Plan:
1. Knowledge and knowledge are the subject of philosophical analysis.
2. Object and subject of knowledge. The main stages of human knowledge.
3. Nature and methods of scientific knowledge. Method, theory and methodology.
4. The concept of truth. Its forms.
5. ¤Issues of education of independent and educated youth of Uzbekistan.
Knowledge and knowledge. The study of the essence of knowledge, the conditions of its formation and development, and its characteristics occupies an important place in the history of philosophy. Man changes his existence, nature, society, and finally, himself, thanks to his knowledge. The study of human activities aimed at knowledge and the most effective methods of its implementation is of great importance in the history of philosophy. Therefore, epistemology, a special branch dealing with the knowledge issues and problems of philosophy, was born.
Human knowledge is ultimately a multi-faceted, complex and conflicting process. Epistemology is mainly concerned with solving philosophical problems of knowledge. Each historical period arises from the development needs of society, and new tasks are set before epistemology. In particular, at the end of the XNUMXth century, European philosophers studied the importance of scientific knowledge, the methods of obtaining real scientific knowledge, and the definition of the criterion of scientific truth. They believed that knowledge based on experience is the only true knowledge.
Thinkers of the XNUMXth century emphasized the possibilities of the human mind in scientific knowledge, the superiority of rational knowledge over emotional knowledge. The great German philosopher I. Kant argued not about the reality of the results of knowledge, but about human cognitive abilities. In front of epistemology, the question of whether a person can know the world was sharply raised. Philosophers who were skeptical of human knowledge were called agnostics.
What is knowing? Knowledge is a type of mental and spiritual activity aimed at acquiring knowledge about nature, society and the life of a person. A person cannot successfully engage in any type of activity without having knowledge and imagination of the surrounding environment. The product and result of knowledge is knowledge, and acquiring any profession is possible only through knowledge. Also, knowledge is a spiritual need, a vital necessity, unique to humans.
Humanity has created a number of cultures for its own sake by summarizing the knowledge it has acquired over many centuries and passing it on to the next generations. Any type of human activity relies on certain knowledge, and in the process of activity, new knowledge is created.
Acquiring knowledge through experiences in the course of daily activities is a way of knowing that is characteristic of all mankind. Knowledge was created and developed directly from vital needs, from the need to lead a prosperous life. During the much later development of humanity, a separate social group was created that was directly engaged in scientific activity and created scientific theories. These are the people of science and use it to create scientific theories.
Two forms of knowledge are distinguished: everyday (empirical) knowledge and theoretical (scientific) knowledge.
Everyday knowledge methods are extremely diverse and unique, and it is very difficult to systematize and generalize such knowledge to future generations. In contemporary Carb sociology, a special branch of ethnomethodology has emerged, which studies the methods of people's daily knowledge acquisition. Epistemology deals mainly with the study of theoretical knowledge and its development features. It is important to distinguish between the object, subject and subject of theoretical knowledge.
An object of knowledge. Objects of knowledge, phenomena, processes, relations are considered objects of scientific activity of researchers-scientists, philosophers, artists, and others, in order to acquire knowledge. Objects of knowledge can be material, spiritual, concrete, abstract, natural and social. Objects of knowledge encompass all of existence, from the smallest particle to the vast galaxy. Based on the objects of knowledge, fields of knowledge are divided into natural, social-humanitarian and technical sciences.
Subject of knowledge. With knowledge, these people and all mankind are considered the subject of knowledge. Individual researchers-scientists, scientific teams, scientific research institutes are also subjects of separate knowledge. Scientific activity can be focused not only on the knowledge of nature and society, but also on the person himself. Man and all humanity appear both as an object of knowledge and as a subject of knowledge at the same time.
The purpose of knowledge is not only the acquisition of scientific knowledge, but also the pursuit of human perfection, the humanization of nature and society, and the achievement of natural and social harmony. Science should serve the interests of people, not for the sake of science. As a person reaches spiritual perfection through scientific knowledge, science begins to be glorified as a talent. With the comprehensive development of science, the cooperation of different fields of science will increase, all scientific communities will become subjects of knowledge, creators of new scientific discoveries.
The subject of knowledge is some areas and aspects of the object of knowledge covered by the subject's cognitive activity. The field of study of science becomes more and more concrete. Botany, zoology, geography, ichthyology, and other fields were created depending on the subject of knowledge of natural sciences. The subject of research is an important feature that allows us to distinguish disciplines from each other.
Levels of knowledge can be conditionally divided into: basic, advanced and higher. The level of consciousness common to all living beings is called sensory consciousness. Sensory cognition is cognition through the senses.
Human sense organs (sight, hearing, smell, taste, skin sensation) help to recognize the characteristics and signs of things, adapt to the natural environment, and protect themselves, as they do in other creatures. At the stage of knowledge, intuition, perception, imagination, attention, imagination help to acquire certain knowledge about the outer world.
The higher level of knowledge is unique to humans and is called mental knowledge (rational knowledge). If a person knows only the external properties and characteristics of things and events with the help of his senses, he learns the inner essence of things and events with the help of thinking. The essence is always hidden, it always manifests itself as a phenomenon. In each event, only one side of the essence is revealed. Therefore, the phenomenon is deceptive and confusing. Therefore, the information provided by human senses about a thing or event can never reveal its entire essence.
Concept. Intellectual knowledge or knowledge through thinking does not negate emotional knowledge, but concepts are created from newly generated knowledge by summarizing, analyzing, synthesizing, and abstracting the knowledge obtained through the senses.
All knowledge acquired by a person in the process of emotional cognition is embodied in the concept. The concept arises as a product of mental activity. Concept serves as an important tool for deep penetration into the essence of things and events.
Mental cognition is a more complex and conflicting process than emotional cognition. In order to know the essence of things and phenomena in mental cognition, it is necessary to distance oneself from them. For example, the essence of a person is not determined by his handsome body, beautiful hair, creative hair, and feet, which our sense organs record. The essence of a person is manifested first of all in his ability to think and think, to create, to be kind, to drink, to swim.
The human concept was formed as a product of the knowledge gained by mankind over many centuries.
Each science creates its own apparatus of concepts and seeks to know the essence by means of them. According to I. Kant, the essence of things is embodied in water and concepts. That is, we gain some knowledge in the process of acquiring knowledge and concepts. When every person comes into the world, he enters the world of ready-made knowledge along with ready-made things and relationships.
Judgment. Intellectual knowledge requires the confirmation or denial of signs and properties inherent in things and phenomena. This ability to affirm or deny, inherent in thinking, is called judgment. Judgments are formed through concepts. Judgments create an opportunity to acquire new knowledge, by means of which one penetrates deeply into the essence of things and events. Thus, judgment either confirms or denies the existence of the most important signs and characteristics that represent the fundamental essence of things and events. For example, the sentence "man is a rational being" confirms the existence of the most basic characteristic of a human being, the mind. But man is such a complex creature that his essence is not limited to being a rational being. Because dirty wars and ecological conflicts were carried out by man, who was an intelligent being. "Man is a moral being." This is the important conclusion of the modern science of human development.
Conclusion is one of the important means of intellectual knowledge, a method of generating new knowledge. Conclusions can be inductive and deductive, that is, it is possible to draw general conclusions from the knowledge of certain things, or to go from the general to the specific.
Therefore, understanding, judgment and drawing conclusions are important tools of scientific knowledge. Such knowledge requires a person to develop a special ability, a strong will, to distance oneself from things and events, to concentrate attention, and to have a creative imagination.
The highest level of knowledge is intuitive knowledge, verbal knowledge, Kobyba knowledge. Great people who devote their whole existence to the field of science, religion, politics and art acquire the ability to know in this way. Intuitive knowing relies on emotional and mental awareness. The common knowledge of great people is that they are constantly occupied with universal problems that await their solution. Identification of the most effective methods of scientific knowledge has played an important role in epistemology. Each science uses its own methods of knowing.
Scientific knowledge is based on facts and evidence, their processing, generalization. There are specific methods of finding scientific facts and evidence, which are called methods of scientific knowledge.
A special field that studies the methods of scientific knowledge is called methodology. According to the nature of scientific knowledge methods: 1) the most general scientific methods; 2) general scientific methods; 3) is divided into private scientific methods.
The most general methods of scientific knowledge are the methods common to all disciplines. This includes analysis and synthesis, generalization and abstraction, induction and deduction, comparison and modeling. For example, observation, experiment, comparison are general scientific methods in natural sciences, while historicity and logic are general scientific methods in social sciences.
Special scientific methods come from the unique characteristics of each science. For example, interviewing, questionnaire survey, document study are special scientific methods typical of sociology. A method of scientific knowledge that works well in one discipline may not work so well in another. Choosing the right method in scientific knowledge is considered a guarantee of success in knowledge. In other words, if the question of what to study in scientific research allows to determine the subject of science, the question of how to study helps to determine the method of scientific knowledge.
Scientific knowledge methods and scientific theory are integral with each other. IlKor scientific theory is an important achievement achieved during the entire development of science. Science, by its very nature, requires a skepticism towards its achievements.
Absolutization of achievements in the field of science and philosophy, blindly ignoring them inevitably leads to dogmatism. The achievements of science are always relative. But the absolutization of such relativity leads to relativism, and looking at scientific achievements with distrust leads to skepticism. Dogmatism, relativism and skepticism are serious obstacles to the progress of science.
It is possible that IlKor scientific theories change the direction of scientific and philosophical views in a certain period, and find a unique criterion of scientificity. For example, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, A. Einstein's theory of relativity brought about important changes in philosophical and scientific outlooks.
The concept of truth plays an important role in epistemology. Truth is the correspondence of human knowledge to reality. Discovering the truth or reaching scientific truth is considered the main task of any scientific knowledge. Truth can be absolute and relative to its content. The truth of science always has a relative character, and absolute truth emerges from their complex.
Truth is always objective. That is, its existence does not depend on the will of some people. For example, the national independence of Uzbekistan is an objective reality. Regardless of whether some people recognize this independence or not, this truth continues to hold its meaning. Deliberately distorting or falsifying the truth will eventually be exposed and discredited. Also, truth is never abstract. It is always concrete. In Hegel's words, whatever happens is reality, and reality is reality. The concrete nature of the content of truth requires consideration of place, time and circumstances.
In epistemology, it is important to understand the unique features of natural-scientific and social knowledge. For many years, the objectivity and impartiality characteristic of natural sciences were considered to be an important criterion of science. However, at the beginning of the XNUMXth century, the science and technology revolution began to demand a qualitative approach to the problems faced by mankind. Being a rational being, a person always looks after his own interests when studying nature. A simple view that natural resources are unlimited and inexhaustible ultimately led to a ruthless attitude of man towards nature. By the end of the XNUMXth century, the need to treat nature in a humane and humane manner began to be deeply understood.
Social sciences always develop organically with the existing political system, the demands and needs of the time. In social cognition, society appears both as an object of cognition and as a subject of cognition: humanity is the creator of its history and knows itself.
In natural science, relatively stable systems are considered an object of knowledge. Things and phenomena in nature do not oppose the researcher in any way. In social cognition, relatively fast-changing systems are considered objects of cognition. An important characteristic of social knowledge is that it studies not only the spheres of material production, but also the more complex spiritual life of society, socio-political relations, views and Koyas. Social sciences play an important role in the formation of national Koya and national independence ideology.
Acquiring the necessary knowledge about the goals and tasks of epistemology, the essence and content of knowledge, plays an important role in the formation of a well-educated, well-rounded person in our country. The theory of knowledge helps to form certain scientific abilities and skills in future specialists. One of the most important tasks of epistemology in the years of national independence is to study the factors and mechanisms that ensure that scientific knowledge serves the development, peace and well-being of our society, and to popularize the experiences of our great ancestors in the development of scientific knowledge.
Basic concepts
Knowledge, epistemology, knowledge, everyday (empirical) knowledge, theoretical knowledge, object of knowledge, subject of knowledge, emotional knowledge, logical knowledge, methods of scientific knowledge, theory, truth, relative truth, absolute truth
Review questions
1. What does epistemology study?
2. What is knowing?
3. What is the difference between emotional and rational cognition?
4. Explain the concepts of knowledge object, subject, subject.
5. Show the main methods of scientific knowledge.
6. What is the importance of knowledge in educating and developing young people?
BOOKS
1. Karimov IA ¤Uzbekistan at the turn of the 1997st century: threats to security, conditions of stability and guarantees of development. — T, "¤uzbekistan", XNUMX.
2. Karimov IA A perfect generation is the foundation of Uzbekistan's development. — T, "¤uzbekistan", 1997.
3. Karimov IA The future without historical memory is a burden. — T., "¤uzbekistan", 1998.
4. Karimov IA I believe in the strong will of our wise people. "FIDOKOR" newspaper, June 2000, 8.
5. Basic philosophy. — T,. ¤ Uzbekistan, 1998.
