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STATE TAX COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
TASHKENT COLLEGE OF TAXATION
Topic: Environmental problems
Tashkent 2011
Environmental problems and their solution.
As a result of human activity, various wastes are released into the environment. Some of the waste (solid, gaseous and liquid) affects the atmosphere, the other affects the water, earth, flora and fauna and accumulates over time. It is now fully confirmed that their gradual accumulation over the years causes various problems, sometimes very dangerous for human life.
As a result of human economic activity, major environmental problems are arising in the world. They are: "greenhouse effect", ozone "hole", desertification.
"Greenhouse effect". Since the 50s of the 5th century, due to the sharp increase in energy production, a large amount of waste has been released into the atmosphere. The amount of waste released into the atmosphere was 1890 billion tons per year. This amount began to increase every year. This caused the average temperature on Earth to rise from 14,5 C in 1980 to 15,2 C in 0,7, i.e. by 10 degrees. This indicator has the characteristic of increasing every year. This causes the "greenhouse effect". According to scientists, if the current rate of increase of the gases that create the "greenhouse effect" is maintained, as a result of a temperature increase of 0,2-0,5 degrees every XNUMX years, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppe nature zones are expected to shift to the north. In addition, the water flow of rivers will increase in Europe and Africa.
Global warming is causing glaciers to melt and ocean waters to expand due to heat. During the 17,5th century, scientists estimate that the ocean level rose by 2100 centimeters. According to American scientists, by the year 1,4, the world ocean level may rise by 2,2-XNUMX meters. This causes most of the countries located on the coast of the ocean to be submerged.
Ozone "hole". Since the 50s of the 25th century, it has been observed that the amount of freon gases (chlorine, fluorine, carbon) in the air has increased. These gases began to erode the ozone layer located at an altitude of XNUMX kilometers. It is known that the ozone layer traps harmful ultraviolet rays from the Sun. As a result of the depletion of the ozone layer, an ozone "hole" was formed. It has been determined that the penetration of ultraviolet rays from this hole to the Earth's surface will drastically reduce the yield of grain crops and cause people to get skin cancer.
In 1989, the "Helsinki Declaration on the Protection of the Ozone Layer", adopted by scientists, experts and statesmen of 81 countries, defined measures to reduce the production of freon gases by the year 2000. As a result, the area of the ozone "hole" has been shrinking in recent years.
Desertification. Currently, the process of desertification, i.e., the transformation of fertile lands and grasslands into deserts, is taking place under the influence of natural and artificial factors. Natural onils mainly include drought. For example, in 1968-1974, as a result of a catastrophic drought in the coastal region of the Sahara, more than 60% of the area of Lake Chad, Niger, Senegal rivers dried up, the productivity of pastures decreased sharply due to a lack of moisture, the desert 100-150 invaded the savannah for kilometers.
As a result of human's improper use of land, large areas of fertile land are turning into desert.
Currently, under the influence of human activity, a desert has been formed on an area of 9 million square kilometers. Every year, about 21 million hectares of land are completely degraded and turned into desert. Every year, 6 million hectares of irrigated land become desert.
Currently, regular scientific and practical work is being carried out to prevent desertification. An organization coordinating the fight against desertification is operating in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya.
REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND
THEIR SOLUTION.
Regional environmental problems arise as a result of the intensifying interaction between nature and society in highly developed areas of industry and agriculture. These ecological problems drastically change the natural environment and affect public health.
Currently, regional environmental problems are in the Middle, Black, Azov, Baltic, Northern, Caribbean Seas, Persian Gulf, Caspian and Aral Seas, Baikal, Balkhash, Ladoga, Onega, Chad, Great Lakes and other areas. there is.
A territorial environmental problem that has arisen in Central Asia and Uzbekistan is the problem of the Aral Sea. During the years 1911-1960, the Aral Sea received an average of 52 cubic kilometers of water annually, and its level regularly reached an absolute height of 53 m, its water area was 66 thousand square kilometers, and the average salinity of water was 9,5-10 percent ( 9,5-10g/l) and the average depth was 16 meters.
Since 1961, as a result of the exploitation of protected lands in Central Asia and South Kazakhstan, the construction of a number of large reservoirs, the construction and operation of canals, collector-water systems, the amount of water flowing into the Aral Sea from Amudarya and Syrdarya has decreased. started As a result, the level of the Aral Sea decreased and its area began to decrease. As a result, the level of the Aral Sea began to decrease, its area began to decrease, and the level of water salinity began to increase.
Changes in the amount of water flowing into the Aral Sea through Amudarya and Syrdarya during 1926-1996, in cubic km.
Changes in the water regime of the Aral Sea.
(According to the information of AYAsarin)
The level of the Aral Sea was 1960 cm in 1970-21, 1971 cm in 1980-68, and 1981 cm in 1985-80.
1941 cubic km from Amudarya and Syrdarya to the Aral Sea in 1960-55,2; 1961-1970 years 41,5; 1971-1985 15,0; 1986 cubic km of water came in 1996-12,6.
Currently, the dry area of the Aral Sea is 3 million ha. Since the dry part of the sea consists of a bare plain, the horizontal movement of groundwater is difficult, so most of it evaporates and leads to an increase in the amount of salt in the soil.
As a result of the decrease of the water flowing into the lower part of Amudarya and Syrdarya, the area of swamps and groves in these areas is reduced and the process of desertification develops.
Currently, the solution to the problem of the Aral Sea is aimed at two things - keeping the sea level at a certain level and improving the ecological conditions of the Aral Sea.
In order to maintain the level of the Aral sea at a certain height, that is, 33 meters absolute height, 20 cubic kilometers of water from Amudarya and Syrdarya should fall to the island every year.
The main way to improve the ecological conditions in the island region is to provide the population with clean drinking water, to regularly send water to the dry riverbeds and lakes, to strengthen the sand with plants to block the movement of the wind in the dry part of the sea, improvement of land reclamation, expansion of the area of meadows and hayfields.
THE CLIMATE PROBLEM: PREDICTIONS, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Experts predicted that the first week of 2005 will start with hot days. But it didn't happen like that. This week, it snowed in a number of countries of the world that have not seen snow for a long time. The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales displayed numbers representing cold and frost. Recently, 200 climatologists visited England at the invitation of Tony Blair, and discussed the issues of faster implementation of the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 due to the sharp increase in global temperature. Climatologists did not waste time and emphasized the need to develop necessary measures regarding the protocol.
Rajendra Pachauri, head of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, said that rising temperatures and air pollution are approaching dangerous levels. He gave a speech on this topic at the UN conference held in Mauritius. After that, a group of scientists from Oxford University found that extreme climate change poses twice the risk than the numbers given by the commission. According to the international working group, after ten years the situation will reach an irreversible level.
As we mentioned above, the issue of climate change was discussed at the next conference of climatologists. The Prime Minister has already taken responsibility for raising the issue of temperature at the summit to be organized between the EU and the "big eight" countries. British Environment Minister Margaret Beckett declared the conference open and said that the consequences of global temperature rise cannot be avoided in the future. Then visiting scientists and economists from all continents gave speeches. In their opinion, trivial things are now causing serious problems.
If governments take action, they will have to move away from primitive and cheap techniques. In fact, such a decision was made earlier. In 1986, nuclear energy experts gathered in Vienna and discussed the Chernobyl disaster. The delegation of the former Union then referred to the process of entering the embers of the nuclear reactor, which was photographed by helicopter. Of course, not all images were in a violent spirit. But the live document clearly demonstrated the nuclear crisis that was causing enough concern to world politicians in its day. By now, the increase in temperature and the melting of glaciers have been added to the nuclear problem. Cautious science does not want to reveal all the secrets. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the sea ice in the Arctic has lost almost half of its size. Disasters such as poverty, drought, strong winds and water shortages are three times more common than earthquakes. These are all climate change related events.
Scientists have found that the number of birds in the North Sea has decreased sharply compared to last year. Because the fish they eat have left the warm waters. The sad thing is that experts warned about the dangers of temperature long ago, when it was hard to believe. The participants of the conference also expressed their concern about the gradual increase in the amount of acid in the oceans. This situation can lead to the destruction of marine animals.
In Britain, scientists working on the Antarctic project have already carried out a number of studies. Studies have shown that the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet will raise the sea level by fifteen feet, about 4,57 meters. Experts are in favor of solving the problem unanimously. At the moment, a new scientific conclusion is emerging: if we want to prevent the tragedy, then it is necessary to keep the warming temperature within two degrees. This means that the maximum concentration of carbon dioxide gases should be 400 units. Unfortunately, the concentration has already reached 370 units and continues to grow.
According to experts, it is possible to find a solution to the problem. For this, countries need to reduce the volume of carbon dioxide gases by 2050% by 50, and developed countries by 2020% by 30. Time is short. If the next ten years are spent without action, then there will be a need for redoubled efforts. Twenty years wasted is three to seven times more expensive. Better yet, it is necessary to develop harmless technologies, reduce the amount of energy waste, improve the processing industry, and use forest and agricultural resources efficiently. In general, it would be appropriate if one percent of the gross domestic product produced in Europe was spent for 20 years.
of the Aral Sea
ecological situation
The Aral Sea used to be one of the largest inland seas in the world and was used for fishing, hunting, transportation and recreational purposes. The water regime of the sea is formed by the burning of Amudarya, Syrdarya, groundwater and atmospheric fuels, and evaporation of water from the surface. 1,5 - 2,10 changes of the sea level in ancient historical times were related to the natural climate, the volume of water was 100 - 150 cubic km, the area of the water level was 4000 square km.
As a result of the development of irrigated agriculture, the amount of stagnant water used for irrigation and the amount of water discharged into the delta of the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers during the furrowing years has decreased. Thus, at present, the sea level has decreased by 1961 m compared to 16,8. 1994 36,6 m. In this case, the volume of the sea increases by 3 times, the surface by 2 times, the level of salinity increases from 9-10 gG to 34-37 gG; By 2000, 180-200 gG is expected. Today, the decrease in sea level is 80-110 cm per year. The Kirgok line is reduced by 60-80 km, and the open land is 23 thousand km2. Ecological systems, plants and animals are in deep crisis. The worst situation is the South Island. This region
It includes such landscape complexes as North-Western Red Sand, Zaungao`z, Kora Sand, Janyuyustyurt and Amudarya Delta. The total area of the island coast is 473 thousand km2, its southern part is 245 thousand km2. This includes KKR territory, Khorezm region of Uzbekistan, Toshavvoz region of Turkmenistan. The phenomenon of rapid erosion occurring on the island and along the island is unprecedented in the world's experience. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative assessment is facing many difficulties. Due to the opening of the seabed and the drying up of river deltas, desert areas are expanding. The open surface of 1 million hectares is covered with small salt particles and forms new sand layers.
Thus, a powerful new source of sand and salt aerozones with the help of wind appeared in Central Asia. According to preliminary data, 100-150 mln. tons of dust can be expected. Atmospheric pollution increases dust - salt traps from the bottom of the sea by 5%. The length of the dust trap is 1 km, the width is 1875 km, and the radius is 400 km. As a result of the precipitation of salts on the surface of the earth, the productivity of cotton decreased by 40-300% and that of rice by 5-15%. The total amount of dust and salt particles falling on the island is on average 3 kgG, and it has become one of the main causes of soil deterioration. The irrigated areas of KKR have dust-salt fractions ranging from 6 kgG to 520 t in Chimboy district. Saline sand salts are occupying 250 imng ha meadows along the island. The areas allocated for planting are infested with disease-causing pests. the harvest of agricultural products is decreasing. Deterioration of land reclamation in the areas upstream of the river (Surkhondarya, Kashkadarya, Bukhara, Samarkand) leads to an increase in land in the II category. The middle stream of Amudarya
is located. A complex reclamation situation is emerging in the water management districts of Turkmenistan. In the rivers of Amudarya and Syrdarya, most of the areas are classified as 3rd and 4th category lands with no land reclamation, silted and heavily silted areas make up 35-70%. Due to soil salinization, the yield of agricultural products decreased by 30% in Uzbekistan, 40% in Turkestan, 33% in Kazakhstan, 1990% in Tajikistan, and 20% in Kyrgyzstan. Strong salinity is increasing the settlement of underground water and the process of waterlogging. As a result of the reduction of the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers, the floodwaters flow in the lower reaches of the rivers. This, in turn, leads to the reduction of the areas of tukai plants, and the transformation of utloki - marshy soils, which were rich in humus, into barren utlok barren, sandy soils. Mammals and birds have declined. Arid fields are filled with rodents that spread dangerous diseases for the population. The sanitary-epidemiological situation of the island coast is extremely difficult. Centralized water supply to the population is 29-67%. Half of the population uses polluted open water bodies. Can the Aral Sea be saved? The basis of the problem of the island is to preserve it as a sea. It should be noted that the island has changed its shape many times during its history, according to scientific data. To restore the initial absolute height of the Aral Sea, more than a thousand cubic km of water is needed.
O DEN The problem of the Aral Sea is also noteworthy. The Aral Sea began to dry up especially in the 80s. At present, Central Asia has become a common problem. The sea is currently not considered a "dead sea". A living organism is almost a burden in the sea. The salt on the dry shores of the sea gets mixed with dust when the wind blows and poses a serious threat to human health. The people there do not have a problem with water. Apart from that, almost half of the Aral Sea is drying up, but no one cares. With the allocation of foreign funds for the restoration of the Aral Sea, no one can control whether these funds are spent on the sea. As a result, the funds "do not reach" there. It can be briefly described as drought in Central Asian countries. The world community and Central Asian countries will realize this "when the knife hits the bone". Unfortunately, after the Aral Sea dries up, the solution to this problem will be delayed. The main reason for the development of the Aral Sea is its use for economic purposes, that is, because of the use of the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers for irrigation of cotton and wheat, less water has begun to reach the Aral Sea. Due to this, the Aral Sea began to dry up slowly
View of the Aral Sea today
There are currently several opinions regarding the preservation of the island.
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It is necessary to wait for the island and return it to its previous state.
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The level of the Aral Sea cannot be maintained at a stable level, so it is inevitable that it will dry up completely.
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The island level can be maintained at a certain level and it can be done.
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The first idea was developed in 1986-87 by the members of the Union of Writers of Uzbekistan and other writers of the republic.
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In the second opinion, they say that the water should be used to develop and irrigate their new land, that the sea cannot wait, it is inevitable that it will dry up.
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The third opinion was expected by scientists and specialists who were specially engaged in the problem of the island. They had their thoughts on this problem. They explained on the basis of many years of scientific research and proved that it is possible to maintain the level of the sea at a certain absolute height, assuming all the ecological and socio-economic importance of the sea. It is impossible to raise the Aral Sea to its initial absolute height (53) m. Currently, several ideas are being proposed to maintain the level of the island at an absolute height.
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» Some people want to transfer commercial sea water to the island through the channel:
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» Many people think that the island will be filled with the water of Siberian rivers
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» Some of them advised to dissolve 17 km2 of Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers. Reservoirs in Central Asia (92, 72 in Uzbekistan) have released water into rivers. In addition, some experts believe that under the Aral Sea, at a depth of approximately 1-1,5 thousand m, there is 1961 times and more underground water than the water volume of the island until 4. they show that it is possible to reach the sea through wells (drills). 70 cubic km of water is needed to save the sea