Maxmur (died 1844)

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Mahmud Mulla Shermuhammad oglu, who wrote under the pseudonym Makhmur, is one of the greatest representatives of Uzbek classical literature in the first half of the XNUMXth century. He was born in the last quarter of the XNUMXth century in Kokand to an educated family. His father, Mulla Shermuhammad, wrote poems under the pseudonym Akmal. He played a significant role in the literary life of Kokand in the early XNUMXth century, compiling two volumes of his poems in Uzbek and Persian. Akmal is one of the many poets gathered at Amir Umarkhan's palace, and he is well-known among the fans of poetry. Therefore, in his commentary "Majmuat ush-shuaro" composed by Fazli Namangani, he is repeatedly mentioned with respect and examples of his works are given.

From an early age, Mahmur was able to take part in poetry readings and literary conversations organized at the initiative of his father. It is known that Mahmur studied at the Madrasa Mir in Kokand, including his perfect command of the Persian language, after which, as he noted, he served in the army for some time. In one of his poems, Maxmur is proud of this in the traditional style of honor, saying, "I am a master of both science and the army, a brave hero on the day of battle." It is here that he speaks of his mastery of the "science of poetry." In one of his poems, he speaks of having a family and three children, in a number of his poems he complains about the shortcomings of his personal life, complains of financial difficulties, and complains about marital worries.

In a poetic petition addressed to Amir Umarkhan, the khan of Kokand, the poet happily describes his extremely difficult economic situation as follows:

I can't sleep at night,

I don't drink during the day.

I have a handful of grain in my house,

I have two gas or a salute on my head.

When I say gas in my head, no hello,

When I say hello, I have no grain in my house!

Maxmur was a brave, courageous, fearless man in his life, a man who by nature condemned hypocrisy and hypocrisy, and at the same time strongly disliked deceit and deceit, and was gentle and courageous, and highly esteemed. These characters in the nature of the poet formed a cold relationship with a number of contemporaries and high-ranking officials, as well as the creation of a series of personal comics.

It is unknown how long Maxmur lived. But the date of his death is clearly recorded through the history of Qari Kunduz Komi. He states that Maxmur died in Kokand in 1279 AH and 1844 AD.

Until the 1950s, we had very limited information about Maxmur's creative work and the literary legacy he left behind. All that was known to literary scholars was his five ghazals from Fazli's tazkira and his ghazal about the village of Hapalak, which was the basis of Muqimi's humorous conjecture. In XNUMX, thanks to the efforts of the leading scholars of our classical literature Polatjon Kayumov and Askarali Charkhiylar, a collection of Mahmur's poems in Uzbek and Persian, consisting of about three and a half thousand verses, was found in Kokand, and a number of researches by literary scholar A. Kayumov were published. .

All of Maxmur's works so far known to science are, without exception, humorous and critical in their content and spirit.

These works, created in ghazal, masnavi, muhammas and qasida types of our classical poetry, are artistic documents proving that social comedy has reached a higher level in Maxmur's work. The poet brutally exposes the many flaws of the current system of the first half of the XNUMXth century, the prevailing injustice, social inequality, violence and lawlessness of the time. The following verses from his muhammad, entitled "Appeal to the Judge of the Needy," express a strong rage against the existing unjust system and sound like an accusation against that system.

What a tyranny, what a tyranny?

Who, your bedouin jawring is so great! ..

You have made all the wise ones miserable,

You made a fool of a raven and made a fool of a parrot!

It should be noted that six verses of this muhammas, which consists of eleven verses, are written in Persian. However, both the fifth verse and the general verse of these verses are in Uzbek.

Almost all of Mahmur's comics and critical poems were written in the language and perspective of an ordinary poor person, in the form of a bitter truth about the existing socio-economic life and concerns of everyday life, and therefore had a populist spirit. The starving and naked lives of the working people, especially the peasants, the devastation that surrounded the country, and the sad scenery of the ruined villages became the basis for Maxmur's comedy. In his work "Dar quality of the village Hapalakki, belonging to the great Mahmur" is very vividly drawn:

Turfa village angry snowman, parasites,

The hen is a needle and the duck is a butterfly.

If I describe their homes without pipes:

One cage, two cages, three cages, four cages.

The house is, perhaps, the ground, if one enters,

It has bats on all sides.

If you see the people, if they die and are ruined,

Hunger is like a rainbow.

The thief of the split root felt small,

Boil and drink during the day, leave the grass and sumalak.

The theme of the ruined villages and the poor peasants living in them is vividly portrayed in other of Mahmur's poems, including a large muhammad dedicated to the Qurama region.

Many of Maxmur's comedies are devoted to exposing the intrigues, deceptions, and inferiority of the prominent figures of the time. The poet knew them very well personally, was fully aware of their filth, and therefore inadvertently struck his leading arrows at their leading flaws. In "Hajja Mir Asad's Hajvi" the deceitfulness of the most accused person is exposed in a funny story, while in his work, which begins with the line "Hajvi Atoyi bribe-taker is the same reward akbarast", "It is a great reward to write hajj to Atoyi bribe-taker".

In the comedy "The Qualities of Judge Muhammad Rajab", the poet arrogantly paints a social image of a judge who behaves wisely and knowledgeably, but is in fact a lowly and utterly immoral man:

Wonderful judge, ignorant,

He is perfect in the science of omnipotence.

If you punch him in the chest,

If you clean your eyes, that's all.

He is a man, do not search too much at the moment,

Don't judge this price by debon!

In Maxmur's creative legacy, there are humorous couples who brutally expose the nature and practical activities of some historical figures. Each pair consists of a negative description of the target person in the masnavi and a ghazal written in the style of self-disclosure of the target's actions. For example, Hakim Turobi, who claims to be a doctor under Mahmur's comic pen, admits that he is in fact a complete ignoramus and a fraud:

Praise be to Allaah.

Ajaldin is also good at killing people…

If a doctor kills one patient a month,

Vale, I can kill a hundred patients a day.

I was unlucky to be beaten in medicine,

I deserve a lot of insults in the world!

These examples clearly show that Maxmur made effective use of all humorous methods, especially the art of self-disclosure.

Speaking about the literary heritage of Mahmur, it is necessary to pay special attention to the poet's comedy "Qualities of Karimkul Mehtar". The main part of this masnavi, which consists of more than fifty bytes, is irrigated with light humor and evokes a warm smile, laughter and cheerful mood in each student. In the process of describing the horse given to him by Karimqul Mehtar, one of his officials, by the order of Maxmur khan, he created beautiful plates of humorous image:

...You once called me a horse,

You gave me the official Rustamsifot.

A black donkey falcon,

Both samovatu and samaqzada.

Both ugly and ugly, infamous,

Two thousand guilt angadur mudom.

Even if they drink water, it gets stuck in their throats,

Mosquitoes fall on snow sa

In his description of the horse, the poet uses a wide range of folklore, such as lof and askiya, and concludes with verses that delight students.

Maxmur's creative work was another high point in the development of critical trends in Uzbek literature, especially comedy. The poet's literary legacy had a profound effect on later comedians, especially Muqimi and Nodim.