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PLAN:
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INTRODUCTION:
a) Alisher Navoi is the founder of the Uzbek literary language.
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MAIN PART:
1) Phonetic features of Navoi language.
2) Morphological features of the Navoi language.
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REFERENCES.
The second half of the 15th century is a very important period in the development of the Uzbek literary language. During this period, Alisher Navoi made a significant contribution to the development of the Uzbek language, along with raising Uzbek literature to a high level with his blessed work. Navoi certainly did not use the word "grammar" or "phonetics" in his works. But he knew well the grammatical and phonetic laws of the language, distinguished them well from each other and named them with their own Arabic-Persian and Turkish-Uzbek terms: command, letter, action, hamza, voze (voice-maker or word maker); tajnis and ihom are multi-meaning words; alam-ism, noun; atmutakallim-speaker; He expressed very important thoughts and opinions about words, words, and alfoz in relation to his time. In particular, Navoi expressed a sufficient opinion about the grammatical features of the Turkic (Uzbek) language. He specifically dwells on ways of forming words. In the Uzbek language, words such as чопишмак, пашимак, чушихмак, пишимкак, yugurt, kildurt, yashurt, kirkut are formed by means of the additions -sh/-ish, -t, which form the degrees of unity and accretion of verbs. and in adjectives, the sign of excess or deficiency can be determined by means of p, m, op+white bag+black, red+red, sap+yellow, round+round, close+flat, open+open, green+green, empty+empty says that it is expressed in the form[1] Also, the formation of verb forms such as tergach, borgach, yorgoch, topkach, sotkach by means of the suffix - гач/-гач, -кач/-кач; and when expressing meanings such as striving to perform an action, preparing - to the adjective form made with the affix gu/-g'u - through the addition of the adverbial suffix dek, like borgu, yorgudek, sadekek, urgudek, surgudek fe It shows the formation of `l with examples. The breadth of sound possibilities of the literary language founded by Navoi is also fully proven. Because the language of Navoi's works fully reflects the vocalism of almost all the Turkish dialects, dialects and dialects that existed in his time, and the 9-part vowel system and the law of synharmonism of the Kipchak dialects, which are the main bases of the old Uzbek literary language. allows to fully reflect the sound systems of both Oghuz dialects and Middle Uzbek (Qarluq-Chigil-Uighur) dialects. In order to fully reflect the sound system of the Oghuz-Turkmen dialects of that period with short and long vowel sounds in the Navoi language, as well as the city dialects of Herat, Samarkand, Bukhara, which were strongly influenced by the Persian-Tajik language, and they served to reflect the sound characteristics of the type of dialects. In the language of Alisher Navoi's works, he used the open o (o) sound to reflect the labial o raised to the phoneme level in the following languages and dialects. Alisher Navoi's good knowledge of the laws of sounds in the Turkish language system and his ability to use them well prove that the sound possibilities of the Turkish language can be revealed even at the level of the possibilities of the narrow Arabic alphabet, which has been in the tradition for hundreds of years.[2]. Alisher Navoi and our classical poets in general knew very well. They used 9 independent phonemes in the language of their works.
Alisher Navoi looked carefully at the Uzbek language, that is, our mother tongue. Navoi regretfully stated that even many Uzbek poets paid little attention to using the riches and wide possibilities of their native language. It is the duty of the Uzbek people to attack the thoughts that "this language is a rough language, high works of art cannot be created in it", to open the hidden treasures of the Uzbek language and to explain it to scholars and poetry fans. it was an important task for his great children. Alisher Navoi was able to accomplish this great work. Navoi said: "There is a lot of confusion in this story, and until now, no one has thought about the truth, so it has remained hidden. And in fact, if a person has a good judgment and patience, because this word has so much scope (width) and so much kampan (openness) will be found..." and wrote Uzbek poets, not only the masses of the people, but also poets use, in this language, as much as possible, they had to show their talent and skills. For example, Navoi writes for the same purpose as follows: "... the totality of the Turkish language has been proven with many evidences, I needed, the potential of the Tab people who have appeared among this people and the ability of the Tabs to maintain their own languages , if they did not appear in another language and if they did not order them to work. And if they had the ability to speak in both languages, they would say more in their own language and less in the other. And if they exaggerate, they would say it with both tongues..."[3]. In the language of Babur, Navoi wrote "a lot" and "good" in the Uzbek language and won hearts with the power of his pen. Alisher Navoi created the scientific-theoretical foundations of the Uzbek literary language, especially Uzbek linguistics, with his work "Muhokamat ul-lughatayn" on language knowledge. Alisher Navoi compares the Uzbek language with the Persian language in "Muhokamat ul-lughatayn" and demonstrates the superiority of the mother tongue, its role in the development of literature, art, science and culture with the example of physical materials. When Navoi compares two languages - Uzbek and Persian (Tajik), he does not underestimate or reject the importance of one and exaggerate the importance of the other, he does not allow any exaggeration in this area, on the contrary, each of them takes one as his own. Based on rich materials, it proves the equality and beauty of the Uzbek language with the Persian language, and in some cases the superiority of these sides. In particular, he emphasizes that such characteristics are clearly visible in phonetics, word formation, stylistics, and lexicon. It would be wrong to think that Navoi came to this conclusion because he liked the Uzbek language and it suited his taste, but he did not like the Persian language. So, Navoi does not belittle the value and importance of the Persian language. The great writer rose to a high level in the use of the Persian language, and there were few who could compete with Navoi in this respect. This is clearly visible in the works written by the artist under the pseudonym "Foni". The language of Navoi's works is a high example of the Uzbek literary language of the 15th century and is a great source and wealth for studying the history of the language. Due to long and painstaking research, it was discovered that he has another valuable work, which is a dictionary of the language of this work, known as "Sab`at abhur" (Seven Seas). had reported in the press that he was conducting research on ati[4].
Navoi shows the reasons for the occurrence of 100 verbs in the Uzbek language and gives their analysis. He notes that many such verbs are not found in Persian, and he gives examples of synonyms in a number of verbs. Navoi considers the language of his works to be based on dialects without syngorism. EDPolivanov notes that his works were written in Central Asian languages[5].
Alisher Navoi did not work based on a specific dialect. He fought fiercely for the development of the Uzbek literary language, choosing features that are characteristic of Uzbek dialects and dialects. Navoi's works feature the Qarluq-Chigil-Uyghur dialect and partly Kipchak dialects.
The phonetics of the language of Navoi's works differs from the phonetics of the modern Uzbek language and the language of the 10-13th century memoirs by some of its features. The issues related to the phonetic features of the Navoi language have not yet been fully resolved. Our linguists expressed different opinions about the phonetic parts of Navoi's speech.[6]
As a result of his observations on the Navoi language and the Uzbek language in general, Professor N. Rajabov concluded that the phonetic parts of Uzbek speech, including Navoi's speech, consist of sentences, syntagms, tact, syllables, and sounds. is a large phonetic unit, a part of speech with a special intonation between two pauses. A sentence usually fits in a sentence. Because the pause of the sentence is mental completeness, and its intonation depends on the content of the sentence.
A small phonetic fragment after a sentence is a syntagm. A sentence is divided into one or more syntagms. Syntagma can consist of one or several measures. A takt is a small phonetic fragment of a syntagm, which is pronounced under a single head accent. Alisher Navoi in his work "Muhokamat ul lug'atayn" comes out as follows.
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love 2) axtar-i: -dur 3) tree; 4) humanity; 5) trump card; 6) light; 7) interest; 8) andim; 9) vagarshar-sh:-dur; 10) rakshanda; 11) humanity; 12) crown; 13) ornaments; 14) price; 15) andean; is divided into tacts like
A beat consists of one or more syllables. A syllable is a part of the beat that is pronounced with one beat of the breath.
In the literary Uzbek language of the 15th century, syllabification was also considered vowel sounds. A syllable can start with a vowel, that is, it can be unobstructed, or it can start with a consonant and be obstructed. Two consonants do not appear at the beginning of a syllable, that is, the syllable ends with only one consonant. Also, a syllable can end with a vowel, that is, it can be open, or it can end with a consonant, that is, it can be closed.
Vocalism According to his information in "Muhokamat ul-lughatayn", Navai language has nine vowel phonemes.[7]
ii, ea, yu, ö-o and e.
Phoneme "I". It is known that the phoneme "i" in the modern Uzbek literary language consists of two independent phonemes "i" and "i" in the ancient Turkic language and in the modern Uzbek dialects of jilovchi and singormanic jilovchi. Navoi does not mention that there is an i sound. So, the phonemes ii in the ancient Turkish language began to merge into one phoneme I in the Uzbek literary language as early as the 15th century.
Phoneme "E". This phoneme was formed as a result of the narrowing of the pre-lingual "ə" in the Old Turkish language. We can see that all the words in the Old Turkish language such as kəldi, sekiz, ər in the first syllable changed to "e" in the 15th century, ə even if it is preserved in the affixes of Turkish words, since the strong position of the phoneme for Turkish words is the root, that is, the first syllable, it should be considered a variant of the sound.[8]
"A" is a phoneme. From the Tajik language to Uzbek through Tajik and Arabic words such as yor, bazar, qamar, samar, and after the phoneme "ə" in Turkish words became "e", from a in Turkish words and in Tajik and Arabic words. It is a sound formed by "o" as opposed to "u".
Go and go
Zor-zar-zer
Phonemes oe and yu. The existence of these phonemes in the literary Uzbek language of the 15th century is beyond doubt. Because Navoi distinguishes ot (fire) from ot (command to pass).
Consonantism Navoi has 25 consonant phonemes: b, p, f, v, m, t, d, s, n, r, l, sh, j, j, ch, l, g, q, g', ng, i, x, h, (ʿ).
The r at the end of the words such as decision, sangar in the Navoi language has been dissimilated in the modern Uzbek language and turned into i: black, yellow.
The Navoi language also has laws of synharmonism.[9] Abdujamil's copy of Navoi's "Khamsa" leads us to the conclusion that there are all three laws of singharmonism, i.e. palatal harmony in vowels, lip harmony, and sonorous and unsonorous harmony in consonants.
Alisher Navoi is the founder of contrastive linguistics. Alisher Navoi is not limited to creating art in his native language, showing all the beauty and freshness of his native language in practice. Comparing his mother tongue with the Persian language, which became a tradition for fiction literature at that time, he set himself the goal of scientifically proving that it is not inferior to this language, and even superior in some places. For this purpose, in 1499, he created a special work dedicated to the discussion of two languages - the hybrid grammar of the two languages - Muhokamat ul-lughatayn.
With the publication of Alisher Navoi's work, a new page was opened in world linguistics. A new direction of linguistics, called contrastive linguistics, was founded. The distinctive features of cross-linguistics are that languages belonging to two systems are compared to each other at all levels of language.[10]
In addition, Navoi also talks about the morphological features of the language. Words in the Navoi language, as in the modern Uzbek language, are first divided into two large morphological groups, i.e. independent and auxiliary words, and then independent words are divided into nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers, and verbs. l, can be divided into adverbial categories, and auxiliary words can be divided into auxiliary, linking and loading.[11]
Horse. Words belonging to the group of nouns denote nouns of people, animals, things, events and concepts and include the following grammatical categories.
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Fame and fellowship
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Humanity and impersonality
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Status
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Plural
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Ownership
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Agreement
The Navoi language also has elements related to the category of gender, nouns can be possessive, participle, determiner, complement and case in a sentence.
Quality. Adjectives in the Navoi language are divided into substantive and relative adjectives, just like adjectives in the modern Turkish language. Both substantive adjectives and relative adjectives indicate the sign of the subject. Aq (white), kara (black), red, green, etc. are the original adjectives; sweet, sour (bitter) taste; representing size and shape, such as big, small, low, high; denoting physical signs such as old, age; good, denoting abstract symbols similar to bad; words indicating the signs of time and space, such as far, near, enter, and these indicate the subject sign directly with their lexical meanings.
Pronoun. In the Navoi language, the third-person personal and demonstrative pronoun ul is different from the current Uzbek language, as well as in other cases.
When it becomes a personal pronoun, the plural form is formed in the form of alar.
Ravish. There are idioms in the Navoi language that have fallen out of use in modern Uzbek. For example, words such as base, asru, burna, tanla are among them. Basi ravishi was transferred to Uzbek language from Tajik language and is used in the meanings of "behad", "many" and "very".
A conjunction is an auxiliary word that forms a participle expressed by an adjective and an adverb, indicating its individual number.
The first and second person conjunctions in the Navoi language do not differ in form from the pronoun. Because in the Navoi language these conjunctions are me (in modern Uzbek language), you (in modern Uzbek language), we (in modern Uzbek language - miz) and you (in modern Uzbek language - you). has forms.
But conjunctions, despite being historically pronouns and similar in form to pronouns, cannot be called pronouns. Because the pronouns I, you, we do not differ from the conjunctions of this form in only one aspect, that is, in terms of sound composition, but they are completely different in terms of phonetic signs and lexical and grammatical features. In general, we can make the following conclusions about the language of Navoi's works:
Navoi's work occupies a very important place in the history of the development of the Uzbek literary language in the second half of the 15th century. The unique phonetic and grammatical features of the Uzbek literary language (convergence of vowels, consonants, some morphological forms and syntactic constructions) began to develop from this period.
Alisher Navoi raised Uzbek classical literature to a high level with his blessed work. He also made a significant contribution to the development of the Uzbek literary language. The works of Alisher Navoi Shah reflect the Uzbek language of the 15th century and are the richest source for studying the history of the Uzbek language.
REFERENCES USED:
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Abdurahmanov G'., Rustamov A. Grammatical features of Navoi language. - T.: "Science", 1984.
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Daniyorov H., Yoldoshev B. Literary language and artistic style. - Tashkent: "Fan", 1988.
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Karimov S., Sanakulov U. Issues of Uzbek linguistics. - Samarkand, 2001.
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Nurmonov A. History of Uzbek linguistics - Tashkent: "Uzbekistan" 2002.
ARTICLES:
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Abdullaev F. Features of Navoi's syncronism // "Uzbek language and literature" journal, 1966, #5.
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Daniyorov X, Sanakulov U. The founder of Uzbek linguistics // "Uzbek language and literature" magazine, 1991, No. 1.
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Rajabov Nazar. Navoi - a fighter for the mother tongue // "Uzbek language and literature" magazine, 1991, No. 1.
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Hamid Suleiman. Manuscripts of Navoi in world libraries // "Language and literature education" magazine, 1967, #3.