The science of ecology, its structure, purpose, tasks and its relationship with other sciences

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The science of "Ecology", its structure, purpose, tasks and connection with other sciences

It is known that over the next 80 years, science and technology developed rapidly, industry, transportation, construction, and energy sectors grew rapidly, natural resources (oil and gas, coal, non-ferrous metals) were overused. dry land-pastures, orchards, swamps were exploited, various toxic chemicals were used in industry and agriculture. As a result, the ecological balance in the natural environment was disturbed, the natural composition of soil, water and atmospheric air changed, and various pollutions appeared. These were the main reason for the emergence of not only economic and social tensions, but also environmental tensions and led to the daily decrease of natural resources. For example, it has become known to many that the underground resources of Jargoq and Gazli are decreasing year by year.

In addition, the occurrence of water problems in some regions (for example, the drying up of the Aral Sea, the drying up of the Zarafshan River, environmental problems around the Arnasay lakes, etc.) has led to the extinction of plant and animal species. If a total of 17 species disappeared during the 18th and 32th centuries, by the end of the 20th century 235 animal species and more than 400 plant species disappeared.

Ecological problem is defined as any phenomenon related to nature's impact on man, i.e. processes of economic importance in his life, economy, and natural phenomena in connection with man's influence on nature. . For example, problems arising as a result of climate change or floods, some emergency situations and events that occur in production enterprises, some animal species from one place to another. migration, etc., can be an environmental problem.

Environmental problems can be divided into 3 groups depending on their scope and relevance.

1. Universal (global) environmental problems. Examples of this group include depletion of the ozone layer, "Atmospheric condensation", fresh water problems.

2. Regional environmental problems. Examples of this group include the drying up of the Aral Sea, environmental problems around the Arnasoy lakes, the Sarez lake problem, and others.

3. Local (local) environmental problems. Examples of this group include environmental protection problems, water shortage problems, agro-industrial environmental problems related to waste, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals in the regions where industrial enterprises are located (for example, Navoi, Angren, Olmaliq, Chirchik, etc.). .

"Ecology" is a Greek word, meaning "oikos" - home and "logos" - science, teaching. This term was explained in 1866 by the German biologist-Darwinist Ernst Haeckel in his work "General Principles of the Morphology of Organisms". E. Haeckel defined "general ecology" as a science that studies interactions and effects of living organisms with the environment.

Although general ecology is a branch of biological science, botany, zoology is a relatively new science that began to develop at the beginning of the XNUMXth century.

Ecology studies the living conditions of living organisms and their complex interactions with the environment in which they live, as well as the laws that arise on this basis. That is, it studies the nature of systems consisting of a living being and its environment corresponding to a certain area. These are called ecological systems or ecosystems.

Concepts such as populations, species, biocenoses, biogeocenoses and biosphere are the main concepts and sources of ecological science. Therefore, general ecology is studied in 4 sections.

1. Autecology

2. Ecology of populations

3. Synecology

4. Biosphere

5. Autecology ("autos" is a Greek word meaning "self") studies the interaction of certain species with their environment, to which environment species are most and organically adapted.

6. Population ecology ("population" is a French word meaning "population") is the structure and dynamics of populations. examines the causes of changes in the number of different organisms (biomass dynamics) under certain conditions.

7. Synecology ("syn" is a Greek word that means "together") studies the structure and properties of biogeocenosis, the mutual relations of certain species of plants and animals, and their relationship with the external environment.

8. The study of ecosystems and their development gave rise to the doctrine of the biosphere (from the Greek "bios" - life, "sphere" - sphere). The system of organisms distributed on our planet, that is, all living things on the Earth's crust, is called the biosphere. Academician VIVernadsky (1863-1945) is the founder of this doctrine.

Well-known scientists Ya.N. Pavlovsky, VLSukachev, SIVavilov, KATimiryazev, and especially VIVernadsky made significant contributions to the development of ecological science.

The law of the English scientist Ch. Darwin (1809-1885) "The struggle of living organisms for survival" forms the basis of the science of ecology.

The basis (basis) of this law is the adaptation of living organisms to heat, moisture, pressure, and drought in the natural environment and the changes that occur on the basis of the interactions of species with each other.

Russian scientist, professor of Moscow State University KFRul`e (1814-1858) called the interaction of living organisms with the external environment "law of nature" or "law of relationship".

The peoples of Central Asia have a heritage of ecological culture since ancient times. The results of scientific research conducted together with the students of the scientific schools of Central Asia, as well as Uzbekistan, scientists DNKashkarov, EPKorovin, TZZohidov, AMMomhamadiev, who studied the nature, flora and fauna of Uzbekistan, contributed greatly to the further development of ecology.

It should be noted that the terms "ecology" and "economics" are Greek words with the same root. If "oykos" means house, livelihood, farm, "nomos" means rule, law. "Economics" is the art of household management. So, the science of "ecology" is closely related to the science of "economy". In addition, environmental science is a science closely related to physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, physiology, mineralogy, geography, metrology, medicine, law and other sciences.

Over the past 20-25 years, due to the direct impact of man on the environment, socio-economic processes have fundamentally changed, and ecology of sectors (social ecology, economic ecology, water ecology, energy ecology, construction ecology, industrial ecology, etc.) has been created. But industrial ecology cannot be studied without studying ecology.

The main tasks of the science of "Ecology" are as follows:

1. The study of the laws of the life process, as well as the study of the impact of man on natural systems and the biosphere as a whole.

2. Production of scientific bases for rational use of biological resources, prediction of processes and changes in nature changed due to human activity, their management and preservation of the most favorable environment for humans.

3. Management of population numbers, i.e. judicious use of chemicals.

4. Studying environmental legal regulations and strict compliance with them.

5. Showing the ways of hazardous waste, their neutralization or recycling.