninth to keep the sipohu, the people between hope and fear, tenth to do all the work voluntarily, o ' n had taught firstly that he should not associate anyone with his own affairs, and secondly that he should keep the affairs of the state secret and be vigilant and vigilant of others.
Paying special attention to the purity of government officials and their indifference to the treasury, A. Temur said in his charter: “Investigate if the country's finance ministers, who are treasurers of the country, have betrayed their finances and misappropriated part of their wealth. "Let it be," he wrote.
Amir Temur relied on 7 ministers in governing the state and demanded that 4 ministers be present in the office every day.
These are: 1. Minister of State and Citizenship.
2. Sipox minister.
3. The Minister of Property left without an owner.
4. The Minister in charge of the affairs of the kingdom.
He also formed a panel of 3 border ministers.
The first of the ministers was in charge of land taxes, duties, tribute - collection, as well as police work, important work in the country, solving everyday problems, studying the situation of citizens, distribution of harvests, taxes, tributes from the provinces. The second minister was the minister of the army, who was in charge of the salaries of the soldiers and the tanha (here in the sense of a reward for their services to the throne). The third minister was in charge of the property belonging to the homeless, the dead and the fugitives, the zakat and duties levied on the property of the merchants who came and went, the management of the country's livestock, and the safekeeping of the proceeds.
A secretary was appointed in each office of the kingdom to keep records of income and expenses, daily expenses.
In the Sahibkiran state, with the exception of the Devon Buzurg (Prime Minister), there was an administration in every province called the Devon. He oversaw the entire affairs of the state: tax collection, law enforcement, public buildings - markets, baths, roads, waterworks. He monitored the behavior of the people. Its staff also conducted interrogations, inspections, and investigations from time to time.
Timur introduced the position of a special inquiry officer who studied the complaints and grievances of the people. Arzbegi would review complaints and applications, determine who was at fault, and report the matter to the council. The culprits were severely punished regardless of who they were. Taxes are a strict rule in financial matters. DNLogofet, a Russian orientalist, wrote in this regard: "The so-called income tax, which we are now striving for, already existed under his (Temur's) rule."
Amir Temur took the selection of ministers very seriously and made sure that they had 4 qualities. These are:
1. intelligence;
2. purebred;
3. Awareness of the situation in the country;
4. Patience and peace.
Amir Temur also developed a system of requirements for those appointed to govern the countries he annexed to his empire. Such leaders were required by A. Temur to have the following qualities:
1) Highness of nature and mental state of the Supreme Lord;
2) Delicate intelligence and intelligence;
3) High qualification and ability to appeal to the people and the army;
4) Patience and compromise with people.
These rules and requirements have played an important role in governing and strengthening the power of Amir Temur. Since the administrative-territorial division of the empire formed by Sahibkiran consisted mainly of districts, it was necessary to form and strengthen a new emirate system. Therefore, Amir Temur ordered 313 people to be promoted to the rank of emir, appointing one of them as amir-ul-umaro, 4 as beklarbegi, 100 as tens, 100 as captains and 100 as commanders. In addition, 8 emirs have been appointed as amir-ul-umaro's assistants.
In short, Amir Temur was a great statesman armed with such noble qualities as national pride, patriotism, humanity. As the Hungarian scholar Herman Vamberi points out, the original Turkic period in Central Asia began with Timur. He embodied the victory of the Turks over the Mongol-Chinese world and founded a nation-state, the official language of which was Turkish (Uzbek).
The political activity of the great Amir Temur plays a practical role not only in enriching the history of statehood, but also in strengthening our national statehood in the current situation.
An important work written by the great Amir Temur is "Temur's Statutes", ie "Tuzukoti Temuriy". In a book of comics entitled Qomus ul Alam, published in Istanbul, he wrote: “Amir Temur wrote a collection of comus called Tuzukoti. In it he described his way of life. ”1
One of the main sources in the study of Amir Temur's activities, a manuscript copy of "Temur's Statutes" written in Turkish, was kept in the National Library by the Governor of Yemen, King Ja'far. The Persian translation of this work was made by Mir Abu Talib Hasani at-Turbati after his return to Mecca for Hajj. On the basis of this copy, "Temur's Statutes" reached us and were translated and published in Russian in the late XIX century. The work has become famous all over the world, has retained its significance over the centuries and has been translated into many languages. Professor of Arabic, English Major White prepared the Persian text of the work for publication, and it was published in 1783 in Oxford. In 1785 and 1890, the Persian text of this edition was published without any changes in Calcutta and Bombay, India, and in 1963 in Iran. In 1787, this work was also published in French by the famous French orientalist L. Liangle.
"Temur's Statutes" consists of two chapters and 56 paragraphs, which are called articles in the book. The first article consists of Timur's rules for building and strengthening the state, the organization of armies. The second article describes the details of the 13 councils held by Amir Temur and the activities carried out by the great master.
Also in the first part of the "Regulations" is the life and socio-political activities of Amir Temur from the age of seven until his death (February 1342, 1405-18), his conquest of central power in Movarounnahr, the elimination of social disintegration and the establishment of a centralized state, Iran. and the conquest of Afghanistan, the victory over the Golden Horde khan Tokhtamysh, and finally the great Jahangir's military campaigns in Azerbaijan, Turkey, and India.
Part II of the book consists of specific testaments and admonitions addressed to Sahibkiran and his heirs to the throne. It deals with whom to rely on in governing the state, the duties and responsibilities of the crown princes, the duties and responsibilities of ministers and army chiefs, the procedure for rewarding the special services of emirs and other officials to the throne, and so on.
In the second part, ie in the article, Amir Temur writes: “Let my happy children who conquer countries and my mighty grandchildren who rule the world know that my hope from God is to build a kingdom for many of my children and descendants. I have divided the affairs of statehood into a number of rules, and have written a guide to the administration of the kingdom. ”1
The great Amir Temur continued: "I have done good to the good people of every country, and I have expelled from my country the wicked, corrupt and immoral people."
Hazrat Amir Temur not only glorified the noble moral qualities, but also demanded that these qualities be unconditionally fulfilled by the citizens living in the territory of the state, even by their family members. "I have seen from my own experience," writes Amir Temur, "that if the state is not built on the basis of religion and the moon, if it is not bound by the net, then the splendor, power and order of such a kingdom will be lost." Such a kingdom is like a naked man, and anyone who sees him will be distracted. Or a house without a roof, without a door, without a tap.
That is why I have strengthened the building of my kingdom on the basis of the religion of Islam. ”1
Amir Temur wanted his rules to remain a guide for the next generation: “Let each of my children and descendants act in accordance with it… Let these rules be used as a guide in the management of their royal affairs, so that May the state and the kingdom that pass from me to them be safe from harm and degradation. ”2
Indeed, this work was used and appreciated not only by the Timurid princes, but also by many Eastern rulers in their activities. In particular, Shah Jahan (1628-1657), Khan of Kokand Muhammad Alikhan (1822-1842), Emir of Bukhara Abdullah Khan (1885-1910) copied excerpts from "Tuzukot" and followed their rules.
Timur's charters also provide important information about the structure and armament of Amir Temur's army, as well as the military art of the great master. Zero Amir Temur's army was one of the most perfect and powerful armies of that time with its strategic and tactical skills. Amir Temur became famous in the world as a skilled great commander. Even now, in many foreign military schools, "Temur's Tactics" is taught as a special course. After the independence of our country and people, we turn to the great Amir Temur and his "rules" in laying the foundations of our independent statehood. Its principle of "Power in Justice" serves as a guide in building a state governed by the rule of law.
The great master Amir Temur was recognized not only by the people of Central Asia, but by the whole world. Because he has done great services not only in Central Asia, but also for other peoples of the world.
The establishment of a centralized state by Amir Temur, the end of feudal disintegration, the establishment of peace and tranquility in the country played a positive role in the socio-economic and cultural development of the peoples of Central Asia. The economy destroyed during the Mongol period was restored, handicrafts and trade flourished, science and culture flourished, and cities prospered. Most importantly, the people entered a peaceful and serene lifestyle.
|
